A Bivalent Scale for Measuring Crowding Among Deer Hunters

One factor that may influence satisfaction in outdoor recreation is crowding, which historically has been defined as a negative evaluation of the density of other participants. While this definition is suitable for most scenarios, there are circumstances where encounters with others in the area are evaluated positively and thus contribute to the satisfaction of the participant. To adequately describe this phenomenon we suggest a more inclusive measurement of crowding that allows for both positive and negative evaluations of participant density to more accurately explore the relationship between crowding and satisfaction. We identified a sub-group of deer hunters who negatively evaluated the low density of other hunters, which reduced their satisfaction with their overall hunting experience. The methodology for measuring crowding in recreation research may have an important effect in identifying the relationship crowding has with other relevant variables as well as management implications.     

Wild-Harvested Venison Yields and Sharing by Michigan Deer Hunters

An increased societal focus on wildlife as food and recent policy deliberations regarding legal markets for wild-harvested meat are encouraging wildlife managers and researchers to examine the amount, use, and distribution of meat yielded through recreational hunting. We used responses to questions on the Michigan Deer Harvest Study to estimate the maximum yield of edible venison and assess hunters’ sharing behaviors. We estimated 11,402–14,473 metric tons of edible venison were procured during the 2013 hunting season. Of hunters who harvested a deer, 85% shared their venison. Hunters who shared did so with an average of 5.6 people (SD = 4.5). Sharing occurred most frequently within tight social networks: members of hunters’ households (69%), relatives (52%), and friends, neighbors, or coworkers (50%). In the absence of legal markets, venison is distributed widely by hunters and greatly amplifies the number of people benefiting from hunting. Nonetheless, we also identified the potential breadth of exposure to disease or contaminants from wild-harvested meat.     

Integrating Constraints to the Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Deer Hunting Participation

This article predicted deer hunting behavior using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and constraint-integrated TPB models. The data were collected using a two-staged mail back survey with Oregon hunters in 2008–2009. Structural equation modeling showed that TPB explained 51% variance in the intentions and 21% in reported participation. Among the constraint-integrated models, fear, time, money and distance, and the total constraint-integrated models explained 2% to 4% more variance in participation; only perceived behavioral control (PBC) was a significant predictor of participation. Evidence of the roles of the TPB predictors in constraint negotiation were found. Recommendations are made for using more comprehensive measures of TPB predictors and specific measures of constraints for understanding a phenomenon. Programs for enhancing PBC and reducing internal and external constraints through skill development and providing more satisfying hunting opportunities are recommended.     

鹿蛋白质营养需要研究进展

综述了近 1 0年国内外主要鹿种蛋白质营养需求的研究结果 ,分别对不同年龄、不同季节及不同生理时期鹿的蛋白质需求作了较为详细的介绍与比较 ,并提出了进一步研究方向     

鹿魏氏梭菌灭活疫苗的研制

选用免疫性良好的鹿源魏氏梭菌WD0 6和WD1 3研制氢氧化铝灭活疫苗 ,试验表明 ,该疫苗使用安全 ,免疫效果可靠 ,对鹿适宜免疫剂量为 1 50亿菌 ,疫苗免疫期可达 8个月 ,在4℃～ 1 0℃保存有效期为 1 0个月。     

鹿源多杀巴氏杆菌荚膜分型的研究

采用Ｃａｒｔｅｒ苹膜群鉴定法将分离于我国鹿的３８株多杀巴氏杆菌鉴定为三个苹膜型,其中Ｂ型占６８．４％,Ａ型占１８．４％,Ｄ型占５．３％,３株未能确定型,占７．９,证实荚膜Ｂ型是我国鹿多杀巴氏杆菌流行的主要血清群。     

Bases of Support Differ for Deer Reduction Versus Behavior Change Options to Manage Deer Impacts

Research on urban deer management has used bivariate analysis of public support for options. Multiple regression analyses tested predictors of support for deer reduction options (hunting; contraception; removal; no action or “letting nature take its course”) and willingness to change one's own behavior (self-protection; yard re-planting; planting native plants). Deer reduction support correlated with wanting fewer deer and opinions about hunting's and no-action's effects; behavior-change support correlated with distrust of government, general environmental attitudes, and beliefs about deer impacts. Variations occurred for specific options (e.g., belief in no action increased with beliefs that nature lacked negative effects and reduced deer numbers; seeing global extinction as a problem and political liberalism favored native-species planting). Controlling for other variables, women supported hunting more and no action less than men, reversing prior bivariate findings. Multivariate analysis thus showed hitherto unobserved differences in the basis of support for deer reduction versus behavior change.     

鹿常用饲料营养价值评定研究进展

鹿为草食性动物,且食性非常广泛。为了科学地制定鹿饲料配方,合理有效地开发和利用丰富的饲料资源,近年来,在鹿用饲料营养成分分析和营养价值评定方面进行了较系统的研究工作。本文着重综述了这些研究的进展和成就。     

致病性鹿源坏死梭杆菌分离鉴定

应用厌氧培养技术,从患坏死杆菌病鹿的病变坏死组织和脓汁中仞出一种主要的病原菌,通过细菌形态学、染色反应、培养特性、生化试验、血清学反应等鉴定方法,确定该病原分离株为严格厌氧性坏死棱杆菌,分型鉴定为Ａ、ＡＢ和Ｂ型;实验动物感染证明Ａ和ＡＢ型坏死梭杆菌为致病性菌株。     

我国茸鹿杂交试验研究工作的成就及思考

我国养鹿业近４０年开展了１２种茸鹿的种间和亚种间的８种杂交（系）、２８种组合方式的试验。选育出高产、优质、低耗的茸鹿新品种（系）,对开辟茸鹿杂交育种研究的新领域具有重大的现实意义。     

鹿“猝死症”病因的调查

采取现场查询、病因学等调查方法,对１９９２～１９９７年吉林省、辽宁省、山东省及黑龙江省２７个鹿场鹿“猝死”病因进行调查。结果表明,鹿“猝死”主要是由多种细菌感染所致,占总分离数的７７４％,但主要致病菌为多杀性巴氏杆菌,占总分离数的３７３％;其次是魏氏梭菌,占２３５％;其他细菌分离数占２３５％;缺硒性猝死占８８％;不明原因的猝死占１０８％;发霉饲料中毒猝死占２９％。     

东北梅花鹿配种后主要生殖激素变化

采集4头体况良好、健康、配种后梅花鹿的血样,用RIA分析方法对血清中的5种生殖激素(LH、FSH、E2、P4和hCG)的含量进行测定.结果表明:在配种后(第2～38 d)LH含量缓慢地降低,处于较低的水平,平均为29.97±32.70 mIU/mL;FSH的含量稳步上升,平均为1.60±0.66 mIU/mL;E2的含量除了一个较大的峰值(10.20±6.59 pg/mL)外,一直在降低,平均值是6.47±4.28 pg/mL;P4的含量平均为0.05±0.04 ng/mL;hCG的含量呈缓慢下降趋势,平均为22.71±26.48 mIU/mL.     

Motivations of Fur Trappers in Interior Alaska

Understanding how and why trapping effort varies among fur trappers is necessary to accurately interpret trends in fur harvest for wildlife management. We mailed questionnaires to 1,760 fur trappers in interior Alaska to characterize motivations for trapping and primary factors affecting trapping effort. A cluster analysis revealed four groups with distinct motivations for trapping: wildlife management (17% of trappers), recreation (39%), subsistence (18%), and solitude (26%) trappers. Perceived furbearer abundance had the greatest effect on trapping effort, while access to land and human conflicts were the most important social issues to trappers. Economic gain was the least important motivation for trapping among respondents. Because trapping effort mirrored furbearer abundance, harvest-based abundance indices may amplify true changes in population sizes. Our findings also suggested that managers seeking to maintain or increase satisfaction among trappers should focus on reducing human conflicts and maximizing the non-monetary benefits of trapping.     

东北梅花鹿产茸能力估测方法的研究

本研究给出了估测、比较具有不同次产茸记录公鹿产茸能力的方法,为科学地评价公鹿的产茸能力提供了依据,对茸鹿育种具有指导意义。     

微卫星标记分析5种鹿类动物群体遗传多样性

利用15个微卫星标记对麋鹿、黇鹿、梅花鹿、黄麂、马鹿5种鹿类动物群体DNA多态性进行测定,共检测到95个等位基因,平均等位基因数和群体有效等位基因数分别为6..3333±2.7946个和4.7089±1.8355个,平均期望杂合度为0.5790±0.1025,平均多态信息含量为0.4483±0.1050。群体间的平均遗传分化为29.4%（P〈0.001）,构建5种鹿类动物群体的系统聚类图,结果基本一致,黄麂、马鹿和梅花鹿聚为一大类,黇鹿和麋鹿为一类或各自成为一类。     

夹心ELISA检测鹿粘膜病病毒的研究

建立了检测鹿粘膜病毒 (MDV)抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA。试验方法的最佳工作条件 :抗体包被量为 1 0 0 μg/孔 ,酶标抗体的稀释度为 1∶40 0倍。对吉林省某地鹿场的鹿粪样的检查结果表明 ,该鹿场的MDV阳性率为 32 %。     

梅花鹿茸、马鹿茸不同部位氨基酸、总磷脂、钙、磷含量的研究

本文对梅花鹿茸、马鹿茸不同部位氨基酸、总磷脂、钙、磷含量进行了分析,结果表明：梅花鹿茸、马鹿茸不同部位都含有丰富的氨基酸,其中含有７种以上的人体必需氨基酸。各个部位氨基酸的总量,必需氨基酸的含量及总磷脂的含量由基部到顶端逐渐增加,钙、磷的含量则由基部到顶端逐渐减少。     

A State and Provincial Survey of Harvest Reporting and Data Collection Methods

This article explored state and provincial wildlife agency deer (Odocoileus sp.) harvest data collection methods (in-person check stations [IPC], postal mail, telephone, and Internet harvest reporting [IHR]), and agency opinions about using hunter-provided data in making sound management decisions. We conducted an Internet survey of all U.S. and Canadian wildlife agencies’ deer program coordinators to determine current methods used for harvest reporting. Among agencies, IHR was the most commonly used method (64%), followed by IPC (46%), telephone (41%), and mail-in kill cards (25%). An additional 13 states were in the process of providing telephone and IHR. Most agencies expressed confidence in data hunters provided and felt these data were important in helping make management decisions. Automated systems (e.g., telephone and IHR) may provide opportunities for hunters to easily report their harvest, thereby potentially increasing harvest reporting rates, eliminating manual data entry by staff, and allowing for immediate access to data.     

家养林麝常见病诊断与防治研究

本文对家养林麝几种常见病的发病规律、临床症状及剖解结果等进行系统观察和分析,并对药物应用效果进行了对比。筛选出作用效果明显的药物种类、使用剂量及配伍方法,提出了行之有效的中草药防治疾病策略,深入剖析了养麝场做好疾病预防工作的关键所在。研究结果显示,通过上述技术研究与应用,林麝成活率由85％左右提高到95％左右,麝群年增长率提高了11％。本研究旨在为生产实践中疾病有效防治提供参考依据。     

Motivations for Enrollment Into the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program in the James River Basin of South Dakota

The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) targets high-priority conservation needs (e.g., water quality, wildlife habitat) by paying landowners an annual rental rate to remove environmentally sensitive or agriculturally unproductive lands from rowcrop production, and then implement conservation practices on these lands. This study examined motivations of South Dakota landowners for enrolling in the James River Basin CREP. All 517 newly enrolled landowners were mailed a questionnaire in 2014 measuring demographics, behaviors, opinions, and motivations (60% response rate). Cluster analysis of 10 motivations for enrolling identified three motivation groups (wildlife = 40%, financial = 35%, environmental = 25%). The financial group had the youngest mean age (62 years), followed by the wildlife (65) and environmental groups (68). Among respondents, 43% favored the public access requirement of this CREP with the environmental group most in favor. Understanding landowner enrollment motivations and decision criteria will assist in strategies (e.g., financial incentives, increasing yield via habitat restoration) for increasing future participation.