Toward the realization of a josephson computer

High-quality Josephson junctions, with both electrodes made from niobium and with an aluminum-oxide insulating barrier, were introduced in 1983. This niobium junction is very stable, reliable, controllable, and reproducible. Because of these excellent characteristics, these junctions can be applied to large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits, such as microprocessors having a few thousand gates and a few kilobits of memory. These circuits operate much faster and consume less power than any semiconductor circuit now available. Integrated Josephson circuits are now being tested in a closed-cycle refrigerator. The next step is to design a special-purpose, small-scale Josephson computer and to demonstrate its high performance.     

Large-scale integration: what is yet to come?

The rapid development of large-scale integrated circuits in the last two decades has revolutionized information handling. Higher levels of integration have been achieved principally by making the individual circuit elements smaller, but reduction of random defects and innovations in circuit design have also been important factors. Practical limits to the size of integrated circuits, such as those imposed by the use of photolithography to define the circuits, can be avoided by using other methods, such as solid-state diffusion or electron beams. The prospects are that dimensions and defect densities will continue to be reduced while speed increases. Redundancy in circuits will lead to lower costs and higher levels of integration. As logic becomes more complex and applications narrower, the increased number of unique circuit designs needed tends to increase costs. The microprocessor was developed to answer this problem and will have a radical influence on future computing systems.     

基于修复技术的组合电路进化设计算法研究

提出基于修复技术的组合逻辑电路快速进化设计算法。该算法利用候选电路在进化的初始阶段适应度增加很快的现象,先进化出一个功能大致正确的电路;然后转入修复过程并对不正确的输出进行修正,最终设计出功能正确的电路。为了能对进化出的有错误的电路进行修复,专门设计出简单而规整的修复电路的构造方法。附加的修复电路与进化生成的对大部分输入都能输出正确结果的电路结合在一起,形成最终的功能完全正确的电路。该方法极大地减少进化所需的时间。     

Wafer-scale graphene integrated circuit

A wafer-scale graphene circuit was demonstrated in which all circuit components, including graphene field-effect transistor and inductors, were monolithically integrated on a single silicon carbide wafer. The integrated circuit operates as a broadband radio-frequency mixer at frequencies up to 10 gigahertz. These graphene circuits exhibit outstanding thermal stability with little reduction in performance (less than 1 decibel) between 300 and 400 kelvin. These results open up possibilities of achieving practical graphene technology with more complex functionality and performance.     

北京山区乡村工业旅游开发的意义与对策研究——以门头沟区龙泉镇为例

在农村产业结构调整和旅游开发意识增强的背景下,北京山区旅游开展得如火如荼,在实现资源型产业转型的同时,带动整个山区经济社会的较快发展。但目前山区旅游过分偏重自然生态观光和农业旅游,乡村工业尚未受足够的重视,其与旅游的结合还有待于学界、政府和企业等多方的研究与关注。以乡村工业旅游为切入点,以北京市门头沟区龙泉镇为例进行实证研究,探讨山区乡村工业旅游开发的意义与策略。强调乡村工业旅游区别于一般工业旅游的特点,并提出乡村工业旅游亦属于乡村旅游范畴,将其纳入乡村旅游系统进行整体开发与经营。     

农田智能浇灌自动控制系统的设计

针对农田的畦垄浇灌控制问题,提出了一种新型智能自动浇灌控制系统的设计方案。通过无线数据通信技术实现互联并基于单片机技术进行了方案的设计与实现。应用验证结果表明,系统能够很好地实现农田浇灌作业中的畦垄足水检测、畦间自动切换及水泵自动启停控制;系统的浇灌控制精度高,运行稳定可靠,实施成本较低,具有很高的实用价值。     

高精度大尺寸硅晶片的双面研磨抛光机改进设计

随着IC设计技术和制造技术的发展和进步,集成电路芯片的集成度在不断提高,芯片密度呈指数增长趋势。硅晶片作为集成电路芯片的主要材料,尺寸越来越大。在分析国内双面抛光机典型机型原理和特点的基础上,针对运用于大尺寸甚至是直径400 mm的硅晶片,提出高精度双面研磨抛光机在机械结构和控制系统等方面的改进措施,很好地解决了国内目前对大尺寸硅晶片加工难、加工精度不高等难题。     

Liquid fuels from coal: from R & d to an industry

On the basis of current U.S. oil imports, room now exists for a U.S. coal liquids industry. Unfortunately, technology is not available which can produce coal liquids at a price competitive with imported oil. Direct liquefaction technology is under development, but the prospects are that the technology will not be economic at the time the pioneer commercial plant should be constructed to provide the foundation for a possible coal liquids industry in the 1990's. Government support of coal liquefaction R & D has created the conditions that make possible the development of the technology, and probably government incentives for pioneer plants will be needed. With the proper incentives pioneer plants will lead to lower costs, and this, plus rising prices, will create the conditions necessary to develop a multiplant industry.     

宁夏中部干旱带不同枣品种有机栽培试验研究

[目的]形成该地区特色枣树产业有机生产的关键技术,大幅度地提高果品品质和安全,提升市场竞争力,增加经济效益。[方法]利用当地近原始的环境,集成有机枣果品生产关键技术,并进行试验、研究与示范。[结果]在宁夏中部干旱带的核心区近原始的环境条件下,在生产环境评价的基础上,在不同枣有机栽培关键技术上,通过创新、集成肥料安全使用技术、病虫害有机防控技术,可以达到有机果品生产的目的。[结论]不同枣树有机栽培技术研究是在特定的环境、品种条件下,在关键技术上通过创新,使位于宁夏中部干旱带核心区的枣树特色产业,在大发展的起步期就以高的起点参与市场竞争,推广前景远大。     

天津近代转型期商业文化数字图书馆基础研究的调研报告

天津商业文化文献信息资源的有效整合,对于时代特征与地域特征兼备的天津商业文化的总结、现代化天津商业文化的创立都有着积极的作用。此次调研旨在为天津近代转型期商业文化数字图书馆建设体制与应用模式等问题上的探究工作提供数据服务,围绕天津市档案馆采取实地数据统计的方式展开。主要以盐业、茶叶业、粮食业、服装鞋帽业、贸易业、百货业等近20个商业分类为主干进行资料统计及分析,从近代天津开埠后的传统商业文化与外来商业文化分支、近代商业文化总括和各个商业分支两部分进行相关馆藏数字统计与剖析,力求做到全面、规整与详细。     

电力载波通信技术在温室数据采集系统上的应用

采用电力载波通信技术设计了温室数据采集系统,其硬件主要包括主通讯单片机系统电路、环境数据采集节点电路以及传感器测量电路.并根据数据采集的工作原理设计了相应的通讯协议及通讯算法.试验证明系统能实现多点环境数据的可靠采集和通讯,该系统为温室环境数据采集提供了一种可行的解决方案.     

Status of the Development of EDS Coal Liquefaction

This article traces the evolution and development of a modern coal liquefaction technology, the EDS (Exxon Donor Solvent) process, over a period of 15 years. During this time the technology has been advanced from laboratory experiments to a pilot plant with a coal feed rate of 250 tons per day, and findings from several areas of science and technology have been important. The process is now in the final stage of development to generate the data needed to design a plant of commercial size.     

新型自动气象站外围设备保障设计

[目的]新型自动气象站设备的稳定运行和保障十分重要,针对业务运行中外围设备面临的实际问题,本研究分别从数据本地传输线路和保障电源两方面,提出合理可行的改进设计思路和解决方案。[方法]主要方法是数据本地传输线路新增备用线路,解决线路单一和软件功能限制问题;电源方面改进UPS布局和发电机电路,使保障电源更完善。[结果]结果表明,新设计的数据传输线路实现多重备份,改进后保障电源有2套UPS主机和电池组互为备份,发电机操作实现无人值守。改造简单成本合理,操作安全布局清晰,实现新型自动气象站外围设备的全面保障。[结论]本研究以成熟稳定的设计、合理的成本,为新型自动气象站外围设备保障设计提供最优方案,确保新型站设备的稳定运行和全面保障,为气象现代化建设提供科学依据。     

Communications Satellites: Countdown for INTELSAT VI

Since the formation of COMSAT 20 years ago, the number of international telephone circuits made through satellites has grown 400 times and the cost of a telephone call has decreased by 12,000 percent. Worldwide communications linking 109 nations are achieved with 14 satellites in earth-synchronous orbit. Advances in microwave technology have expanded the transmission bandwidth per satellite from 50 to more than 3000 megahertz. Improvements in solar cell, battery, stationkeeping, and microwave amplification technology have increased satellite lifetime from 1.5 years to 10. The sixth generation of INTELSAT satellites, now being manufactured, will be introduced into the system in 1986, and each satellite will carry more than 40,000 telephone channels plus two television programs. The next generation of satellites, now under design for expanded capacity, will be needed by the middle 1990's to meet the traffic demand. These satellites are likely to add new frequencies (20 and 30 gigahertz), onboard signal processing and switching, and more bandwidth-efficient modulation, to achieve larger communication capacity at each orbital location.     

中国作物种业科学技术发展的评述

《国务院关于加快推进现代农作物种业发展的意见》提出构建以产业为主导、企业为主体、“育繁推一体化”的现代农作物种业体系,全面提升中国农作物种业发展水平。国内外种业的发展推动了种业科学的形成和发展。种业科学是围绕“育繁推一体化”种业产业发展而形成的科学技术学科类群,作物遗传育种是其中的一部分,它和种子生产的理论与技术、种子示范和营销的理论与技术构成了种业科学技术的主体,在相应的遗传、生理、信息技术、政策法规等学科知识的配合下成为相对集中的学科体系。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中。文章在回顾作物育种科学技术进展包括传统的作物育种科学技术和现时分子生物育种研究热点的基础上,归纳出现时重要的8个育种理论和技术问题,继而回顾了作物种子生产和示范推广科学技术的进展,并在此基础上探讨了中国种业科学技术发展的策略和建议。提出要围绕种业发展的需求,建成相对完整的种业科学技术学科体系;要顶层设计,建设成企业种业科技和公益性种业科技两支相互补充、相互配合的种业科学技术研发力量;要优先研究和解决种业发展中的重大科学技术问题,其中包括规模化育种技术,资源富集、遗传解析与创新,常规育种的分子辅助技术,转基因育种与安全技术,品种区域适应性试验制度与品种审定制度的完善,配齐种业基础性公益性研究并确立种子生产标准化体系,加强作物杂优化研发使杂种化成为中国未来种业的特色等。     

我国整体衣柜市场发展现状与趋势研究

阐述了整体衣柜产生的背景、概念的内涵与外延,分析了整体衣柜的特点。在回顾我国整体衣柜发展历程的基础上,从产业生命周期、市场区域特征、企业竞争格局等方面归纳了我国整体衣柜产业的现状,剖析了其存在的主要问题,并预测了我国整体衣柜市场发展前景及其设计技术的发展趋势,以便为整体衣柜行业的健康快速发展提供借鉴。     

中国谷子产业和种业发展现状与未来展望

谷子起源于中国,是旱作生态农业绿色发展的主栽作物。国家启动产业技术体系十年来,创制出一批抗除草剂、商品品质显著提升、蒸煮时间显著缩短的育种材料;基因组测序、单倍型图谱和高通量转化技术体系构建等推动了谷子产业技术原始创新能力持续提高;育成了一批中矮秆抗除草剂新品种,创新集成了一批适合不同产区的栽培技术,单户综合生产能力提高20倍以上,单产提高90.8%,总产提高85.7%,全程机械化轻简栽培实现了谷子生产方式历史性变革。谷子是完全市场化作物,近十年来总体价格呈上升趋势,产业规模不断扩大,全国地理标志产品发展迅速,正在形成一批区域公用品牌和产业优势区。随着产业发展的带动,品种权保护与转让逐步增多,一批谷子种业开始起步。在乡村振兴和健康中国战略新的时代背景下,谷子的营养、生态、文化属性给中国谷子产业和种业带来了新的机遇;同时中国谷子种业和产业也面临着种子繁殖系数高、品种权落实力度不够、科研和平台建设有待加强、缺乏突破性大品种等诸多挑战。未来中国谷子特色产业发展将助推乡村振兴并带动种业发展;季节性休耕区、压采地下水区的生态需求将促进谷子生产面积呈现恢复性增长;种业、科研、产业融合呈加快发展趋势...     

储油罐自动切水仪的设计

本文介绍了储油罐自动切水仪的设计思想，并详细介绍仪器中的主要电路，该仪器主要用于石油化工生产部门，对储油罐中的含水进行自动排放。     

Cool water: demonstration of a clean and efficient new coal technology

Cool Water, the world's first commercial-scale, integrated coal gasification combined cycle power plant, has been operating successfully since May 1984 near Barstow, California. The 100-megawatt plant, which was completed ahead of schedule and under budget, is probably the cleanest coal-fired power generating facility now in commercial operation. An ongoing demonstration program at Cool Water shows that future baseload power plants that use this technology can be built modularly in increments of a few hundred megawatts and compete economically with much larger, conventional coal-fired power plants equipped for flue gas desulfurization.     

基于产业链的区域循环型生态农业再设计

自二十世纪八十年代以来,我国以实现农业可持续发展为目标的现代农业建设取得了良好的成果,尤其是二十一世纪初以来,在生态农业与循环农业方面的研究与应用迅速发展,生态农业的内涵与应用模式不断丰富,至目前,两者在内涵上已呈现交叉重叠现象,从而在设计应用区域形成了认识上的交错与不清。从我国生态农业与循环农业的研究成果与农业发展趋势出发,采用比较研究法、系统分析法,在提出了循环型生态农业的概念、明确了其设计原则的基础上,构建了区域性“基于产业链”的循环型生态农业宏观设计模式,提高了系统设计的适应性,保证区域农业系统随着产业结构的调整而优化发展;以循环型生态农业宏观设计为依据,明确了区域农业整体设计的主要内容,区域设计提出了包括种植业内部设计、牧业内部设计、复合设计在内的第一产业设计的方法与内容,并对第二产业设计、第三产业设计、技术设计和政策设计做出了实施建议,可为我国现代农业的区域化设计发展提供参考。