南过渡带屋顶草坪建植与管理技术的研究

本文概述了长虹商贸中心屋顶草坪的坪床建设技术、施工规范以及草坪的建植与管理技术。     

Effects of a Companion Plant on the Formation of Mycorrhizal Propagules in Artemisia tridentata Seedlings

Inoculation of seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase their establishment after outplanting. The success of this practice depends partly on the extent of root colonization and abundance of AMF propagules in the outplanted seedlings. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of a companion plant, the native grass Poa secunda J Presl (Sandberg bluegrass), on the formation of spores and vesicles, AMF colonization, and AMF taxa present in the roots of the shrub Artemisia tridentata Nutt (big sagebrush). These effects were tested at two phosphorus (P) fertilization levels, 5 μM and 250 μM. Neither coplanting nor differences in P had an effect on spore density in the potting mix. In contrast, coplanting increased vesicular colonization of A. tridentata from 5% to 18%, but only at low P. Differences in P also affected vesicular colonization of P. secunda, which was 10% and 30% at high and low P, respectively. Arbuscular colonization of A. tridentata was not affected by the treatments and ranged between 12% and 20%. In P. secunda, arbuscular colonization was lower but increased from high to low P. Coplanted seedlings exposed to low P also had the highest levels of total AMF colonization, 70% for A. tridentata and 63% for P. secunda. On the basis of partial sequences of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene, coplanting did not affect the AMF taxa, which were within the Glomeraceae. In some taxa within this family, root fragments containing vesicles are the main propagules. Particularly in this situation, increases in vesicle density caused by coplanting and low P are likely to facilitate mycorrhization of A. tridentata after outplanting, resulting in higher levels of colonization than those naturally occurring in the soil. Such outcomes are critical for assessing the extent to which A. tridentata establishment is limited by insufficient AMF colonization.     

Spectrophotometry of Artemisia tridentata to Quantitatively Determine Subspecies

Ecological restoration is predicated on our abilities to discern plant taxa. Taxonomic identification is a first step in ensuring that plants are appropriately adapted to the site. An example of the need to identify taxonomic differences comes from big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). This species is composed of three predominant subspecies occupying distinct environmental niches, but overlap and hybridization are common in ecotones. Restoration of A. tridentata largely occurs using wildland collected seed, but there is uncertainty in the identification of subspecies or mix of subspecies from seed collections. Laboratory techniques that can determine subspecies composition would be desirable to ensure that subspecies match the restoration site environment. In this study, we use spectrophotometry to quantify chemical differences in the water-soluble compound, coumarin. Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance of A. tridentata subsp. vaseyana showed distinct differences among A.t. tridentata and wyomingensis. No UV absorbance differences were detected between A.t. tridentata and wyomingensis. Analyses of samples from > 600 plants growing in two common gardens showed that UV absorbance was unaffected by environment. Moreover, plant tissues (leaves and seed chaff) explained only a small amount of the variance. UV fluorescence of water-eluted plant tissue has been used for many years to indicate A.t. vaseyana; however, interpretation has been subjective. Use of spectrophotometry to acquire UV absorbance provides empirical results that can be used in seed testing laboratories using the seed chaff present with the seed to certify A. tridentata subspecies composition. On the basis of our methods, UV absorbance values < 2.7 would indicate A.t. vaseyana and values > 3.1 would indicate either A.t. tridentata or wyomingensis. UV absorbance values between 2.7 and 3.1 would indicate a mixture of A.t. vaseyana and the other two subspecies.     

黄花蒿浸提液对4种草坪草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本研究采用不同浓度黄花蒿（Artemisia annua）地上和地下部浸提液在培养皿内处理4种草坪草种子并开展浸种发芽试验,结合种子萌发、幼苗生长指标和化感综合效应（Synthetic effect of allelopathy,SE）指标分析浸提液对幼苗的化感作用。种子萌发和幼苗生长指标表明,地上部和地下部浸提液抑制4类种子的萌发及幼苗根系的生长,但促进幼苗芽的生长。SE指数表明地上部浸提液抑制4类种子的萌发及幼苗的生长,对细弱翦股颖（Agrostis tenuis）的影响最大（SE=-0.32）,对草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）的影响最小（SE=-0.14）;地下部浸提液促进黑麦草（Lolium perenne）种子的萌发及幼苗的生长（SE=0.10）,但却抑制其它3类草坪草,对草地早熟禾的影响最大（SE=-0.22）,对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）的影响最小（SE=-0.05）。本研究将为草坪建植坪床处理黄花蒿提供理论依据。     

铁杆蒿枯落物对四种豆科牧草的化感作用

研究了黄土区优势植物铁杆蒿（Artemisia gmelinii）枯落物对红豆草（Onobrychis viciaefolia）、沙打旺（Astragalus adsurgens）、百脉根（Lotusc corniculatus）和紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）等四种常见豆科牧草种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的化感效应。结果表明：铁杆蒿对这几种豆科牧草的发芽率和发芽势总体上均呈现“低质量浓度促进,高质量浓度抑制”的效应;紫花苜蓿综合化感效应在不同处理中均受到抑制,随着铁杆蒿枯落物含量的增加,抑制作用增强;但红豆草、百脉根和沙打旺的综合化感效应表现出低促高抑的趋势;红豆草和沙打旺在30 g铁杆蒿枯落物浓度时促进效应最强,百脉根在60 g时促进效应最强。以上结果初步表明在有铁杆蒿分布的草地不适合种植以及补播紫花苜蓿,而适当密度的铁杆蒿分布有助于种植以及补播红豆草、百脉根和沙打旺。     

匍匐翦股颖草坪草营养体建坪法的研究

在贵州气候条件下，选择本地野生匍匐翦股颖为材料，对4种营养体建坪方法从盖度变化、成坪时间、均一性等方面进行了综合比较。结果表明：埋茎法建植草坪质量最佳，适于高质量草坪的建植；分株法建植草坪成坪速度快，适于建植地块条件较差的中等质量草坪；撒茎法需大量水份保证、间铺草皮块法成坪速度慢，两者成坪质量都不高，且建植成本高，生产上建议不采用。     

大庆DHI体系的建立

本研究对大庆DHI数据进行整理,采用国际TOP25方法获取目标值及SAS回归模型方法对数据进行分析,获得大庆地区不同胎次牛群的目标值与泌乳曲线;并结合以色列DHI数据,建立大庆地区DHI体系;比较本地区与以色列的差异,以期提高DHI报告的准确性。     

Changes in Abundance of Eight Sagebrush-Steppe Bunchgrass Species 13 Yr After Coplanting

Stable bunchgrass populations are essential to resilience and restoration of sagebrush steppe rangelands, yet few studies have assessed long-term variation in plant abundance from a known starting point. We capitalized on a previous paddock study by reestablishing in 2011 nine replicate blocks consisting of 29 × 29 grid of cells, each planted in 1998 with a single individual of one of eight sagebrush steppe bunchgrasses, including the widely planted exotic, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum). Plant species and numbers were determined in 2011 for each cell, which were classified as holds or cedes, with ceded cells used to determine species-specific gains. We hypothesized the competitive crested wheatgrass would proportionally occur more in gained cells compared with native grasses. While crested wheatgrass did proportionally hold and gain the greatest number of cells, the relative number of plants within holds and gains was constant across all species, with most plants (80 ? 87%) occurring outside cells originally planted with them. Crested wheatgrass had greater proportions of holds and gains where it was the only species within the cell and showed even presence across all cells planted with other grass species in 1998. Native grasses were underrepresented in 1998 crested wheatgrass cells and sometimes overrepresented in other native species cells. The ratio of total crested wheatgrass to native bunchgrass plants followed a sigmoidal step increase with increasing crested wheatgrass density. These results show population changes in sagebrush steppe bunchgrasses are determined by seed production and emergent seedling survival, both of which are stronger in the exotic bunchgrass. This study also showed that native grasses can maintain presence via seed in areas depending on crested wheatgrass density. This information could help shape management strategies capitalizing on the utility of crested wheatgrass and sustaining desirable levels of native grass productivity and diversity.     

银川地区草坪建植与管理技术

银川地区建植草坪选择多年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾和高羊茅。多年生黑麦草播种量为35g/㎡,草地早熟禾播种量为20g/㎡,高羊茅播种量为35g/㎡,混播后进行常规管理,成坪后,不仅提高了视觉美感和观赏价值,亦增加了城市环境生态效益。     

机场飞行区湿法喷播植草技术研究

机场飞行区可植草地带土壤紧实度高达 98% ,自然条件较差。通过对石家庄机场飞行区50 0 0 0m2 的湿法喷播植草试验工程的实施 ,证明湿法喷播植草技术值得在机场飞行区推广应用 ,并摸索出了一套较完整的技术路线     

青海省宁大路边坡植被建植试验

从2005—2006年8月在宁大路边坡植被建植试验,结果表明,覆盖度最大的组合为阳坡的苜蓿 扁穗冰草,可达95%,而阴、阳边坡赖草 柠条组合的盖度变化幅度均最大,从8%左右到80%,且物种多样性也最高。对不同物种在阴、阳边坡株高变化比较得出,沙棘在阴坡生长优于阳坡,而骆驼蓬和白刺阳坡优于阴坡,其他变化均不明显。     

大型公共绿地草坪建植与管理技术探讨

以四川雅安市休闲音乐广场的草坪建植与管理为例,总结分析了亚热带气候、土壤条件下大型公共绿地草坪建植与管理技术及施工经验;并通过对草坪管理现状的连续监测结果,评价了草坪质量现状,分析了影响草坪质量的因素;提出了防止草坪退化的对策和措施。     

绵阳文化广场草坪的建植与管理

对绵阳绿达草坪公司承建的绵阳文化广场草坪建设工程的床土施工技术,施工规范及草坪建植管理技术进行了概述。对于工程质量,经验收一致认为,草坪质量达到了合同规定要求,通过了验收。     

吉布提国家体育场草坪的建植

吉布提共和国是东非的一个小国 ,自然条件恶劣。通过对吉布提国家体育场运动草坪建植的总结和分析 ,讨论了自然因素对草坪建植的重要作用 ,并提出了在干旱地区建植草坪应注意的几个问题     

路堑石质边坡植被灌木化建植

对湖北沪蓉西（宜昌-恩施）高速公路路段的K161＋127～K161＋342左幅路堑石质边坡进行了植被灌木化的建植研究。根据研究地区的气候特点,选择暖季型草坪草种狗牙根和百喜草作为先锋种,选择耐旱、耐寒、耐瘠薄土壤条件的乡土灌木种多花木蓝、紫穗槐、火棘及胡枝子作为建群种（也叫目标种）,选择乡土植物刺槐、山合欢等小乔木作为伴生种。植被灌木化建植时,首先进行坡面处理,然后用锚杆锚固,在砂浆凝固且硬化后挂网,再分基层喷播和面层喷播两步进行基材喷播,喷播完成后及时覆盖无纺布。在灌木化植被形成后观查发现,绿化覆盖度达95％以上,各项技术指标达到了预期质量效果,表明边坡植被灌木化建植技术是快速恢复高速公路路堑石质边坡植被的有效途径,可以在同类气候地区推广应用。     

极端天气气候事件对宁夏野生动物种群安全的影响

通过问卷调查和样地调查方法,分析极端天气气候对宁夏野生动物种群安全产生的影响。极端天气气候对优势物种数量影响严重。雀形目种群安全主要受到沙尘暴、冰雹和暴雨的影响较大;迁徙鸟类种群安全主要受到沙尘暴、冰雹和暴雨的影响较大;啮齿类种群安全主要受到暴雨的影响较大：岩羊种群安全受到沙尘暴、冰雹、暴雨和降雪的影响。     

4种芒属植物光合特性研究

以芒(Miscanthus sinensis)、五节芒(M. floridulus)、荻(M. sacchariflorus)和南荻(M. lutarioriparius)等4种典型芒属植物为试验材料,用LI-6400便携式光合仪测量不同时期的光合特性,来研究芒属植物光响应及光合特性的季节性变化规律。结果表明:光合作用参数对不同光合有效辐射的响应在种间有差异,除南荻的光饱和点(LSP)在800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1左右外,其他3种约在1000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;最大净光合速率(P_nmax)由大到小依次为荻(47.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、南荻(38.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、五节芒(20.4 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、芒(8.0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1);表观量子效率(AQY)依次为荻(0.123)、南荻(0.108)、五节芒(0.089)、芒(0.022),荻和南荻的光能转化率强于五节芒和芒。主生长季的净光合速率(P_n)表现出明显的季节性变化,并与生长速率同步,种间差异极显著(P< 0.01),荻和南荻的P_n值高于芒和五节芒。 4种芒属植物在主生长季的水分利用率(WUE)最小值在6-7月,最大值在8-9月,表现出耐旱耐高温能力,且种间差异显著(P< 0.05)。     

河西地区观赏性草坪的建植与管理

经6年经验,探索出一套适合在河西地区建植观赏性草坪的栽培和管理技术,河西地区选择草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、高羊茅3草种,按种子重量5：2：3的比例混播,以16g/m^2的播种量下种,播种后坪床用细沙覆盖,苗前和苗期漫灌,加强抚育管理,建坪当年其品质评定指标可达到5级,且投资少,青绿期长。     

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Low Soil-Disturbance Treatments for Improving Native Plant Establishment in Stable Crested Wheatgrass Stands

Past seedings of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertn. and A. desertorum [Fisch. ex Link] Schult.) have the potential to persist as stable, near-monospecific stands, thereby necessitating active intervention to initiate greater species diversity and structural complexity of vegetation. However, the success of suppression treatments and native species seedings is limited by rapid recovery of crested wheatgrass and the influx of exotic annual weeds associated with herbicidal control and mechanical soil disturbances. We designed a long-term study to evaluate the efficacy of low-disturbance herbicide and seed-reduction treatments applied together or alone and either once or twice before seeding native species. Consecutive herbicide applications reduced crested wheatgrass density for up to 6 ? 7 yr depending on study site, but seed removal did not reduce crested wheatgrass abundance; however, in some cases combining herbicide application with seed removal significantly increased densities of seeded species relative to herbicide alone, especially for the site with a more northern aspect. Although our low-disturbance treatments avoided the pitfalls of secondary exotic weed influx, we conclude that crested wheatgrass suppression must reduce established density to values much lower than 4 ? 7 plants/m², a range that has not been obtained by ours or any previous study, in order to diminish its competitive influence on seed native species. In addition, our results indicated that site differences in environmental stress and land-use legacies exacerbate the well-recognized limitations of native species establishment and persistence in the Great Basin region.     

耕地上建立放牧型人工草地及其管理利用初探

在耕地上建立放牧型人工草地并进行了观测分析，以探讨其利用方法。结果表明，推迟播种期可减轻一年生杂草的危害，但当年产草量较低；草地建植初期，草地质量较在原有草地上重建的草地差，但通过 放牧或刈割后，草地质量迅速提高；第二年播种牧草长势好，杂草少，成为一片优质高产的放牧型人工草地。