施氏鲟人工配合饵料试验总结报告

1988年我们试验成功了施氏鲟人工繁育技术之后,1992年又实施了省科委下达的《施氏鲟人工配合饲料研究》重点攻关课题。经3年努力,幼鲟经驯化、消毒、投喂人工饵料,科学饲养等几个阶段试验,有65％幼鲟由食生物活饵转口食人工饵料;1993年投喂出膜5天后的仔鲟开口料,平均成活率61.25％,最高为71％,试验均获得成功。     

人工饲养史氏鲟仔鱼和幼鱼的试验

出膜后的史氏鲟仔鱼400尾，平均体重0．05克，饲养于两只1．0×05×0．6m水族箱内，每箱200尾。投喂配合饲料，饲养40天。平均成活率43．25％；平均体重1．01克。随后，从存活的173尾中选规格较齐的129尾，分三组，每组43尾，做三种饲料试验。三组饲料中鱼粉和豆饼粉的比例分别为①45：25，②35：35③25：45。水温19-25℃，试验9周。各组的成活率和平均B增重率分别为：①97．7％，3．67％；②88．4％，3．56％；③88．4％，3．47％。试验结果表明；用配合饲料作为史氏鲟仔鱼的开口饲料完全有可能；饲养过程中仔鱼较大的死亡主要发生在开食后的前10天左右；幼鱼对配合饲料中的植物性蛋白有一定利用能力；配合饲料饲养幼鱼的成活率很高。     

人工饲养史及鲟仔鱼和细鱼的试验

出膜后的史氏鲟仔鱼400尾，平均体重0．05克，饲养于两只1．0×0．5×0．6m水族箱内，每箱200尾。投喂配合饲料，饲养40天。平均成活率43．25％；平均体重1．01克。随后，从存活的173尾中选规格较齐的129尾，分三组，每组43尾，做三种饲料试验。三组饲料中鱼粉和豆饼粉的比例分别为①45：25，②35：35③25：45。水温19－25℃，试验9周。各组的成活率和平均日增重率分别为：①97．7％，3．67％；②88．4％，3．56％；③88．4％，3．47％。试验结果表明：用配合饲料作为史氏鲟仔鱼的开口饲料完全有可能；饲养过程中仔鱼较大的死亡主要发生在开食后的前10天左右；幼鱼对配合饲料中的植物性蛋白有定利用能力；配合饲料饲养幼苗的成活率很高。     

不同饵料饲养中华鲟幼鲟试验

用水蚯蚓、配合饵料和混合饵料饲养中华鲟幼鲟（初重４４ｇ）３０ｄ,结果显示,配合饵料组增重率最高,饵料系数最低,配合饵料的养殖效益优于天然饵料。幼鲟较容易从摄食水蚯蚓向摄食颗粒饲料转化。     

利用渔业设施养殖史氏鲟技术初步研究

使用水质净化设备进行水处理，在循环水条件下，用人工配合饲料进行史氏鲟室内成鱼养殖。结果表明：经12个月饲养(鱼苗-成鱼)，史氏鲟平均体重由112g增至1129g，体长由30．2cm增至77．2cm。饲养成活率为97．6％，饲料系数为1．4，在高寒地区表现了良好的生长趋势。     

冷泉水养殖条件下的史氏鲟和杂交鲟鱼种的饲养试验

在冷泉水养殖条件下进行史氏鲟和杂交鲟(史氏鲟♀×西伯利亚鲟♂)鱼种的饲养试验,史氏鲟和杂交鲟鱼种的平均体重分别为(2.51±0.57)g和(2.16±0.33)g;平均全长分别为(6.55±0.69)cm和(6.11±0.33)cm;试验期水温为18~22℃。经70 d人工培育,投喂含48%粗蛋白的人工配合饲料,史氏鲟和杂交鲟鱼种的平均体重分别达到(22.25±5.53)g和(26.19±6.16)g,平均全长分别达到(13.87±0.61)cm和(14.17±0.77)cm。杂交鲟鱼种平均体重和平均全长特定生长率均高于史氏鲟。以Bertalanffy非线性生长模型算得的史氏鲟和杂交鲟鱼种体重生长拐点分别为67 d和71 d,全长生长拐点日龄分别为30 d与33 d;全长生长拐点的出现先于体重拐点;杂交鲟鱼种体重和全长生长拐点比史氏鲟鱼种分别推迟4 d和3 d,杂交鲟鱼种全长生长增速持续时间大于史氏鲟鱼种。     

鲟鱼地下水集约化饲养技术研究

在8口3.9 m×4.0 m×0.6 m的水泥培育池中,对购进的7739尾西伯利亚鲟、50000尾俄罗斯鲟和70000尾史氏鲟的仔鱼分别进行50～60 d的集约化培育,培育结果,鱼种的体长达8 cm以上,且能够完全摄食人工配合饵料,三种鱼苗的培育成活率分别为74.82％、87.86％和66.92％。利用闲置的1200 m2养鳗池进行西伯利亚鲟、俄罗斯鲟和史氏鲟的商品鱼饲养,10个月后其商品率均超过95％。     

史氏鲟幼鱼全价饲料的研制及食性转化实验

根据氨基酸对史氏鲟幼鱼的诱食活性试验 ,研究了添加氨基酸的配合饲料对史氏鲟食性转化的影响 ,以便为研制史氏鲟幼鱼适宜开口配合饲料提供依据。结果表明 ,用添加氨基酸饲料养殖史氏鲟幼鱼的效果要优于生物活饵水蚯蚓 ,摄食添加氨基酸饲料的史氏鲟幼鱼存活率为 56 67% ,而摄食水蚯蚓的史氏鲟幼鱼存活率仅为 42 50 %。添加氨基酸饲料诱食性强 ,可以替代生物活饵成为史氏鲟幼鱼的开口饲料     

几种杂交鲟水库网箱养殖对比试验

选择两杂交(史氏鲟♀×西伯利亚鲟♂)、小杂交(小体鲟♀×史氏鲟♂)、三杂交(史氏鲟♀×国外杂交鲟♂)、俄罗斯杂交(史氏鲟♀×俄罗斯鲟♂)、反杂交(西伯利亚鲟早×史氏鲟♂)、大杂交(西伯利亚鲟♀×达氏鳇♂)进行了网箱养殖对比试验,选择两种国产鲟鱼饲料进行了试验对比,根据试验数据,计算成活率、饵料系数、公斤鱼的饲料成本、饲料经济效率、饲料蛋白质效率、群体相对增重率和群体重量生长率等相关经济技术指标,结果表明:两杂交、大杂交、反杂交、小杂交均体现出了较好的养殖效果,而三杂交、俄罗斯杂交则存在一定的问题.饲料对比结果A料的饲料蛋白质效率、群体相对增重率和群体重量生长率优于B料,但饲料经济效率不如B料.     

史氏鲟幼鲟对饲料中磷的需要量

通过生长饲养试验研究史氏鲟幼鲟对饲料中磷的需要量.以Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O为磷源,配制含磷水平分别为0.18%(对照组),0.40%,0.71%,0.98%,1.38%和1.66%的6组等能等氮纯化饲料,每组饲料饲喂3个重复,每个重复饲养20尾初体质量约为4.7 g的幼鲟.经过8周的饲养后,对生长、饲料效率、成活率、幼鲟肌肉常规组成及脊椎骨灰分和钙磷含量进行分析.结果表明,随饲料中磷含量的升高,鱼体增重率、饲料效率和特定生长率显著增加(P<0.05),直至0.98%组达最大,然后随着饲料磷含量的增加,这些指标显著降低(P<0.05);试验各添加组的成活率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但各添加组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);饲料添加磷对鱼体肌肉水分、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05);当饲料磷含量在0.71%～1.66%之间时,脊椎骨中灰分、钙和磷含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于对照组和0.40%试验组(P<0.05).经过折线回归分析得出,为维持史氏鲟幼鲟最佳生长和骨骼磷水平,饲料中磷的需要量为0.88%～1.00%(占干饲料).     

用配合饲料驯饲中华鲟仔鱼研究初报

按前7天投喂活饵（水蚯蚓）,后期投喂配合饲料和直接投喂配合饲料两种方式对中华鲟仔鱼进行驯饲,试验结果表明,这两种驯饲方式均获得了一定的驯饲成功率,但以第一种方式驯饲效果较好。驯饲效果主要取决于饲料的营养质量和适口性。     

Feeding trials with hatchery produced white sturgeon juveniles (Acipenser transmontanus)

Growth and survival of white sturgeon larvae were examined at ad libitum feeding with three commercial salmonid diets, and experimental crustacean diet, and a live food control (cubifex). The results demonstrated that some manufactured diets, particularly a semi-moist ration, can be used to rear white sturgeon during the first 40 days of feeding. Although specific growth rates of fish fed a semi-moist feed were 40% lower than those fed live foods, survival rates were similar. The high mortality previously associated with later transfer of fish from live foods to manufactured diets was avoided. Dry diets were not well accepted and resulted in lower rates of growth and survival.     

Rearing of sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) larvae: III. Nitrogen and energy metabolism and amino acid absorption

Sturgeon juveniles offered either natural food (Tubifex sp.) or various dry foods were used to analyse ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption. The control groups were fish of the same nutritional history but which were fasting during the 24-h metabolic studies. An increase in oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion was visible only in the groups offered live food and good quality dry food. Metabolic losses, expressed as a percentage of the meal intake, varied from 1.3 to 18.0% for nitrogen and from 7.0 to 13.5% for energy. Sturgeon offered a semi-purified, caseingelatin diet had a high increase in postprandial ammonia excretion, with only a negligible increase in oxygen consumption. The protein utilization in fasting fish, calculated on the basis of AQ (ammonia loss/oxygen uptake) values showed some diurnal variation and the peak values were not identical in all of the groups. The preliminary energy and nitrogen budgets suggested that protein from a live food source is catabolized to a higher degree than protein from larval dry diets, whereas the higher postprandial energy loss in the latter case advocates fat and carbohydrate utilization. The amino acid absorption was excellent when live food was offered. However, the fish performed worse on the semi-purified diet, absorbing only 98% of the amino acids. The limitations of the utilization of the casein-gelatin diet for growth are not at the digestive and absorptive levels; this diet provokes an immense amino acid degradation. In line with our previous results for other larvae, metabolic studies also proved to be very useful criteria in the evaluation of compound diets for sturgeon larvae.     

Comparative behaviour and dietary effects in early life phases of American sturgeons

Experiments were conducted with the larvae and early juveniles of three species of sturgeon to determine effects of diet and development on swimming and foraging behaviour as well as depth distribution in 100-L aquaria. About 500 hatchlings were placed in each tank with two or three replicates of three or six diet treatments, including live and dry feeds. Eight types of swimming or foraging activity were recorded with a lap-top event recorder and with fish counts in three depths of water. Analysis of variance showed live diets resulted in greater foraging activity in upper water horizons than most dry diets for Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill. Scouring, a foraging activity, differed among diet types in early juvenile lake sturgeon, A . fulvescens Rafinesque. Developmental effects included early peaks in the performance of swim-up for all species and swim near surface for two of three species. Postlarvae (post-yolk-sac larvae) of shovelnose, Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus (Rafinesque), and Atlantic sturgeon swam inverted, an apparent foraging tactic associated with elevated or air-water surfaces. Postlarvae maintained (lake sturgeon) or shifted to (other species) bottom swimming with increased scouring activity. Shovelnose early postlarvae occupied higher average water-column heights than lake or Atlantic sturgeon. Shovelnose (only species tested) postlarvae showed greater activity in upper water horizons at night. These results suggest a fundamental shift to benthic foraging during the postlarval phase, with shovelnose sturgeon continuing to forage in suprabenthic zones to a greater degree than the other two species.     

黑龙江勤得利湾底栖动物种群的结构特征

2003年5～9月对黑龙江勤得利湾底栖动物进行调查，结果表明，勤得利湾底栖动物共计5科13种(属)，其中寡毛类1科3种(属)，红羽摇蚊(Ch. gr. plumosus） 幼虫是主要优势种群；勤得利湾底栖动物数量为454．3ind／m^2，生物量为4．4520g／m^2二者季节变动明显，秋季最高，分别为626．8ind／m^2和9．1850g／m^2；生物多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数均偏低。同时探讨了作为鲟鱼类放养场的底栖动物资源合理利用问题。     

Impact of food type on growth,survival and reproduction of the cyclopoid copepod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyclopina kasignete</Emphasis> as a potential live food in aquaculture

This study compared the efficacy of different dietary algae on the growth and reproduction of the cyclopoid copepod Cyclopina kasignete, a potential live food species for fish larvae in aquaculture. The experimental diets for the copepod consisted of three monoalgal diets (Nannochloropsis oculata, Tisochrysis lutea and dry Melosira sp.) and two mixed algae diets (T. lutea?+?N. oculata, T. lutea?+?dry Melosira sp.). The experiment was carried out for 30 days, and the population growth, survival and reproductive performance (generation time, hatching rate, life spawning times, daily offspring production, eggs per sac, lifespan and sex ratio) were used to assess the responses of C. kasignete to different food types. Population growth, survival and reproductive capacities of C. kasignete were significantly affected by the mono and binary species of algal diets. The results showed that copepods exhibited superior growth, survival and productivity when fed on fresh T. lutea, dry Melosira sp. and a mixture of both species compared to other dietary treatments. Copepods produced comparable growth, survival and productivity when fed on diatoms (dry Melosira sp.) as a single or in combination with other algae. This study indicates that cyclopoid copepod C. kasignete grow fast and have the potential to serve as a live food for aquaculture. The algae T. lutea, dry Melosira sp. and their combination are appropriate food to sustain the growth and reproduction of this copepods in mass culture as a potential live food in fish hatchery.     

史氏鲟南移驯养及生物学的研究:Ⅲ.仔鱼的开口摄食

用单一的水蚯蚓、卤虫无节幼体、池塘浮游动物、人工配合饲料投喂及先卤虫无节幼体后人工配合饲料混合投喂等五种方式培育史氏鲟仔鱼。结果为：卤虫无节幼体是史氏鲟最好的开口饵料,可获得高的成活率和生长率;开口摄食后３－５天,即可开始投喂人工饵料进行食性驯化,２０日龄的鱼苗可获得满意的饵料驯化效果。     

Growth performance,survival, feed utilization and nutrient utilization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae co‐fed Artemia and a micro‐diet containing freshwater atyid shrimp (Caridina nilotica) during weaning

Problems of limited number of dry feeds as supplement or replacement of live feeds have led to poor larval nutrition in many species of fish. Therefore, the suitability of co‐feeding 8‐day‐old African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) posthatch larvae using live feed (Artemia salina) and formulated dry diet containing freshwater atyid shrimp (Caridina nilotica) during weaning was investigated. The experiment ended after 21 days of culture and respective groups compared on the basis of growth performance, survival, feed utilization and nutrient utilization. Larvae co‐fed using 50%Artemia and 50% formulated dry diet resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) better growth performance, food gain ratio (FGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and productive protein values (PPV) than other treatments. The lowest growth performance occurred in larvae weaned using 100% formulated and commercial dry diets. Better survival of over 90% was obtained in larvae weaned using 50%Artemia and 50% dry diet, while abrupt weaning using 100% dry diets resulted in lower survival (<75%). These results support a recommendation of co‐feeding C. gariepinus larvae using a formulated dry diet containing C. nilotica and 50% live feed when weaning is performed after 8 days posthatching period.     

Comparison of live food organisms and prepared diets as first food for paddlefish, Polyodon spathula (Walbaum), fry

Abstract. A feeding experiment was conducted in aquaria to evaluate growth, survival and food consumption by paddlefish, Polyodon spathula (Walbaum), fry fed live Daphnia pulex, brine shrimp nauplii, Artemia sp. (L.), from two different geographical sources, or one of three commercial dry diets. Fry were fed from first feeding (day 8 post-hatch) to day 17 post-hatch. All diets had similar percentages of crude protein and lipid. Fatty acid composition was similar in all diets except for Great Salt Lake brine shrimp nauplii which had a higher percentage of linolenic acid, 18:3 (n-3), and a lower percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5 (n-3). Paddlefish fed live food organisms were significantly (P<0·05) larger than those fed non-living diets. Survival was significantly higher (P<0·05) for fish consuming live Daphnia (95·3%) than all other treatments. Percentage of fish with food in the digestive tract did not significantly differ (P>0·05) among treatments. Poorer growth and survival by fish fed prepared diets may have been due to limited digestibility of the dry diets by paddlefish.     

Influence of initial weight during the change from live to compound feed on the survival and growth of four cyprinids

In a series of trials, larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Rich.), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Rich.) were transferred directly from a diet of zooplankton to a dry, compound feed. The dry diet was based on a previously described diet of yeast and freeze-dried animal tissues. Common carp larvae showed the best growth on live zooplankton (46.3 mg individual weight after 14 days) compared to fish fed solely on dry feed (13.8 mg). Transfer of common carp larvae to dry diet when they reached 4.27 mg significantly improved growth, but no dependence was observed on two diets tested. Grass carp larvae grew equally well on live food and on the best compound diet (8.7 mg after 15 days), but fish transferred to dry diet at 4.3 mg showed significantly improved growth. The growth rate, however, depended on the diet (12.9–23.5 mg). Silver carp grew better when fed solely on dry diet (23.5 mg), compared to live zooplankton (15.8 mg after 15 days), but this was due to an insufficient supply of suitable live food. Transfer of fish at 6.8 mg to dry diet improved the growth only slightly, and dependence on the kind of dry diet was observed. Bighead carp larvae showed better growth on live zooplankton (42.2 mg after 15 days) than on the best compound diet (18.6 mg). Fish transferred at 5.6 mg to dry diets showed good growth, but high mortality was observed. It was concluded that common carp larvae are the most “difficult” to raise solely on dry diet, whereas silver carp larvae are the “easiest”. The present study has shown that the transfer of four cyprinids to dry diet improved their growth rate and that the transfer is possible at the individual wet weight of 5–6 mg.