Relationship between water tension and electrical resistivity in soils

An increase in the soil water content results in a decrease in the electrical resistivity of soil. This relationship obeys an exponential equation. When the water content is below the range of capillary-film water, the clearest relationship between the electrical resistivity and water content is observed, which allows the soil and ground waters to be studied. At a high water content, the dependence of the electrical resistivity on the content of exchangeable anions, the pH, and some other properties is detectable.     

不同质地重塑土坡面细沟侵蚀形态与水力特性及产沙的关系

土壤质地对坡面侵蚀产沙与细沟形态具有重要影响。为明确不同质地土壤坡面的细沟形态与侵蚀产沙特征的关系,该研究以土沙混合配制不同颗粒组成的重塑土坡面为研究对象,采用室内放水冲刷动床试验,选取了平均沟深、平均沟宽及断面宽深比等作为细沟基本形态参数,分析了坡面细沟形态与水力学特性、侵蚀产沙的定量关系,并建立坡面侵蚀经验预测方程。结果表明:1)沟深随坡度增大而增大,沟宽随坡度增大而减小,两者随流量的变化不明显,细沟断面宽深比随坡度和流量的增加逐渐减小;2)同一试验条件下,坡面含沙量的增加使细沟断面形态整体由"窄深式"趋向"宽浅式";3)单位水流功率、水流功率与坡面细沟形态参数的关系最为密切(r0.784,p0.01),平均沟宽与水力学参数关系不显著;4)平均沟深与细沟形态综合量化参数对坡面产沙有较好的预测效果(R20.747,NES0.755,p0.01);5)引入坡面土壤黏粒含量参数后,基于细沟形态参数与坡面土壤黏粒含量的坡面侵蚀经验预测方程可信程度与预测精度显著提高(R20.879,NES0.887,p0.01)。该研究为坡面侵蚀预测与侵蚀机理研究提供参考依据。     

Variation in the sensitivity of DOC release between different organic soils following H2SO4 and sea‐salt additions

Long‐term monitoring data from eastern North America and Europe indicate a link between increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in surface waters over the last two decades and decreased atmospheric pollutant and marine sulphur (S) deposition. The hypothesis is that decreased acidity and ionic strength associated with declining S deposition has increased the solubility of DOC. However, the sign and magnitude of DOC trends have varied between sites, and in some cases at sites where S deposition has declined, no significant increase in DOC has been observed, creating uncertainty about the causal mechanisms driving the observed trends. In this paper, we demonstrate chemical regulation of DOC release from organic soils in batch experiments caused by changes in acidity and conductivity (measured as a proxy for ionic strength) associated with controlled SO₄^2? additions. DOC release from the top 10 cm of the O‐horizon of organo‐mineral soils and peats decreased by 21–60% in response to additions of 0–437 µeq SO₄^2? l^?1 sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) and neutral sea‐salt solutions (containing Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^?, SO₄^2?) over a 20‐hour extraction period. A significant decrease in the proportion of the acid‐sensitive coloured aromatic humic acids (measured by specific ultra‐violet absorbance (SUVA) at 254 nm) was also found with increasing acidity (P < 0.05) in most, but not all, soils, confirming that DOC quality, as well as quantity, changed with SO₄^2? additions. DOC release appeared to be more sensitive to increased acidity than to increased conductivity. By comparing the change in DOC release with bulk soil properties, we found that DOC release from the O‐horizon of organo‐mineral soils and semi‐confined peats, which contained greater exchangeable aluminium (Al) and had lower base saturation (BS), were more sensitive to SO₄^2? additions than DOC release from blanket peats with low concentrations of exchangeable Al and greater BS. Therefore, variation in soil type and acid/base status between sites may partly explain the difference in the magnitude of DOC changes seen at different sites where declines in S deposition have been similar.     

江苏北部滨海盐土盐肥耦合对菊芋生长和产量的影响

在江苏北部滨海盐土进行田间试验,研究了不同盐分含量土壤上盐肥耦合对菊芋生长和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着土壤盐分含量的增加,菊芋株高显著下降,菊芋茎粗、块茎产量和地上部生物量随土壤盐分的增加变化趋势与菊芋株高相似。随着氮肥和磷肥施用量增加,菊芋主茎高度显著增加,菊芋茎粗随氮肥施用量增加变化不明显,而块茎产量和地上部生物量随肥料用量增加变化趋势与菊芋株高相似。(2)随着施氮、磷量增加,在各盐分含量土壤上菊芋主茎普遍长高,随着土壤盐分含量的增加,氮和磷效应越明显,菊芋茎粗、块茎产量和地上部生物量在不同土壤盐分含量下,其变化趋势与菊芋主茎高度变化趋势相似。(3)各处理措施均能影响菊芋块茎产量,经方差分析,土壤盐分含量、氮肥施用量、磷肥施用量、盐肥交互作用、氮磷肥交互作用均呈极显著关系,从处理间区别看,影响菊芋块茎产量的主要因素是土壤盐分含量,氮肥和磷肥次之。其中S1N2P3处理所获得的产量最高,此处理土壤盐分含量为0.9～1.5gkg-1,氮肥和磷肥施用量均为60kghm-2。     

Relationship between acidity and microbiological properties in some tea soils

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different forms of soil acidities on microbial biomass C, ergosterol content, microbial metabolic quotient, microbial respiration quotient, and fluorescein diacetate-hydrolyzing activity of some tea-growing soils of India. Total potential and exchangeable acidity and extractable and exchangeable aluminum were higher in Tripura followed by Jalpaiguri and Kharagpur soil. Different forms of acidity were significantly and positively correlated with each other. All the microbiological properties investigated were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic C content. The ratio of organic C with microbial parameters was significantly and negatively correlated with different forms of acidity. Principal component analysis indicated that the microbial activities were not directly affected by the extractable aluminum and total potential acidity. Although the tea soils had higher microbial biomass and activities because of higher organic matter content than other soils, the ratios of microbial parameters/organic carbon indicated that inhibition of microbial growth and activities had occurred because of acidity stress.     

铁氧化物与土壤表面电荷性质的关系

The relationship between iron oxides and surface charge characteristics in variable charge soils (latosol and red earth) was studied in following three ways.(1)Remove free iron oxides (Fed) and amorphous iron oxides (Feo) from the soils with sodium dithionite and acid ammonium oxalate solution respectively.(2) Add 2% glucose (on the basis of air-dry soil weight) to soils and incubate under submerged condition to activate iron oxides,and then the mixtures are dehydrated and air-dried to age iron oxides.(3) Precipitate various crystalline forms of iron oxides onto kaolinite.The results showed that free iron oxides (Fed) were the chief carrier of variable positive charges.Of which crystalline iron oxides (Fed-Feo) presented mainly as discrete particles in the soils and could only play a role of the carrier of positive charges,and did little influence on negative charges.Whereas the amorphous iron oxides (Feo),which presented mainly fas a coating with a large specific surface area,not only had positive charges,but also blocked the negative charge sites in soils.Submerged incubation activated iron oxides in the soils,and increased the amount of amorphous iron oxides and the degree of activation of iron oxide,which resulted in the increase of positive and negative charges of soils.Dehydration and air-dry aged iron oxides in soils and decreased the amount of amorphous iron oxides and the degree of activation of iron oxide,and also led to the decrease of positive and negative charges.Both the submerged incubation and the dehydration and air-dry had no significant influence on net charges.Precipitation of iron oxides onto kaolinite markedly increased positive charges and decreased negative charges.Amorphous iron oxide having a larger surface area contributed more positive charge sites and blocked more negative charge sites in kaolinite than crystalline goethite.     

苏打碱土盐分淋洗与饱和导水率的关系

土壤饱和导水率是土壤重要的物理性质之一,反映了土壤入渗和渗漏性质,是计算土壤剖面水通量和排水工程设计的一个重要土壤水力参数[1]。准确地估测农田饱和导水率,对于制定正确的水分和盐分、水分和养分的管理措施及有效地防止污染物对环境的影响,都有十分重要的意义。已有研究表明,饱和导水率受土壤质地、结构、盐分含量与组成、容重或孔隙度、土壤水分特征等诸多因素影响[2-7]。就碱土而言,饱和导水率低是其标志性特征之一[8-10],提高饱和导水率是有效淋洗碱土盐分的基本前提[11]。松嫩平原是国内仅次于黄淮海平原的第二大平原,其西部是中国五大盐渍土分布区域之一[12]。土壤盐分以NaHCO3和NaCO3为主[     

黑土开垦后水稳性团聚体与土壤养分的关系

Water-stable aggregates, which are an index for the evaluation of the structural properties of the soil, are affected by many factors. Zhaoguang Farm, Longzhen Farm, and Jiusan Farm were chosen as the representative study sites in the region of black soils, a typical soil resource in Northeast China. The variation in the content of 〉 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates and its relationship with the nutrients in black soil were investigated after different years of reclamation. The results showed that the 〉 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates were more in the surface than in the subsurface soil and they changed in the following order： Longzhen Farm 〉 Zhaoguang Farm 〉 Jiusan Farm. The water-stable aggregates decreased sharply at the initial stage of reclamation and then became stable gradually with time. They were significantly correlated with the contents of organic C, total N, total P, and CEC in black soil, with the correlation coefficients r being 0.76, 0.68, 0.61, and 0.81 （P 〈 0.01）, respectively; however, their relationships with available P, available K, and total K were unclear. These showed that organic matter was the cementation of soil water-stable aggregates. Increasing decompositions and decreasing inputs of organic matter after reclamation were responsible for the amount of reduction of the water-stable aggregates. Thus, to maintain good soil aggregate structure, attention should be paid to improvement of soil nutrient status, especially the supply of organic C and N.     

Relationship between total organic carbon and oxidizable carbon in calcareous soils

Abstract

The oxidable carbon content of 46 calcareous soils from the South‐East of Spain was determined by the Walkley and Black method and compared with the total organic carbon (C) content obtained by an automatic microanalysis method. The results were fitted to linear, curvilinear, and exponential equations which permit the conversion of the oxidable C values into those of total organic C when no direct means of analysis of the latter is available. A conversion factor of 1.26 is recommended.     

Relationship between phosphatase active bacteria and phosphatase activities in forest soils

Acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase active colonies of bacteria, isolated from forest soils, were stained. The activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and other soil properties (the number of aerobic bacteria, basal respiration, the level of ammonification, the number of bacteria active in ammonification, the level of nitrification, the number of micromycetes) were compared with the number of bacteria belonging to the genus Micrococcus. Soil samples were taken from the following horizons: F-AO1 (fermentative), H-AO2 (humic), and A (basic). The soil samples were taken from beneath forest stands in the Izera Mountains (North Bohemia, Czech Republic). The number of acid phosphatase active colonies correlated positively with the number of alkaline phosphatase active colonies in the F-AO1 horizon, and there was a high, positive correlation between the former and the level of ammonification in the H-AO2 horizon. The number of alkaline phosphatase active colonies correlated positively with organic carbon, the number of ammonification bacteria, and the number of micromycetes in the H-AO2 horizon. The A horizon was almost biologically inactive. Neither acid nor alkaline phosphatase activities correlated positively with the number of phosphatase active colonies of bacteria. Received: 6 December 1996     

Relationship between thermal conductivity and water content of soils using numerical modelling

There is no simple and general relationship between the thermal conductivity of a soil, λ, and its volumetric water content, θ, because the porosity, n, and the thermal conductivity of the solid fraction, λ_s, play a major part. Experimental data including measurements of all the variables are scarce. Using a numerical modelling approach, we have shown that the microscopic arrangement of water influences the relation between λ and θ. Simulated values for n ranging from 0.4 to 0.6, λ_s ranging from 2 to 5 W m^?1 K^?1 and θ from 0.1 to 0.4 can be fitted by a simple linear formula that takes into account n, λ_s and θ. The results given by this formula and by the quadratic parallel (QP) model widely used in physical property studies are in satisfactory agreement with published data both for saturated rocks and for unsaturated soils. Consequently, the linear formula and the QP model can be used as practical and efficient tools to investigate the effects of water content and porosity on the thermal conductivity of the soil and hence to optimize the design of thermal in situ techniques for monitoring water content.     

Relationship between intensity of phosphatase activity and physico-chemical properties in woodland soils

The relationships between intensity of phosphatase activity and soil properties at two depths in some Lake District woodland soils have been examined. Significant relationships were found with soil organic matter, moisture, clay + silt, total nitrogen, isotopically-exchangeable phosphorus, extractable magnesium contents and soil pH. When data from all soils, both 0–5 and 10–15 cm depths, were pooled 66% of the total variation in intensity of phosphatase activity could be accounted for by these soil properties.However, covariance analysis showed that regressions between intensity of phosphatase activity and soil properties differed with soil depth, soil type, season, vegetation type and underlying rock type. When the effects of these interactions were taken into account, up to 99% of the variation in the intensity of phosphatase activity could be accounted for. The relative importance of these interactive factors appeared to be rock type = vegetation type > soil type = season > soil depth.The effects of the soil properties and the interacting factors on the intensity of phosphatase activity in these woodland soils are discussed.     

Relationship between extractable Al and organic C in volcanic soils of Chile

In previous studies, Al extracted by acid ammonium acetate (Al_a) or Na-pyrophosphate (Al_p), rather than silt or clay content and climate conditions, was the most important factor that controls organic matter (OM) levels in volcanic soils. Here, the hypothesis was tested that Al_a is a comparable method (as much as CuCl₂) to quantify the proportion of Al bound to OM in allophanic soils. As far as we know, there are no previous antecedents in which selective dissolution method has been compared with this extractant. Secondly, we examine the effects of (a) Al, (b) silt plus clay content (particles size 0-53 µm) and (c) clay mineralogy on the control of organic carbon (OC) level in Chilean volcanic soils. This was achieved by sampling 16 soils series (11 Andisols, one Alfisol and four Ultisols, USDA classification) including 48 soil pedons up to 0.4 m depth. Soils were analyzed for Al_a, Al_p, oxalate (Al_o, Si_o and Fe_o), cold NaOH (Al_n) and un-buffered salts, CuCl₂ (Al_Cu), LaCl₃ (Al_La) and KCl (Al_k). We also measured the Al-humus as soluble C fraction after pyrophosphate extraction and the C associated to the silt plus clay fraction after sonication and gravity decantation. The statistical package (S)MATR was used to examine bivariate linear regressions among soil properties by computing the standardized major axis (SMA). Our results indicate that Al_a had a good correspondence with Al_p (R² = 0.76) in the top soil with Al_a/Al_p ratio of 0.19 and both extractans presented significant and positively relationship with soil OC (R² > 0.62). Acid ammonium acetate was as effective as Al_Cu to determine the Al-OM in allophanic soils. It is cheaper than Al_Cu and Al_p and 0.5 h shaking is required compared to 2 h of Al_Cu and 16 h of Al_p. The efficiency of the extraction was: Al_n ≥ Al_o > Al_p > Al_Cu ≥ Al_a > Al_La > Al_k. We also found that allophane content (estimated by Al/Si ratio) was strongly correlated (R² = 0.82) with the OC in the fine silt plus clay and that Al-humus together with C in the finest particles explained (R² > 0.60) the largest proportion of variation of soil OC across studied soils.     

大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系

选取不同连作年限的辣椒大棚土壤和相邻露地小麦-辣椒轮作土壤(对照),研究了大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明,连作土壤养分含量显著高于对照,而pH值显著低于对照;土壤细菌,放线菌数量随连作年限延长呈先增加后降低的趋势并高于对照,而真菌数量不断增加;连作土壤酶活性含量均显著高于对照。土壤细菌数量与土壤有机质、全磷呈显著相关性,真菌数量与土壤养分无显著相关性,放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性与pH值呈显著负相关性,与养分呈显著相关性。土壤全磷、全氮、pH值对微生物数量的影响较大,而全氮、pH值对土壤酶活性的影响较大。     

Formation of alkali soils by neutral salt solutions

It has been reported that large tracts of land under irrigation in the western part of United States contain enough soluble salts to depress crop production and thousands of acres have been abandoned because of salinity. In soils commonly called white alkali soils, containing accumulation of neutral salts in the form of chlorides or sulphates, 0.2% of salt will reduce yields of salt sensitive plants and 1.0% will cause marked yield reduction in most crops. If the drainage is poor and water table is maintained near the surface of the soil, evaporaLion will be high and the salt will accumulate. When large amount of soluble salts accumulate at the surface, the soil is termed as saline and has a pH value below 8.5. The soils containing alkali salts such as Na.COa or NaHC03 and having a pH value above 8.5 are called alkali soils or black alkali soils. Misra (1954) has reported that a gradual replacement of calcium ions and a subsequent increase in the exchangeable Na or K in the exchange complex of the soil, due to repeated leaching of the soils with dilute salt solutions of Na or K takes place which is similar to the repeated leaching of agricultural fields by irrigation.al water containing smaller amounts of soluble salts of Na or K. He has also reported that K-soils, which are also alkaline, are formed under similar conditions of leaching of the soil with K-salLs. Greater amounts of calcium were found in the filtrate when soluble salts were used instead of water alone for leaching the soil.     

Relationship between hydraulic and basic properties for irrigated soils in southeast Australia

This paper examines the potential of soil maps and spatial information on basic soil properties for predicting soil hydraulic properties in the Shepparton irrigation region (SE Australia). For this purpose, the relationship between locally measured soil hydraulic properties and basic soil properties, and soil categories was analyzed. Pedotransfer functions developed for Australian soil were tested. Furthermore, association of field‐scale final infiltration rates with basic soil properties was investigated. Water‐retention properties, and in particular subsoil water‐retention properties, were significantly correlated with readily available basic soil properties. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were particularly high for clay content, bulk density, and the sum of exchangeable cations Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺. Water‐retention properties were adequately predicted using Australian pedotransfer functions. Water‐transmission properties such the saturated conductivity and the final infiltration rate were overall poorly correlated with basic physical and chemical properties. Generally, median water‐transmission properties did not significantly change with soil groups and “within‐paddock variability” accounted for over half of the “within‐soil‐type variability” for many soil types. We concluded that it is feasible to regionalize water‐retention properties for the Shepparton irrigation region using basic physical and chemical soil properties, whereas the information on basic soil properties and from soil maps was insufficient to reliably estimate water‐transmission properties. It is demonstrated why field‐scale estimates of final infiltration rates, obtained by fitting a model for surface irrigation to field measurements of advance, depletion, and recession, may be better correlated with basic soil properties.     

Relationship between mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen influenced by various conditions of submerged soils

The relationship between mineralization of soil nitrogen and immobilization of added nitrogen in submerged soils were studied under various soil conditions in a laboratory experiment. Selected factors which constituted soil conditions were content of soil organic nitrogen, quantity of nitrogen addition, temperature, soil drying, puddling, and period of incubation. Each factor contained some treatments in it.

The ratio of mineralization to immobilization, M/I, was relatively constant under various soil conditions. The values of M/I were around 2 except the soil drying treatments, indicating that the amount equivalent to about half of mineralized nitrogen is immobilized simultaneously under nitrogen added condition. Even so, if considered in detail, treatments that stimulate the microbial activities were observed to have increasing effect on M/I.

The ratio of additional mineralization caused by nitrogen addition to immobilization, ΔM/I, is considered to be an index to know the influence of nitrogen addition on the quantitative change of soil nitrogen level. This value was around 1 in the soil without any application of organic matters, and around 0.6 in the soil receiving straw compost for 10 years. Factors that have close relations with the value of ΔM/I were soil organic nitrogen level, temperature, soil drying, and period of incubation.     

Effect of irrigation on salt and sodium content of salt affected soils in central Nebraska

Abstract

The effect of irrigation water of good quality on the salt and sodium content of some Halaquepts on the floodplain of the Platte River in Central Nebraska was determined. The study compared salts and sodium concentrations in A and B horizons of adjacent soils in 3 fields within a single delineation of a map unit. Land uses were long term irrigation, recent introduction to irrigation, and permanent pasture that had never been cultivated or irrigated. The presence of a salt crust on the surface of the field that had been irrigated for some time led the farm operator to believe that irrigation was increasing salt problems within the field. The objective of the study was to determine whether or not this was true. Salt content, sodium absorption ratio, and exchangeable sodium values were not greater in the irrigated field than in the permanent pasture. Salt contents of A horizons were the same in all fields, whereas B horizon salt content tended to be lower where both long and short term irrigation had been practiced. Sodium absorption ratios and exchangeable sodium percentages followed the same pattern as that of soluble salts. Irrigation with water of good quality appeared to be decreasing both salt and sodium content of these soils.     

Relationship between the reduction of tetrazolium salt XTT and DNA strand breakage with aminosugars

Dihydropyrazine derivatives formed by the self-condensation reaction of D-glucosamine have the DNA breaking activity. To establish the monitoring method of the biological active dihydropyrazines, we investigated the relationship between the XTT (3'-[1-[(phenylamino)-carbonyl]-3, 4-tetrazolium]bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzensulfonic acid hydrate) reducibility and the DNA breaking activity of aminosugars. Aminosugar in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was incubated at 37 degrees C. At a given time, the XTT reducibility and the DNA breaking activity of the incubated aminosugar were measured. Both XTT reducibility and DNA breaking activity showed a maximum value within 1-4 h after the incubation and then gradually decreased with the incubation time. Superoxide anion was suggested to involve in both of the DNA breaking activity and the XTT reducibility by the addition of the radical scavengers into those assay mixtures. The quantity of remaining covalently closed circular DNA and the XTT reducibility of all aminosugars showed a good correlation (r = 0.825, n = 26). This means that the XTT assay is applicable for the monitoring of those biologically active products derived from aminosugars when the participation of superoxide anion in DNA scission is recognized.