三种有机肥水溶性分解产物对铜、镉吸附的影响

研究了稻草、紫云英和猪粪的水溶性分解产物对铜和镉的沉淀作用及其在红壤和潮土上的吸附影响。结果表明三种水溶性分解产物对铜镉的沉淀及吸附有双重效应：铬合效应和ｐＨ提高效应。在相同的ｐＨ值条件下,有机分解产物通过络合作用而不同程度地抑制了铜和镉的沉淀作用及其在两种土壤上的吸附。由于铜具有较强的形成络合物的能力,所以有机分解产物对铜的抑制效果对于镉的抑制效果。吸附等温线表明,在不调节ｐＨ时,三种有机分解产     

ADSORPTION, DESORPTION AND SOLUBILITY RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAD AND CADMIUM IN SOME ALKALINE SOILS

In some alkaline soils of Punjab (India) the adsorption, desorption and solubility relationships of lead and cadmium were investigated and the results analysed by the Langmuir equation. Both the metals are retained in soils by adsorption on mineral interfaces and interaction with organic matter and calcium carbonate. At high concentrations, these probably precipitate as hydroxides. Sequential desorption of Pb and Cd with 1 MKCI and 0.05 MCu(CH₃COO)₂ provided a measure of their exchangeable and chelated form.     

CADMIUM ADSORPTION BY SOILS

The Langmuir adsorption equation was found to describe Cd adsorption from dilute solutions at 5°C and 25°C for ten soils from Tuscany. The calculated Langmuir adsorption maxima (Q) and bonding energy coefficients (K) were well correlated with CEC and organic matter content. On the basis of the temperature effect on Q and K, the mechanism of Cd adsorption is discussed.     

山东省土壤供锌状况及对锌的吸附

1977年中国农科院土肥所在山东省进行土壤有效锌普查^[1],估算全省缺锌1500万亩,并通过试验,指导锌肥大面积应用.近10多年来,在原认为土壤有效锌含量较高的地区,施锌效果也很明显,实践中锌肥应用方法、数量和后效等问题有待解决.     

南京城郊蔬菜基地土壤有效态铅、锌、铜和镉的空间分异及其驱动因子研究

利用地统计学和地理信息系统相结合的方法,从小尺度区域角度上研究了南京城郊土壤中铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)4 种重金属有效态含量的空间分布特征及其主要的影响因子。结果表明:(1) 研究区土壤中有效 Zn 变异程度相对较大,有效 Pb 的变异程度相对较小,而有效 Cu 和 Cd 为中等程度变异。(2) 研究区有效 Pb、Zn 含量空间分布具有中等程度的空间自相关性,而 Cu、Cd 空间分布具有强烈的空间自相关性;有效 Zn、Cd 的空间自相关尺度相对较大,而有效 Cu、Pb 相对较小。(3) 研究区土壤中有效 Pb 的空间分布主要受交通影响,交通量越大的道路附近土壤中有效 Pb 含量越高;有效 Zn 主要受城市生活废水的影响,城市生活污水灌溉和城市地表径流是土壤中有效 Zn 积累的主要原因;有效 Cu 主要与蔬菜种植过程中有机肥(主要是牛粪)施用关系密切,有机肥施用量越大,土壤中有效 Cu 含量越高;有效 Cd 受地形影响较大,地形低洼处土壤中有效 Cd 含量相对较高。     

COPPER ADSORPTION BY ALKALINE SOILS

The adsorption of copper by four alkaline soils of northwest India was investigated using 0.05m CaCI₂ as supporting electrolyte. The adsorption data conformed to the competitive Langmuir adsorption equation although there was possibliity of copper hydroxide or carbonate precipitation at higher concentrations of added copper. The adsorption capacities of soils were related to CEC, clay content and CaCO₃ equivalent of soil. The free energy changes for adsorption and for interaction were negative and positive respectively.     

锌在石灰性土壤中的吸附

本文用平衡法研究石灰性土壤对锌的吸附.供试土壤为徐州丰县的黄潮土表层(0-15厘米).结果表明:吸附要用两个Laagmuir方程来描述,可以假想成两个L型表面,采用平移坐标法求出最大吸附量与实验结果基本相符.pH对锌的吸附影响很大,高pH(7.5)时,CaCO₃组分对锌的吸附的贡献约占70%,低pH时,对吸附的贡献较小.     

ADSORPTION OF CADMIUM AND ITS EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS IN SOME ISRAELI SOILS

Cd adsorption isotherms were measured on five Israeli soils ranging in specific surface area from 65 to 315m²/g. Retention capacity of Cd ranged from 4.7 × 10³ to 10 × 10³μg/g soil (8.4 to 17.9 mequiv/100 g soil) and was correlated with the specific surface area. Almost all the adsorbed Cd was exchangeable with 0.5 M CaCl₂ and the remaining fraction was extractable in 0.5 M HCl. Plots of K_d, the distribution coefficient of Cd between the solid and solution phases, vs. Γ, the surface density of adsorbed Cd, showed that all soils behave similarly, K_d sharply diminishing with Γ. It was suggested, based on comparison with literature data on Cd adsorption on montmorillonite, that below γ s 0. 5 × 10¹⁷ ions/m², specific adsorption mechanisms prevail whereas above it the adsorption is mainly due to electrostatic interactions and ion exchange.     

河北主要土壤中Cd和Pb的形态分布及其影响因素

采用网室盆栽试验和大田取样 ,运用连续提取方法 ,研究了河北平原潮土和潮褐土两种土壤中Cd、Pb的化学形态特征及与其影响因素的关系。结果表明 :随着Cd、Pb污染程度的增加 ,其交换态有增加趋势。当高浓度重金属污染土壤时 ,Cd(潮土 >1mgkg- 1、潮褐土 >5mgkg- 1)主要以交换态存在 ,并表现为 :交换态 >碳酸盐结合态 >铁锰氧化物结合态 >有机结合态 >残留态 ;Pb主要以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在。在低浓度重金属污染的土壤中 ,Cd (潮土 <1mgkg- 1、潮褐土 <5mgkg- 1)的残留态、有机结合态成倍增加 ,甚至超过交换态 ,表现为 :残留态 >碳酸盐结合态 >有机结合态 >交换态 >铁锰氧化物结合态 ;Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残留态存在。Cd、Pb在土壤中的分布与土壤的pH值 ,有机质含量密切相关。     

EFFECTS OF CATION EXCHANGE MATERIAL ON ZINC ADSORPTION BY SOILS

The adsorption of Zn by soils which are different in their major cation-exchange materials was measured at equilibrium Zn concentrations up to 10^?2 M in 10^?2 to 10^?3 M CaCl₂. The results are interpreted on K^Zn_Ca[Zn]_soil plots, where K^Zn_Ca is the selectivity coefficient defined by the equation All natural samples except those containing halloysite exhibited no or very small specific Zn adsorption. All Ca-saturated samples exhibited specific Zn adsorption dependent on cation-exchange materials. The cation-exchange sites with high selectivities for Zn (K^Zn_Ca > 10) constitute more than 40 per cent of the total exchange sites in soils containing allophane, imogolite, and halloysite, whereas those with moderate to low selectivities for Zn (K^Za_Ca < 10) predominate in montmorillonitic, vermiculitic, and humic soils. Differences in the contribution of the respective cation-exchange materials to specific Zn adsorption are discussed relating to differences in the origin of their negative charge.     

土壤对铜离子的专性吸附及其特征的研究

供试土壤专性吸附铜的等温线均符合Langmuir方程。红壤吸附量最低,砖红腹与黄泥土最大吸附量相近,但在铜浓度低时砖红壤吸铜量远低于黄泥土,而在高浓度则反之。土壤专性吸附铜是在溶液中Na⁺浓度比Cu²⁺高8.3—100倍条件下,Na⁺离子仍不足以与之竞争的那些专性吸附点所吸持的铜。按其解吸条件区分为松结合铜(可为N NH₄Cl解吸)和紧结合铜(仅能为0.1 N HCl解吸)两种。紧结合铜受平衡溶液铜浓度影响很小,所占据的吸附点对Cu²⁺有较强亲和力。松结合铜则随平衡铜溶液浓度增大而增加,符合Langmuir方程。对于砖红壤和黄泥土,在铜浓度低时紧结合铜>松结合铜;浓度高时则反之。红壤专性吸附铜始终以松结合铜为主。三种土壤比较,紧结合铜是砖红壤>黄泥土>红壤;松结合铜则是黄泥土>砖红壤>红壤。造成这些差别的原因可能与土壤性质、氧化物、有机质和粘土矿物组成等不同有关。用平衡法研究三种土壤专性吸附铜在不同浓度NH₄Cl和HCl溶液中的解吸表明,可进一步区分为三或四种不同的结合状况。红壤对铜吸附容量最小,且最易解吸。     

模拟酸雨对太湖地区水稻土铜吸附—解吸的影响

以太湖地区三种典型的水稻土（黄泥土、白土、乌泥土）为例，利用模拟-培养试验，着重研究模拟酸雨对土壤的铜吸附解吸能力的影响，研究结果表明：与未淋溶土壤相比，经模拟酸雨淋溶的三种土壤对铜的吸附量有所增加，随着淋溶液pH的降低，增幅减小：易解吸态铜的解吸量则随淋溶液pH的降低而增大，模拟酸雨降低了土壤对重金融污染的缓冲能力；虽然黄泥土、乌泥土对铜的吸附量远大于白土，但模拟酸雨对乌泥土的吸附-解吸能力的影响速度也大于白土。     

镉铅锌污染对红壤中微生物生物量碳氮磷的影响

用实验室培养法研究了不同镉、铅和锌化合物对红壤中微生物生物量碳、氮和磷的影响。引起微生物生物量碳显著减少的Cd、Pb和Zn(均为氯化物 )临界土壤含量水平分别为 30、4 50和 2 0 0mg/kg。以醋酸盐形式加入土壤中的Cd、Pb和Zn对土壤微生物生物量比氯化物有更大的毒性 ,可能与其较高的溶解度有关。不管施用何种化合物 ,Cd、Pb和Zn对微生物量的相对毒性依次为 :Cd Zn Pb。     

几种有机酸对恒电荷和可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响

以恒电荷土壤(黄褐土和黄棕壤)和可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)为供试材料,研究了乙酸、草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤吸附重金属铜离子(Cu2 )的影响。结果表明,在相同酒石酸浓度下,土壤对酒石酸的吸附量依次为黄棕壤(2 1 8mmolkg-1) >红壤(15 4mmolkg-1) >砖红壤(9 5mmolkg-1) ,土壤吸附有机酸后负电荷量增加,相同条件下增幅为砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤;无有机酸配体时,供试土壤对Cu2 的吸附量为黄褐土>黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤;加入有机酸时,随有机酸浓度增高,土壤对Cu2 的吸附一般表现为“峰”形曲线,峰所对应的有机酸浓度因有机酸类型而异,且随土壤可变电荷性质增强而增高;土壤吸附有机酸后对Cu2 的次级吸附不同于有机酸与铜共存时的竞争吸附,且因土壤性质表现迥异。这些结果意味着在存在有机酸配体的根际环境中,恒电荷土壤与可变电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附明显不同,并将影响重金属离子在根际的转化与有效性     

可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子时氢离子的释放

可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子后 ,土壤的中和曲线上不出现pH突跃 ,而变成一条平缓变化的曲线。当土壤悬液的pH低于一定数值时 ,加入铜离子后不释放氢离子。该pH值与土壤中氧化铁的含量有关。氧化铁的含量越高 ,该pH值越高。对于大多数可变电荷土壤 ,此pH值为 4左右。对可变电荷土壤 ,pH值越接近 4,氢离子释放的快速过程越不明显。在pH 4左右 ,加入铜离子后 1 0分钟时 ,释放的氢离子量仅占 6 5分钟时释放量的 3 0 %左右。但当pH值高于 4 5时 ,在大多数情况下 ,加入铜离子后半分钟时释放的氢离子量即可占 6 5分钟时的 5 0 %以上。恒电荷土壤吸附铜离子时氢离子的释放速度比可变电荷土壤快得多。即使pH值低至 3 8,在加入铜离子后半分钟时氢离子的释放量即占 6 5分钟时的 5 6 %以上。可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子时的H/Cu比比恒电荷土壤大得多。当恒电荷土壤悬液中加入0 1mo1L- 1 NaNO3作支持电解质时 ,吸附铜离子时的H/Cu比增大。     

SPECIFIC ADSORPTION OF SILICATE AND PHOSPHATE BY SOILS

The adsorption of silicate and phosphate from pure and mixed solutions by four soils known to fix phosphate strongly has been measured. The adsorption at constant pH for each acid from its pure solution follows the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption of silicate by three of the soils from the pure solution occurs at pH 9.2, and the maximum adsorption curve for phosphate by two of the soils from its pure solution has a break in its slope at pH 6.4 and 11.6. These pHs are all just below the pK values for the dissociation of hydrogen ions from the undissociated silicic acid or the acid phosphate anions. The presence of silicate in a mixed solution, which is sufficiently concentrated in both silicate and phosphate to give maximum adsorption of either if in pure solution, does not affect the amount of phosphate adsorbed until the pH is over 6.5–7.0. At this pH the maximum adsorption curve for silicate crosses that for phosphate. The presence of phosphate in the mixed solution always depresses the adsorption of silicate. The maximum amount of silicate-plus-phosphate adsorbed from this mixed solution is either a little less than or equal to the amount of silicate adsorbed from the pure silicate solution if the pH is above 7. When silicate displaces phosphate, or phosphate displaces silicate, more moles of the displacing acid are adsorbed than moles of the displaced acid released. These results for soils are similar to those of Hingston et al. for the adsorption of silicate and phosphate by goethite.     

华南不同人工林土壤铵吸附特征及其吸附动力学研究

铵在土壤中的吸附特性，决定了维持该有效形态氮的能力。不少学者研究过铵的吸附问题［1～4］，研究重点一是探讨各种物理、化学处理条件下铵的吸附特征，如去除有机质、渍水处理、钙对铵的影响等［2］。二是探讨不同土壤铵吸附的差别［1，3］。这里，不同土壤多是取自全国不同地区，因而，铵吸附特征主要反映土性本身的差别。在这一方面，前人的研究未曾注意植被主导作用下产生的效应，即在相同土壤类型上，长期生长的植被对土壤铵吸附特征的影响。     

几种土壤对砷酸盐的吸附

砷化合物一般都具有毒性,它对环境的污染引起人们的重视.砷污染土壤后,被土壤吸附、贮存.同时,通过植物的摄取,可进入动物和人体中.植物吸收的砷量和受害的程度,不仅与土壤砷的水平有关,而且还受土壤吸附砷的状况的影响.中国科学院南京土壤研究所试验研究指出,按土壤对砷的吸附量的差异而规定各种土壤的最大允许残留量.     

THE ADSORPTION OF COPPER BY SOIL MATERIALS AT LOW EQUILIBRIUM SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS

The adsorption of copper by individual soil components (organic matter fractions, oxides and clay minerals) was examined at equilibrium solution concentrations of copper within the range found in natural soils, the distribution of copper between solution and solid phases being measured by means of labelling with radioactive ⁶⁴Cu. At these low solution concentrations it was found that the copper adsorption isotherms were essentially linear. The oxides and organic materials adsorbed the greatest amounts of copper. The concentration of copper in natural soil solutions will be controlled by these materials to a far greater extent than by the clay minerals, the influence of which may be negligible in some soils. Solution concentrations of copper are relatively unaffected by both the background concentration of major cations and by changes in pH within the ionic strength and pH range found in normal agricultural soils. Copper adsorption studies with humic and fulvic acids showed that total solution copper concentrations could be greatly enhanced above the equilibrium levels for ionic copper by the presence of soluble organic complexes. The importance of taking into account the presence of such copper complexes in soil copper studies is emphasised.     

铅污染土壤的植物修复研究进展

利用植物修复技术对土壤重金属污染进行治理是目前国内外有关学者研究的热点和难点问题。本文系统地阐述了重金属Pb污染土壤的植物修复,从Pb超富集植物、植物吸收累积Pb的机制和影响因素以及螯合剂在Pb污染土壤植物修复中的作用等几方面介绍了国内外的有关研究现状及其发展趋势。