The effect of green crop lifting on the contamination of seed potato tubers by pathogenicErwinia spp.

Summary In the Netherlands seed potato crops are harvested when still green, the haulm being destroyed before harvest. We compared the effect on the contamination of seed potatoes byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech) of the common method of haulm destruction by flailing and chemically destroying remaining stems, with the recently developed green crop lifting method. After chenical haulm destruction the levels of contamination with both Eca and Ech surviving cold storage were found not to differ significantly from those after green crop lifting. Losses due to watery wound rot (Pythium ultimum) were considerable in the warm and humid conditions during 1991, especially after green crop lifting.     

The role of stem inoculum in the transmission ofFusarium sulphureum to potato tubers

Summary Over 2 years, seed tubers or stems were inoculated withFusarium sulphureum Schlecht. (F. sambucinum Fuckel f. 6 Wollenw.) and the incidence of dry rot on daughter tubers assessed by standardised wound tests. The amount of stem and soil inoculum was also measured in one year. Inoculating stem bases resulted in greater concentrations of spores on the stem bases, greater soil populations at harvest and more dry rot on tubers than inoculating the seed tuber. Overall, the incidence of dry rot and the amount of stem and soil inoculum was similar for the three methods of haulm destruction: cutting and removing the stems, applying sulphuric acid or applying diquat dibromide to the growing plants.     

Effects of soil disinfection and potato harvesting methods on stem infection byRhizoctonia solani Kühn in the following year

Summary A two year field experiment was conducted twice to assess effects of chemical soil disinfection at planting and methods of harvesting potatoes on stem infection withRhizoctonia solani in the subsequent year. In the first year of the experiments seven methods. including one with soil disinfection at planting, were applied in August. In the following year,R. solani stem and stolon infection (disease severity) on potato plants were assessed in June. Soil treatment at planting with pencycuron resulted in lowest disease severity in the following year. Compared with chemical haulm killing and haulm pulling. immature-crop-harvesting also resulted in a lower disease severity, but only when black scurf was scarce on tubers at harvest in the preceding year.     

Effect of Cultivar Resistance and Haulm Killing Method on Tuber Infection by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis>

A series of field trials combining cultivars with different levels of resistance to Phythophtora infestans and different haulm killing methods was conducted in 1997, 1998 and 1999 to assess the contamination potential of the haulm. In addition, the frequency of tubers with late blight was assessed after harvest and storage, combining effects of pretreatment infection, infection by the haulm at harvest and the development of the disease during storage. Haulm killing was performed by diquat (200, 400, 600 g a.i. ha^-1), half cutting of the haulm in combination with diquat (100, 200, 300 g a.i. ha^-1) or full cutting of the haulm. In those treatments where haulm killing was performed purely chemically the haulm remnants’ contamination potential tended to increase at reduced doses. Full mechanical destruction gave as low a contamination potential as application of the full dose of chemical haulm killer. However, there were no consistent differences between the haulm killing treatments in the frequency of blighted tubers after harvest and storage. This indicates that the input of chemical haulm killers may be reduced. There was a large difference between years in tuber blight after harvest and storage, which confirms that climatic factors are of major importance for tuber infection. The large difference found between the cultivars in the frequency of tuber blight indicates that tuber resistance should be an important part of integrated late blight disease management.     

Hydrolysis of glycoalkaloids fromSolanum tuberosum L. haulm by enzymes present in plant material and by enzyme preparation

Summary This paper deals with the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of glycoalkaloids from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) haulm. The hydrolysis was carried out by the action of the enzymes present in fresh haulm, juice of fresh haulm and in haulm dried at various temperatures. The highest degree of enzymatic hydrolysis of 90% was obtained during fermentation of haulm dried at 40 °C after 30 h incubation time. The enzyme preparation was obtained from the juice of fresh potato haulm by using capillary dialysator HM 16 (AQM 1681, 1.6 m² Hemofan 8 υ). The best degree of enzymatic hydrolysis by enzyme preparation, 68%, was achieved after 20 h time of incubation. The enzyme preparation from juice of fresh haulm was characterized by K_m of 0.70 mM at pH 5.5 and 35 °C.     

The potential use of plant physiological responses to water stress as an indication of varietal sensitivity to drought in four potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties

Four potato varieties were subjected to water stress under controlled conditions. Leaf relative water content, leaf diffusive resistance, and photosynthesis were measured on stressed and unstressed plants during a stress period and during the recovery period following stress relief. Subsequent to the stress, plants were grown to maturity with optimal water supply. Mature plants were harvested and tuber yield and haulm production measured. Stressed plants of all varieties exhibited an increase in leaf diffusive resistance and a decrease in relative water content, transpiration, and photosynthesis as soil moisture decreased. Significant varietal differences in leaf diffusive resistance of stressed plants are apparent and offer promise for development of a screening technique for varietal sensitivity to drought based on stomatal response to water deficits.     

Effect of haulm treatments on the formation of microsclerotia ofVerticillium dahliae Kleb. on potato

Summary In four pot experiments, potato plants of cv. Element were artificially infected withV. dahliae. At an early and a late harvest haulms were killed chemically, by burning or by various other treatments, including cutting them into pieces of different lengths and keeping the debris on the soil surface or covering with soil. After 4 weeks the plant material was air-dried and the number of microsclerotia per mg was determined. At the early harvest, in two experiments, the chemical treatment yielded more microsclerotia than the cutting treatments. Covering colonised haulm tissue with non-sterilised soil was effective in inhibiting microsclerotia formation. Shorter haulm pieces led to fewer microsclerotia at the later harvest if the material was kept on the soil surface. The variation in microsclerotial yield and in treatment effects among the different experiments was large.     

Formation of microsclerotia ofVerticillium dahliae Kleb. on various plant parts of two potato cultivars

Summary Potato plants of cvs Element and Mirka were artificially infected withV. dahliae in two greenhouse experiments. Leaf blade, petiole, aerial stem, subterranean stem, stolon and root mass were separately harvested both when the canopy was still green and at maturity. After 4 weeks incubation, the plant tissue was air-dried and the numbers of microsclerotia per mg tissue and per plant were determined. The highest numbers of microsclerotia were observed in the haulm when harvest took place at maturity. Cultivar Element yielded significantly more microsclerotia in the haulm than cv. Mirka, whilst there were no cultivar differences in the microsclerotial production on subterranean parts. The petiole and the aerial stem contributed most to the total microsclerotial production, whereas roots were much more important for formation of microsclerotia than stolons.     

A strategy for integrated low-input potato production

Summary Current systems of potato growing use large amounts of pesticides and fertilizers; these inputs are costly and cause environmental problems. In this paper a strategy for integrated low-input potato production is developed, with the aim of reducing costs, improving product quality and reducing environmental damage. The strategy involves suitable crop rotation, the use of cultivars with multiple resistance, modest fertilizer use (preferably based on organic manure), mechanical weed control, mechanical haulm destruction and limited use of pesticides. The prospects for this strategy are discussed.     

脱脂和重组对面团流变学特性的影响

选用3个筋力不同的小麦品种(系)为材料,采用脱脂面粉、重组面粉和原面粉相比较的方法,研究了小麦脂类对面粉主要基础品质指标、面团拉伸和粘度特性的影响。结果表明:(1)脱脂后面粉沉淀值、降落值下降,面粉白度提高;(2)脱脂后鲁麦14和01-35的面团最大拉伸阻力、拉伸面积和最大拉伸比变大,延伸度变小,但PH3259表现为相反的趋势;(3)与原面粉相比,脱脂后面团粘度变小,附着功减少,粘聚性下降;(4)重组面粉与原面粉面团流变学特性无明显差异。     

基于DUS测试性状的玉米标准品种形态多样性分析

利用DUS测试指南中的36个形态性状对53份玉米标准品种进行形态性状多样性的分析。结果表明,本研究所选用的玉米标准品种具有较为丰富的形态变异,36个形态性状在53个玉米标准品种中检测到193个等位变异,平均每个性状检测到5.361 1个,有效等位变异平均为3.575 6个(1.121 4~6.834 5),平均Shannon-Weaver多样性指数为1.309 4(0.253 5~2.046 1)。聚类分析结果表明,53个标准品种间的形态性状多样性丰富,相似系数介于0.74~0.85,具有标准品种性状描述的示例和校正作用;取相似系数0.80为阈值,可将53份玉米标准品种分为31类,由此可将标准品种的数量调减为31个。     

不同裂果易感性石榴品种果皮质构特性分析与显微结构观测

以不同裂果程度的4个石榴品种('大青皮甜'岗榴'秋艳'黑金刚')为试验材料,利用质构仪和显微镜观察测定其果皮质构特性和组织结构特点,解析果皮质构特性和细胞结构在石榴裂果中的作用,为防治石榴裂果提供理论依据.结果表明,采用质构仪测定石榴果皮内外侧破裂力,其外侧破裂力为1050.28～1927.24 g,内侧破裂力为686...     

Lightning damage to potatoes

Summary Two distinct round patches were observed in a potato field where the haulm showed symptoms like those of blackleg. The remainder of the field was in vigorous growth. Affected stems had long cracks andErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica was isolated from some. This had probably developed subsequently on damaged tissue and no rotting was apparent below soil level. Most of the tubers were decayed but noErwinia and only green pseudomonads were detected. Local meteorological records showed that thunderstorms occurred on only one day (1 August) in the six weeks before observation of the field symptoms. It was concluded from all evidence that the condition described was caused by a lightning strike on that day.     

Differential resistance to tuber late blight in potato cultivars without R-genes

Summary In 1983 and 1984 there were reports in Norway of more severe late blight infection than usual on tubers of cv. Pimpernel, a cultivar without R-genes known to be somewhat resistant to both haulm and tuber infection. Results from routine tests confirmed earlier experience that cv. Pimpernel shows stable resistance to tuber late blight, although the ranking of cultivars may vary between years. In experiments during three harvest seasons tubers of different cultivars were inoculated with isolates ofP. infestans obtained from stocks of cv. Pimpernel with severe tuber late blight and with other isolates. In these experiments the isolates from cv. Pimpernel caused more rot on tubers of Pimpernel than did other isolates.     

叶鞘对杂交水稻茎秆抗倒能力的影响研究

为了明确叶鞘对杂交水稻茎秆抗倒能力的影响,选取4个杂交水稻品种,研究了其基部节间包鞘及去鞘的抗折力差异和基部节间叶鞘的包茎层数、包茎厚度、存活数量及其与节间包鞘抗折力的相关性.结果表明,基部节间包鞘的抗折力是去鞘的1.4～1.9倍,去鞘后的抗折力较包鞘的降幅24.3％-46.8％,叶鞘在齐穗期对抗倒性弱的品种影响大,而...     

The relation between aphid flights and the spread of potato virus YN (PVYN) in the Netherlands

Summary In the Netherlands early haulm destruction is the main method of preventing excessive spread of virus diseases in seed potato crops. When potato leaf roll virus was the principal problem, the time of haulm destruction was determined by the flight ofMyzus persicae (Sulzer), studied with the aid of Moericke yellow water traps. As potato virus Y^N became a problem and other aphid species interfered, the interpretation of aphid flights became difficult. An attempt is made to quantify total aphid flight activity in terms of risk to the crop. By attributing relative efficiency factors to 9 vector species and considering their flights as recorded with suction traps, values of vector-pressure are obtained that correlate well with weekly infection of bait plants. If accumulated vector pressures are compared with the flights ofM. persicae as recorded with Moericke traps during 1970–1979, it appears that during 6 of these years the critical periods of both systems coincide. However, in 1974 and 1976 much potential vector threat occurred before the start of the flight ofM. persicae. Suggestions are made as to how to apply the method in practice. A semi-popular account of this paper has appeared in Dutch inGewasbescherming 12 (1981) 57–71.     

Yield and dry matter content of early and late potatoes,as affected by monoculture and mixed cultures

The competition model of de Wit proved to be applicable to the yields of early and late varieties in mixed culture. The mixture can be advantageous. The calculated maximum yield increase led to different ratios of the varieties in the seed mixture. The dry matter content of the early varieties decreased in mixed culture, that of the late varieties increased. The haulm/tuber ratio was decreased compared with that of the late variety. In growing the varieties row by row the early variety was crowded out tot a greater extent than at interchanging the varieties in the row. Mixed culture would need to be restricted to the growing of potatoes for the starch industry or for other uses for which a mixed product is admissible. The prospects are dependent on the availability of the appropriate varieties.     

黄皮辣椒和青皮辣椒表型性状对比分析

中国是世界上最大的辣椒生产国和消费国,青皮辣椒和黄皮辣椒是市场上主要的蔬菜辣椒品种,为了解目前市场上主流黄皮辣椒和青皮辣椒品种在表型性状上的特点和区别及遗传多样性,对目前市场上较为主流的36份黄皮辣椒品种和38份青皮辣椒品种的25个田间表型性状进行变异系数、遗传多样性指数、相关性、主成分及聚类的对比分析.结果表明:黄皮...     

Effects of soil-borneRhizoctonia solani Kühn on yield and quality of ten potato cultivars

Summary The effects of soil-borneRhizoctonia solani on yield and quality of potato were studied by an extensive individual plant sampling procedure. From 1983 to 1986, stem canker and stolon pruning were examined in 10 768 plants growing on a sandy soil. Tuber yield and quality and haulm yield per plant were also recorded. The degree of attack byR. solani depended on the cropping frequency of potato. Severe and very severe stem and stolon attacks decreased fresh yield, dry matter yield and dry matter content of tubers and increased the number of deformed and small tubers, whereas the effect on haulm yield and stem number was small. Potato cultivars differed in susceptibility toR. solani, but yield response did not differ significantly between cultivars at the same levels of stem and stolon infection.