双柏县桉树及其混交林生长过程的研究

对双柏7年生纯桉树林和桉树与黑荆树混交林中桉树树高、胸径、材积生长过程的研究表明,桉黑混交对7年生桉树的高粗及材积生长未表现出明显的影响,但对土壤 N、P、K 营养元素的含量变化有较大影响,对防止病虫害的发生、发展有一定的作用。提出改进桉树经营管理的建议。     

不同有机肥对尾叶桉生长的影响

通过对比 4 种不同有机肥对尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）胸径、树高和地径的影响，分析不 同 N、 P、 K 含量的有机肥对桉树生长的影响，筛选出最有利桉树生长的有机肥种类。结果表明：处理 D 即 N : P : K 为 15 : 5 : 11 时对桉树的胸径和地径增长促进效果最好；处理 C 即 N : P : K 为 9 : 11 : 10 时对 桉树树高的增长效果最好。     

桉树幼林施肥肥效的研究

2001-2003年,在湖南省郴州市苏仙区卜里坪村林场,对桉树幼林地进行不同肥料品种、不同施肥剂量的肥效研究.结果表明:施用N2K肥对桉树幼林生长不利,产生负面作用;P2K2,N2P1,P2肥对按树生长有较好的肥效;N1P2K1混合施用肥效最佳,树高达4.73 m,比对照的增加132%,胸径4.50 cm,比对照的增加133%,差异达显著水平.肥料最佳配比剂量为每株尿素65 g,过磷酸钙430 g,氯化钾25 g.     

桉树人工林施肥技术研究

分析了同肥料种类、不同施肥方式对桉树生长的影响,以获取提高桉树种植率的有效施肥技术,能够为实现可持续发展奠定良好的基础。结果表明:与纯化肥组合相比,无机复混肥的施肥效果更为显著;当基肥种类、数量以及其他因素特定时,基肥方式对桉树生长起着至关重要的促进作用,N︰P︰K为15︰5︰11的比例的施肥效果更为显著,桉树的生长量可以最高值,同时也可以去获取较高的经济效益。为此,提出了N︰P︰K为15︰5︰11的施肥比例更能够为桉树提供一个良好的生长环境,以加快桉树生长速度,提高生长质量。     

桉树与乡土阔叶树种混交林的初期生长效应

以红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）、米老排（Mytilaria laosensis）2种广西乡土阔叶树种为混交树种,对不同混交模式下桉树与红锥、米老排的林木生长情况进行了分析。研究结果表明：在桉树与米老排（3∶1）混交模式下,桉树树高、胸径生长量明显高于桉树纯林。而混交模式下,红锥生长量增加,而米老排生长量降低。初步认为,混交能促进桉树生长,但最佳混交造林模式因混交树种而异。     

东山县丘陵山地桉树与马占相思混交造林试验研究

针对桉树经营中潜在的生态问题,开展了桉树与马占相思混交造林研究,进行了桉树与马占相思1∶1(行状)和4∶4(带状)混交以及桉树纯林为对照的试验研究,结果表明:桉树与马占相思混交促进了桉树生长和土壤条件的改善,提高了土壤肥力,而在桉树-马占相思混交林中,桉树与马占相思采取带状混交对于桉树和马占相思的生长都有较大的提高作用,并且改善土壤理化性质的作用也更大。     

3种肥料养分释放特性及对桉树生长响应研究

对3种不同养分比例的CF、NW、FH肥料进行养分释放研究,并在N、P、K养分总量相同的情况下,比较了3种肥对于不同试验林地内桉树生长的影响.结果表明:NW肥对P、K的缓释效果要好于CF和FH肥.NW肥对树高生长量的影响要大于其余两种肥.CF肥则有利于胸径和叶绿素的增长.     

丘陵地桉树无性系人工林生长调查

采用标准地法,对广西南宁市南部丘陵地2.25～2.67年生的桉树无性系人工林进行了调查研究。结果表明:林木平均保存率为89.3%,平均年蓄积生长量达30.0 m3/(hm2.a),林木径阶以10 cm居多,其次是12 cm径阶,二者合计占80%。林分生长量与无性系种类、林地坡位有一定关系,无性系的生长排序为DH33-29>DH33-26>DH33-28,坡位排序为下坡位>中坡位>上坡位,但差异均较小。林地土壤有效N含量对桉树生长影响显著,含量少的林地桉树生长量显著低于含量多的林地。林地土壤有效N、P、K含量普遍不足,林地施肥应充分考虑N、P、K养分,以满足桉树生长对各种元素养分的需要。     

桉树福建柏混交造林效果分析

为了探索闽南地区桉树人工林混交造林模式,2010年在福建省安溪白赖国有林场开展了桉树福建柏混交(混交比例为2桉∶8福建柏)造林试验,并与桉树纯林、福建柏纯林对比。5 a的试验结果表明:混交林中桉树胸径、树高、材积的生长量都大于桉树纯林,增益可达39.2%、16.1%、109.5%以上;混交林中福建柏的平均胸径、平均树高、单株材积生长分别比纯林减少了25.9%、10.7%、46.8%,但树高生长也超过速丰林标准的14.7%。说明桉树与福建柏混交存在着生长相互促进作用,是种间关系较为协调并且具有较高生产力的混交模式,可以在生产上推广应用。     

尾巨桉萌芽林土壤肥力变化及施肥研究

通过林地调查和室内分析化验,结果表明广西钦州市桉树二代萌芽林林地土壤酸性、有机质、全N、水解N、全K、速效K含量均降低;土壤磷素含量降低,全P含量为0.28～0.38g.kg-1、有效P含量为0.3～1.1mg.kg-1;Cu、B的含量也降低,且B含量偏低,仅为0.01～0.03 mg.kg-1。针对上述结果,提出了相应的测土配方施肥方案。分别以普通HA桉树肥、桉树专用肥、鸡粪+普通复合肥和钦州市林科所桉树配方复混肥4种肥料进行施肥对比试验,寻找最佳施肥方式。试验表明:尾巨桉施肥肥效明显,施用几种肥料对桉树二代萌芽林生长量均有显著促进作用,不同种类的肥料对桉树二代萌芽林前期生长量的肥效差别主要受肥料总养分含量、N、P、K百分含量及养分的合理配比影响。不同处理萌芽林分间的保留株数、树高、胸径、材积及蓄积均达极显著水平,钦州市林科所桉树配方复混肥较适合当地桉树二代萌芽林林木生长,3年生单株材积及蓄积量分别达到0.076 m3.株-1、105.396 m3.hm-2。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.