孝顺竹种胚愈伤组织悬浮培养条件优化

本研究利用孝顺竹种胚诱导出的淡黄色胚性愈伤组织为材料,对影响细胞悬浮培养的摇床转速、培养液2,4-D浓度、继代天数、接种细胞浓度(W/V)等因素进行了研究.结果表明,悬浮培养时的摇床转速以120 r/min时培养效果较好,转速低于100 r/min时,愈伤组织容易结团,分散性差;适宜的2,4-D浓度为4～6 mg/L,低于4 mg/L时愈伤组织易褐变;接种后培养7 d是最佳的转接时期,至多不能超过10 d;接种细胞密度以4.0%最为合适,可保持较高的增殖速度,同时培养产物较多.在50 mL培养液(NB+500 mg/L Pro-line+500 mg/L Glutamine+300 mg/L Hydrolyzed casein+30 mg/L Sucrose+4～6 mg/L 2,4-D)中接种4.0%的愈伤组织,于120 r/min的转速下经过7 d培养,可增殖一倍以上,以后每7 d继代转接一次,培养大约一个月,便可以建立生长迅速、分散性好、均一的悬浮细胞系.     

豆瓣绿胚性愈伤悬浮培养条件优化及体细胞胚发生

本研究以豆瓣绿无菌苗叶片为外植体诱导获得质地疏松、稳定性高的颗粒状胚性愈伤组织,开展胚性细胞悬浮培养研究。结果表明:豆瓣绿胚性愈伤组织最适继代培养基为MS+0.6%琼脂+3%蔗糖+2,4 D1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L,继代间隔14 d;体细胞悬浮最佳培养基为MS+3%蔗糖+NAA 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L,继代间隔7 d;体细胞悬浮最佳碳源为蔗糖,蔗糖最佳浓度为30 g/L;体细胞悬浮摇床最佳转速为110 r/min。本研究考察激素种类、激素浓度、碳源种类、糖浓度、摇床转速对体细胞胚悬浮体系的影响,并采用解剖镜进行形态学观察,为后期研究体细胞胚胎形态结构提供基础数据。     

西番莲细胞悬浮系建立与培养条件优化

本研究旨在建立西番莲细胞悬浮培养体系,并优化悬浮系培养条件,为西番莲遗传工程提供基础。本研究以西番莲无菌苗为材料,研究西番莲愈伤组织的诱导和建立细胞悬浮系,并结合单因素试验与正交试验优化悬浮系培养条件。结果表明,西番莲愈伤诱导的外植体最佳选择是幼苗胚轴,愈伤诱导激素选择2 mg/L 2,4-D为宜,出愈率达83.3%。以疏松健康的愈伤组织培养细胞悬浮系,经单因素试验和正交试验,细胞悬浮系培养最佳培养培养基为MS培养基+2 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 g/L Glutamine+30 g/L蔗糖,培养基pH 6.1,起始细胞用量为6.0 mg/mL,摇床转速为100 r/min,28℃暗培养,此条件下建立的细胞悬浮系均匀一致,细胞生长旺盛,西番莲悬浮细胞生长曲线呈“S”型,继代最佳时期为12~18天。本研究为后续利用细胞悬浮系建立西番莲高效细胞工程及遗传转化技术体系提供良好的材料和技术基础,对加强西番莲种业发展具重要意义。     

高粱幼叶细胞悬浮系的建立

以高粱无菌苗幼叶为试验材料,对颗粒状胚性愈伤组织的获得、细胞悬浮系的建立及影响悬浮细胞生长的主要因素进行了研究。结果表明：幼叶在MS（Murashige and Skoog）+2mg/L 2,4-D培养基上诱导出的愈伤组织,经2~3次继代筛选后获得了浅黄色、颗粒状胚性愈伤组织;胚性愈伤组织接种于液体培养基中,于25±1℃、黑暗条件下,经45~60d的悬浮震荡培养建立了高质量的细胞悬浮系,细胞生长曲线呈“S”型,细胞密度可达6.45×10 ⁵~5.08×10 ⁶个/mL以上,活细胞率可达72.76%,近圆细胞率可达87.50%;培养基的基本成分、激素种类和水平对悬浮细胞生长状态有很大的影响,相比1/2MS培养基,MS培养基为适宜的培养基,2,4-D对保持细胞系的稳定增殖至关重要,适宜的浓度为1mg/L;培养液中加入0.5mg/L KT或6-BA会造成悬浮液褐化,影响悬浮细胞的生长;最适宜的细胞悬浮培养基为L2培养基（MS+1mg/L 2,4-D,30g/L蔗糖,pH5.8）,震荡培养转速为110~120r/min,继代周期为7d,新旧培养基的接种比例为2∶1。     

剑麻悬浮细胞体系的建立

为了获取良好的剑麻悬浮细胞体系,以剑麻无菌幼苗嫩叶为诱导材料,对剑麻胚性愈伤组织的获得,建立细胞悬浮系和影响悬浮细胞增殖的主要影响因子进行了探讨。结果表明:幼叶在培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+1.0 mg/L 6-BA上诱导的愈伤组织,经1～2次继代培养后获得了颗粒状、浅黄色的胚性愈伤组织;接种于液体培养基接种量为2 g (鲜重),继代周期为7 d,经4～5次继代震荡培养建立了细胞悬浮系,细胞生长符合"S"型曲线,细胞浓度可达6.1×105～4.6×106个/m L以上;在悬浮细胞生长前期,pH值明显下降,在细胞对数生长期,pH值略有升高,并趋于平缓;最适宜的细胞悬浮培养基为(MS+1.5 mg/L 2,4-D+4.0 mg/L6-BA+350 mg/L水解酪蛋白, 30 g/L蔗糖, pH值为5.8)。通过建立剑麻悬浮细胞培养体系的方法,为进一步应用于剑麻悬浮细胞转化体系和多倍体育种等研究。     

珍稀濒危植物银鹊树胚性细胞悬浮系的建立和植株再生

以银鹊树未成熟种子为试材,对银鹊树胚性愈伤组织诱导和胚性细胞悬浮培养的最佳培养条件进行研究,初步建立了银鹊树胚性细胞悬浮系与植株再生体系。将银鹊树未成熟种子子叶胚接种在添加1.0 mg/L 2,4-D、0.5 g/L活性炭的MS基本培养基上,诱导胚性愈伤组织。将诱导得到的胚性愈伤组织置于添加0.2 mg/L 6-BA、0.05 mg/L NAA和3 g/L蔗糖的MS液体培养基上振荡培养,由此建立了增殖速度快、分散程度好、稳定性较强的胚性细胞悬浮体系。将悬浮培养获得的子叶胚转到不含任何植物生长调节物质的MS固体培养基中,可以长成正常植株。     

菠萝体细胞胚酵母单杂交cDNA文库及AcSERK1启动子相关诱饵载体的构建

为筛选与菠萝AcSERK1启动子中胚性细胞特异性表达调控区段(-983～-881 nt)的结合蛋白,本研究利用Matchmaker~(TM) Gold Yeast One-Hybrid System构建菠萝体细胞胚酵母单杂交cDNA文库以及胚性细胞特异性表达调控区段(SE103)的诱饵载体。建立的菠萝体细胞胚酵母单杂交cDNA文库库容量为1.25×10~7CFU,其插入片段平均长度约1.5 kb,重组率为100%。通过检测,AbA最低浓度为600 ng/mL时,构建的诱饵载体pAbAi-SE103在Y1HGold酵母菌株中的自激活活性被有效抑制,表明该菠萝体细胞胚酵母单杂交cDNA文库以及诱饵酵母菌株Y1HGold (pAbAi-SE103),可用于AcSRKE1启动子中胚性细胞特异性表达调控区段互作蛋白的筛选实验,为胚性细胞特异性转录因子的分离鉴定提供数据参考。     

连香树胚性细胞悬浮系的建立和植株再生

本试验以连香树授粉120 d后未成熟种子子叶胚为外植体,开展胚性愈伤诱导增殖和悬浮培养体系的研究,初步建立了连香树胚性细胞悬浮系与植株再生体系。将连香树未成熟子叶胚接种在添加0.5 mg/L6-BA+1.0 mg/L NAA+1.0 g/L AC的1/2 MS基本培养基上,进行胚性愈伤组织诱导,获得的愈伤组织在0.1 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 g/L AC的1/2 MS固体培养基上进一步增殖培养。将得到的胚性愈伤组织置于添加5%聚乙二醇6000的1/2 MS的悬浮培养液中进行振荡培养,建立起细胞均一、增殖较快、稳定性较强的细胞悬浮系;将悬浮培养获得的胚性材料接种到添加5%香蕉汁的0.1 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 g/L AC的MS固体培养基中进行培养,可分化出的子叶期体胚,将获得的子叶胚转接到添加1.0 mg/L IBA的WPM固体培养基中,体胚萌发再生成植株。     

根癌农杆菌介导的香蕉高效遗传转化系统的建立

为建立根癌农杆菌介导的香蕉高效遗传转化系统,本研究以雄性花诱导产生的贡蕉胚性悬浮系为转化受体,从潮霉素筛选浓度和筛选方法两方面进行了优化。研究结果表明,贡蕉悬浮系在M2液体培养下潮霉素的适合筛选浓度为5mg/L。将液体共培养7d后的贡蕉胚性悬浮系转接到M2液体筛选培养基进行培养,每10d继代一次。GUS组织染色表明,经过3代抗性筛选的ECS几乎全为转化细胞。经过3个月的胚诱导培养获得成熟抗性体细胞胚,平均抗性体细胞胚得率为4580个/mLPCV。同时,转化苗的PCR检测结果表明,gus基因已整合到贡蕉基因组中。本研究表明液体筛选系统有利于转化胚性悬浮细胞的增殖,大大地提高了香蕉转基因的转化效率。     

利用SSH技术鉴定香蕉体细胞胚发生相关基因

本研究以野生蕉胚性悬浮系为材料,将胚性细胞增殖培养基上的香焦胚性悬浮系作为对照,体胚诱导培养基上的培养材料为处理,利用抑制性消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)技术,构建野生蕉胚性悬浮系激素诱导的胚胎发育差异表达cDNA文库,随机挑选阳性克隆并进行生物信息学分析...     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.