Effects of a Companion Plant on the Formation of Mycorrhizal Propagules in Artemisia tridentata Seedlings

Inoculation of seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase their establishment after outplanting. The success of this practice depends partly on the extent of root colonization and abundance of AMF propagules in the outplanted seedlings. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of a companion plant, the native grass Poa secunda J Presl (Sandberg bluegrass), on the formation of spores and vesicles, AMF colonization, and AMF taxa present in the roots of the shrub Artemisia tridentata Nutt (big sagebrush). These effects were tested at two phosphorus (P) fertilization levels, 5 μM and 250 μM. Neither coplanting nor differences in P had an effect on spore density in the potting mix. In contrast, coplanting increased vesicular colonization of A. tridentata from 5% to 18%, but only at low P. Differences in P also affected vesicular colonization of P. secunda, which was 10% and 30% at high and low P, respectively. Arbuscular colonization of A. tridentata was not affected by the treatments and ranged between 12% and 20%. In P. secunda, arbuscular colonization was lower but increased from high to low P. Coplanted seedlings exposed to low P also had the highest levels of total AMF colonization, 70% for A. tridentata and 63% for P. secunda. On the basis of partial sequences of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene, coplanting did not affect the AMF taxa, which were within the Glomeraceae. In some taxa within this family, root fragments containing vesicles are the main propagules. Particularly in this situation, increases in vesicle density caused by coplanting and low P are likely to facilitate mycorrhization of A. tridentata after outplanting, resulting in higher levels of colonization than those naturally occurring in the soil. Such outcomes are critical for assessing the extent to which A. tridentata establishment is limited by insufficient AMF colonization.     

Plant Age and Growing Season Nutritional Content Relationships of Three Artemisia tridentata Subspecies

The effect of plant age on growing season chemical compositions and rumen fermentation characteristics was determined for three subspecies of big sagebrush: basin (Artemisia tridentata [Nutt.] subsp. tridentata), mountain (A. tridentata subsp. vaseyana [Rybd.] Beetle), and Wyoming (A. tridentata subsp. wyomingensis [Beetle and Young]). In vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) disappearance, ammonia nitrogen (NH₃N), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content were determined at the end of two fermentation periods (24 h and 48 h) by combining rumen inocula with age-classified vegetative samples from each sagebrush subspecies. An additional one-way analysis of variance was performed to investigate potential differences among subspecies in IVDMD, IVOMD, total VFA, and NH₃N following a 48-h fermentation period. Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) components were also compared among sagebrush subspecies. Age class responses were variable across the spectrum of sagebrush subspecies and response variables. Where plant age effects were indicated, the small numeric differences probably have little biological or ecological significance. Mountain sagebrush was lower in IVOMD and total VFA concentrations (P < 0.0001) than basin and Wyoming. NH₃N concentration and CP were higher (P < 0.0001) in basin sagebrush than the other two subspecies, while Wyoming sagebrush was higher in NDF, ADF, and ADL than basin and mountain subspecies (P < 0.0001). NH₃N concentration for all three subspecies was lower than the minimum level (20 mg · 100 mL^?1) required for uninhibited rumen activity. Overall, this research questions the contention that older sagebrush plants offer less nutritional value than younger ones, at least for growing season conditions. The results also provide information that can be utilized in designing supplementation strategies for domestic animals on diets with characteristically high utilization of big sagebrush.     

Climatic Influences on Establishment Pulses of Four Artemisia Species in Nevada

Shrub recruitment in arid and semiarid regions often occurs in pulses controlled by specific weather events. Previous research suggested that Wyoming sagebrush in Wyoming is no exception. We examined four species/subspecies of sagebrush in Nevada, in 2009 and 2010, to discover if evidence of recruitment pulses was contained in the annual growth-ring records. Sagebrush species and subspecies occur on a wide variety of ecological sites that require different management strategies. Species included black sagebrush (Artemisia nova A. Nelson), Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young), Lahontan sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula subsp. longicaulis Winward & McArthur), and low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. ssp. arbuscula). Eighty stem sections were collected from each of 24 stands (6 stands per species or subspecies) at different geographic locations along east-west or north-south gradients where each species or subspecies naturally occurred. Annual growth-ring analysis was used to determine the year of establishment and the relationship between recruitment and weather events. Results indicated stand ages and locations were different (P > 0.001) among species and subspecies, and years of recruitment were strongly correlated with local and hemispheric weather patterns. Linear and multiple regressions modeled recruitment pulses for all four species. Weather-based predictor variables indicated complex interactions between recruitment and climatic controls. Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index variables were prominent predictors for all four species at their associated sites. Other important local weather variables included total annual precipitation the year before recruitment, the year of recruitment, and the year following recruitment. In Nevada and the Great Basin, it is imperative that successful sagebrush seeding technologies are discovered and implemented. Ecological restoration and postfire rehabilitation methods should be timed correctly with respect to precipitation patterns (positive phase PDO) and/or designed to mimic conditions responsible for natural sagebrush recruitment.     

种子 科技浅析AOSCA种子认证体系在草种子生产中的应用

以北美官方种子认证机构协会（AOSCA）所制订的种子认证体系为基础,比较在野生植物种子采集或生产和栽培植物品种种子生产认证过程的具体应用。表明野生植物或栽培植物种子生产均需按照相应的认证程序,根据实际利用状况和培育目的具有不同的认证级别,并且各级别的认证种子均有明确的标签标识,保证植物材料或品种的遗传一致性。通过分析该体系在保证植物种子遗传稳定性和一致性方面的优越性和特点,为我国野生植物资源的收集利用、牧草种子的生产提供实践指导和借鉴经验,以促进我国草地生态建设和牧草种子生产的国产化。     

共轭亚油酸紫外检测方法的研究

采用紫外分光光度法对乳酸菌脱脂奶发酵液中的共轭亚油酸（CLA）进行定量分析,建立共轭亚油酸紫外标准曲线,并采用气相色谱（GC法）分析法进行验证.     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸多西环素可溶性粉的含量

用紫外分光光度法测定盐酸多西环素可溶性粉中多西环素的含量.紫外扫描表明盐酸多西环素在271、349 nm波长处有最大吸收峰,且其浓度在4～28 μg/mL范围内,吸收度与浓度呈良好线性关系.盐酸多西环素溶于甲醇,而辅料不溶,过滤分离出盐酸多西环素,可做紫外检测.用盐酸多西环素对照品和辅料制备模拟样品,测得平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.29%（n=9）.该方法可为生产厂家中间品质量监控提供参考.     

Nondestructive Age Estimation of Mountain Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) Using Morphological Characteristics

Current methods for determining plant age of shrub species require destructive sampling and annual growth ring analysis on the primary stem. Although individual plant ages can frequently be determined in this manner, the method is time consuming and of limited value for plants that have lost stem wood from stem splitting and rot. Nondestructive methods for estimating big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) plant age would be useful in assessing stand age structure and population dynamics at variable spatial scales. The purpose of this study was to test a suite of traits for potential use in estimating mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) age. We evaluated traits including plant height, crown area, subcanopy litter depth, percent crown mortality, bark furrow depth, bark fiber length, circumference and diameter of plant basal stem, and circumference of secondary and tertiary branches. We measured and harvested basal cross-sections from 163 plants of varying sizes from five locations in central and south-central Utah. Plant age was determined from annual growth rings. Linear regression analyses revealed that stem diameter (r² = 0.507 P < 0.0001) was the most highly correlated variable with plant age across all sites, followed by stem circumference (r² = 0.474 P < 0.0001), secondary branch circumference (r² = 0.360, P < 0.0001), tertiary branch circumference (r² = 0.405, P < 0.0001), and bark fiber length (r² = 0.373, P < 0.0001). Results support previous findings that stem girth has value for estimating mountain big sagebrush plant age and that this trait is a better indicator of age than any other tested traits. Although the relationship between stem diameter and plant age was significant, substantial stem size variability associated with plants of the same approximate age indicates that the method is most appropriate when precise age estimates are not required. This technique was developed specifically for mountain big sagebrush, but it is expected that it can be adapted for other sagebrush taxa.     

系数倍率紫外分光光度法测定赛鸽用复方恩诺沙星胶囊的含量

建立了同时测定赛鸽用复方恩诺沙星胶囊中恩诺沙星和甲氧苄啶含量的系数倍率紫外分光光度法。结果显示,在检测范围内,药物的吸光度与其浓度呈良好线性关系。恩诺沙星的平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.13%(n=6);甲氧苄啶的平均回收率为98.7%,RSD为0.94%(n=6)。本法可用于生产企业半成品的质量检测。     

双波长紫外分光光度法测定酒石酸泰乐菌素-盐酸多西环素可溶性粉的含量

建立了双波长紫外分光光度法同时测定酒石酸泰乐菌素-盐酸多西环素可溶性粉中酒石酸泰乐菌素和盐酸多西环素含量的检测方法。结果显示，吸收度与浓度呈良好线性关系。酒石酸泰乐菌素的平均回收率为99．90％，RSD为0．42％n=5）；盐酸多西环素的平均回收率为100．07％，RSD为0．74％（n=5）。     

紫外分光光度法和永停滴定法测定复方磺胺氯达嗪钠粉的含量

采用紫外分光光法测定复方磺胺氯达嗪钠粉中甲氧苄啶含量。试验表明，在10—50μg／mL的浓度范围内，吸收度与浓度呈良好线性关系，相关系数r=0．9995，平均回收率（n=5）为99．7％；RSD=0．55％。用永停滴定法测定复方磺胺氯达嗪钠粉中磺胺氯达嗪钠的含量，平均回收率为99．82％；RSD=0．49％。与高效液相色谱法比较，结果基本一致。     

艾蒿对不同植物幼苗的化感作用初探

在室内用离体生物测定方法测定了艾蒿水浸提物对黄瓜、油菜、高粱、萝卜和小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并同时测定了黄瓜和萝卜幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明,艾蒿水浸提液对5种植物种子的萌发和幼苗生长均有较强的抑制作用,5种受体植物中,以油菜最为敏感,其次为萝卜。0.025g/mL浓度的艾蒿水提液对5种受体油菜、萝卜、黄瓜、小麦和高粱种子的综合效应(SE)分别为100%,87.26%,69.88%,61.11%和52.77%。艾蒿水提物能引起黄瓜和萝卜幼苗MDA含量的升高,表明艾蒿化感作用对受体植物的影响很可能与其引起MDA含量升高,从而导致植物细胞膜的破坏有关。     

紫外分光光度法测定维生素B1注射液含量的不确定度评价

为建立紫外分光光度法测定维生素B_1注射液含量的不确定度评价方法,利用数学模型分析溶液配置过程和仪器测定过程的不确定度来源,并对各分量进行评价,最后计算了扩展不确定度并给出测量不确定度报告。维生素B_1注射液含量测定结果可表示为(93.9±0.9)%(k=2)。测量结果不确定度的主要来源为紫外分光光度计和小容量量器。     

温度对紫外分光光度法测定生乳中亚硝酸盐含量的影响

本文通过研究温度对紫外分光光度法测定生乳中亚硝酸盐含量的影响,建立采用紫外分光光度法测定生乳中亚硝酸盐含量的方法。结果表明,此方法测定生乳中亚硝酸盐含量可以获得良好的线性关系,相关系数R²>0.99991,其拟合度较高,在加热温度95 ℃的条件下,3 个（0.1 mg/L、0.2 mg/L、0.3 mg/L）不同水平的加标平均回收率为91.00%、90.50%、92.17%,重复性试验RSD<5%。该方法操作简便,分析快速,亚硝酸盐提取速度快,适合生乳中亚硝酸盐含量的检测。     

打破野生藏沙蒿种子休眠方法的筛选与评价

为筛选能够打破野生藏沙蒿（Artemisia wellbyi）种子休眠的适宜方法,本研究采用不同温度的温水浸种,不同浓度硝酸钾（KNO₃）、赤霉素（GA₃）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、微量元素浸种以及不同浓度过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）浸泡滤纸等7种方法处理藏沙蒿种子,测定种子萌发及活力指标,并利用隶属函数法将各指标进行综合评价。结果表明：随着KNO₃浓度的升高,藏沙蒿种子的相对发芽率呈现升高的趋势;且高浓度KNO₃对藏沙蒿种子根的伸长有较高促进作用;低浓度的GA₃,IAA,PEG-6000和30℃温水浸种对藏沙蒿种子萌发有促进效果;微量元素浸种对藏沙蒿种子的萌发影响较对照差异不显著;较高H₂O₂浓度下藏沙蒿发芽指数有所升高,但对其根长和芽长有一定抑制作用。综合分析,不同浓度GA₃,10 mg·L^-1IAA浸种处理12 h对藏沙蒿种子的萌发促进效果整体最优,可以作为打破藏沙蒿种子休眠的适宜方法。     

蒿类荒漠草地土壤种子库特征及其萌发植物多样性对降水增加的响应

为揭示土壤种子库种子萌发对降水增加的适应规律,采用人工模拟降水方法,对不同降水量[对照(CK)、增加5% (W₅)、增加10% (W₁₀)、增加15% (W₁₅)、增加20% (W₂₀)、增加25% (W₂₅)]下中度退化伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤可萌发种子库种子萌发数量及其多样性进行了调测。结果表明:0~5 cm土层土壤种子库萌发物种数及其萌发总密度随降水量增加呈上升趋势,且W₂₀、W₂₅下萌发密度显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),萌发物种数较对照(7种)依次增加2.6、2.0倍;5~10 cm土层也呈现相同的变化趋势。无论降水增加与否,0~10 cm土层伊犁绢蒿、木地肤、毛梗顶冰花均有萌发,且降水增加显著促进伊犁绢蒿、木地肤、串珠老鹳草、毛梗顶冰花的萌发。随降水量增加,0~5 cm土层伊犁绢蒿可萌发土壤种子库与地上植被Sorensen相似性总体呈先增后降趋势,且降水增加≥20%处理相似性高于降水增加≤15%处理。降水增加后伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤种子萌发物种的Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Patrick指数总体呈增加趋势,且0~5 cm土层较5~10 cm土层增加明显。土壤种子库可萌发种子密度具明显的空间异质性,且受空间取样位置及降水的交互影响。综上所述,降水增加促进了伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地土壤种子库可萌发植物种数、种子萌发密度、植物多样性指数的增加,导致其与地上植被的相似性增加,有利于退化蒿类荒漠草地的恢复。     

Using State and Transition Models to Determine the Opportunity Cost of Providing Ecosystem Services

A ranch-level model using state-and-transitions models for three ecological sites is used to determine the trade-offs of providing various ecosystem services. The hypothetical ranch is located in northern Colorado and is based upon area average ecological site characteristics and livestock production practices. Management decisions include stocking rate and brush control. The model includes exogenous factors such as precipitation and fire. The model solves for optimal decisions over an infinite planning horizon using stochastic dynamic programming. Results show that a ranch cannot provide all ecosystem services in tandem at their highest level, implying that land managers must decide which ecosystems service they want to provide. Also, it is much cheaper in terms of foregone profitability for a ranch to continue to provide a specific ecosystem service that is already provided by the ranch rather than try to transition the ranch to a new ecological state in order to provide a service currently not provided.     

Anti-adipogenic effect of Artemisia annua in diet-induced-obesity mice model

Obesity has increased continuously in western countries during the last several decades and recently become a problem in developing countries. Currently, anti-obesity drugs originating from natural products are being investigated for their potential to overcome adverse effects associated with chemical drugs. Artemisinic acid, which was isolated from the well-known anti-malaria herb Artemisia annua (AA) L., was recently shown to possess anti-adipogenic effects in vitro. However, the anti-adipogenic effects of AA in animal models have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we conducted daily oral administration with AA water extract in a diet-induced obesity animal model and treated 3T3-L1 cells with AA to confirm the anti-adipogenic effects in the related protein expressions. We then evaluated the physiology, adipose tissue histology and mRNA expressions of many related genes. Inhibition of adipogenesis by the AA water extract was observed in vitro. In the animal model, weight gain was significantly lower in the AA treated group, but there were no changes in food intake volume or calories. Reductions in lipid droplet size and mRNA expression associated with adipogenesis were also observed in animal epididymal fat. This study is the first to report that AA has an anti-obese effects in vivo.     

短期施水对长期干旱铁杆蒿光合作用和叶绿素荧光特征的影响

模拟长期干旱条件下的突然降雨,研究短期施水对长期干旱条件下铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)光合特性的影响。结果表明,施水后,铁杆蒿的叶水势得到恢复,表观量子效率、羧化速率和最大光合能力明显增加,限制光合作用的气孔因素和非气孔因素得到缓解;铁杆蒿的光化学活性(Fv/Fm)在施水后完全恢复,实际光量子产量(PhiPSII))增加,PSII的还原比例和非化学猝灭(NPQ)降低;不同水分条件下,铁杆蒿叶片的叶绿素荧光光诱导过程存在较大的差异;施水后叶片光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)和PhiPSII上升速率明显加快,而非化学猝灭(NPQ)启动速度和最大值相对较小。     

增温对蒿类荒漠草地可萌发土壤种子库及其多样性的影响

为探讨草地土壤种子库种子萌发对全球气候变暖的适应机制,本研究采用常规方法对模拟温度增加[对照（CK）、增加2℃（T2）、增加4℃（T4）、增加6℃（T6）]下中度退化蒿类荒漠草地可萌发土壤种子库数量及其多样性进行了观测。结果表明：0~5,5~10 cm土层土壤种子库萌发的物种数及其幼苗总密度随温度增加呈下降趋势,且T6处理0~5（5~10）cm萌发物种数及萌发密度依次较对照降低57.1%（33.3%）,70.4%（75.0%）。随温度增加,0~5,5~10 cm土层蒿类荒漠可萌发土壤种子库物种组成与地上植被物种组成相似性总体呈下降趋势,且T6处理相似性最低。温度增加后蒿类荒漠土壤萌发物种的Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Patrick指数总体呈下降趋势,且0~5 cm土层较5~10 cm土层下降明显。综上,增温抑制了土壤种子库种子的萌发,可能不利于退化蒿类荒漠草地的恢复。     

4种野豌豆种子萌发对水分胁迫的响应

以3种青藏高原野豌豆属植物窄叶野豌豆（Vicia angustifolia）、山野豌豆（V.amoena）、歪头菜（V.unijuga）与1种当地栽培植物箭筈豌豆兰箭3号（V.sativa）种子为材料,应用种子萌发的水势模型对上述4种植物种子萌发对水分的需求特性进行了研究。结果表明,1）基础水势（Ψb）随种子萌发率（g）的增加而增加,表明种群内种子个体萌发基础水势存在变异;2)除歪头菜外,其余种子的萌发速率与水势的回归直线的斜率随萌发率的增加而降低,暗示种群内种子个体萌发的水势时间值(θH)在有些种上可能存在变异;3）参试植物种中,兰箭3号种子的Ψb值最低,表明其在相对干旱环境条件下易于萌发,山野豌豆种子的Ψb值最高,但θH较低,表明其萌发耐旱性差,在水分充足的条件下萌发迅速;4）水势模型可准确预测休眠破除后4种野豌豆属种子在高水势条件下的萌发进程,但用于预测低水势条件下种子的萌发时,准确性较差。