基于PSY的仔猪繁育环节经济损失系数的估算

目前中国母猪年生产力(PSY)水平与同期发达国家相比偏低,主要表现为仔猪断奶前死亡率高,对养猪业造成较大损失。为了解中国仔猪在繁育环节的经济损失情况,基于1980~2016年中国PSY数据,总结中国近37年PSY的波动趋势及原因,对仔猪繁育环节死亡仔猪带来的乳汁及教槽料损失进行估算。估算结果为:中国仔猪繁育环节乳汁的损失系数为3.47%~3.50%,2015年损失乳汁56.17万~77.71万t;教槽料损失系数为1.63%,2015年损失教槽料4.80万t。中国仔猪繁育环节的损失系数远高于发达国家,其中乳汁与教槽料损失系数均是PSY最高的丹麦的1.59倍,均是损失系数最低的爱尔兰的2倍多。仔猪繁育环节的损失系数与仔猪断奶前死亡率有关,教槽料的损失系数由于不同生猪养殖场饲养方式不同存在较大差异,所以,要提高养殖场管理水平,尤其要加强断奶前仔猪的保育,减少死亡率。     

教槽料如何实现无抗化?

正国内教槽料应用起步于20世纪90年代末,2000年后逐渐获得养殖场青睐进入成长期。据统计,2014年国内教槽料覆盖率仅50%左右,与国外发达国家80%~90%的覆盖率相比,差距较大。而从消费量上来看,2015年我国生猪出栏量达到7.08亿头,若按照仔猪出生后7~28d的采食量2.5kg进行估算,我国教槽料的潜在需求空间为177万t。但实际上,2015年我国生猪教槽料的消费总量仅     

仔猪教槽料还能挺多久?

正国外教槽料兴起于20世纪80年代,进入我国养殖市场将近20年,随着集约化、规模化养殖模式的迅速推广,教槽料在养殖场已基本普及。大部分养殖场使用教槽料的目的是仔猪提前断奶、延长母猪使用年限、提高断奶重、顺利过渡到保育期、减轻仔猪腹泻发病率等。据最新调查,规模猪场八成以上均使用教槽料,但多数养殖场老板认为教槽的效果并不理想,不仅增加     

焙烤仔猪教槽料的研制

试验旨在研究仔猪焙烤教槽料生产工艺及其对仔猪诱食和生长性能的影响,开发出能够确保仔猪成功离乳的新型仔猪教槽料产品。通过对焙烤工艺优化,在焙烤温度170℃、焙烤时间18 min时,焙烤产品赖氨酸损失最少,损失率为8.25%。诱食性试验证明,焙烤教槽料能使刚断奶仔猪采食速度明显加快;偏食性试验结果表明,在哺乳期7~20日龄内,焙烤教槽料的饲料摄入量是传统颗粒料的2倍;哺乳仔猪生产性能试验结果表明,在17~22日龄哺乳期间,焙烤教槽料日均饲料摄入量为11.1 g/头,比传统颗粒料增加了10 g/头,日均增重则比传统颗粒料增加了50 g/头,显示出极高的饲料转化效率;焙烤教槽料在断奶第1 d的采食量达到139.95 g/头,是传统颗粒料的2倍,仔猪营养摄入量超过了维持的需要,不仅不会出现断奶失重现象,而且有增重。这些结果证明,焙烤过程中赖氨酸的损失得到有效控制,焙烤教槽料有效解决了仔猪在哺乳期不爱吃饲料、断奶初期失重的难题。     

断奶仔猪腹泻的原因及对策

1断奶通常哺乳仔猪断奶前都应有足够的时间学会采食教槽料,但有些仔猪到断奶时还没有学会。因此,需要几天的时间以适应消化教槽料。如没有混合感染,发病率一般为5%~15%,死亡率低。在饲粮中添加酶,饮水中添加柠檬酸和电解多维有良好效果。断奶后由于仔猪饲养于新环境下,受到多方面     

断奶仔猪饲养管理体会

加强断奶仔猪的饲养管理，可降低断奶应激带来的损失，提高断奶仔猪成活率，增加养猪业的经济效益。１断奶仔猪的饲养为了使断奶仔猪尽快地适应断奶后的饲料，减少腹泻发生，减轻断奶造成的影响，保证仔猪的快速生长发育，应采取以下措施：１．１对哺乳仔猪进行强制性补料，从仔猪出生后７日龄开始喂给教槽料，教槽料必须是易消化吸收具有特殊香味的颗粒饲料。每天抓几粒教槽料放入仔猪嘴里，每天喂２～３次，连续５天，到１２日龄时，大多仔猪都能开食，１５日龄可全窝仔猪开食，以后每天少添勤添料，为断奶打基础。１．２断奶前３天，减少…     

不同教槽料形态仔猪断奶前后生长性能的影响

教槽料的品种和料性是决定仔猪早期断奶后适应能力的重要因素。文章以教槽料为研究对象,比较教槽料与代乳料的教槽品质,跟踪哺乳仔猪到断奶28日龄的生长性能,以腹泻率和皮毛指数为参考指标评价粉料型和颗粒型教槽料的饲喂效果。结果表明,断奶前教槽料采食量和平均日增重高于代乳料(P0.05),断奶后教槽料采食量和平均日增重高于代乳料(P0.05),断奶后教槽料组成活率高于代乳料组,教槽料组腹泻率和皮毛指数高于代乳料(P0.05),粉料型组断奶后腹泻率和皮毛指数优于颗粒型组。结论:仔猪实现早期断奶应当采用教槽料,断奶前后粉料型教槽料优于颗粒型教槽料。     

仔猪断奶前有没有采食?

<正>根据R.Gauvreau和D.Beaulieu在大草原养猪中心上发表的研究报告表明,通常多达一半的仔猪断奶前没有采食任何教槽料,而约20%的仔猪断奶后48 h内未采食任何开口料。为了证实断奶仔猪早期采食教槽料的重要性,并估算在何时哪些仔猪采食了饲料,研究者开发了在日粮中添加无毒的、食品级的染料的新技术,这种染料在胃肠道不会完全吸收,因     

两种教槽料对断奶仔猪的影响

为了找出合适本场猪群的教槽料,本试验对断奶仔猪饲喂两种不同的教槽料,饲喂15天,观察不同教槽料对仔猪增重、腹泻的影响。结果显示,教槽料B与教槽料A对比,断奶仔猪头均日增重高65.66g,料重比降低0.44;每增重1kg体重的饲料成本:A料组为11.0元,B料组为10.96元。本试验结果表明,本猪场使用教槽料B能有效减少断奶仔猪断奶应激、提高日增重和降低料重比。     

三种方法可以实现仔猪教槽的饲喂目标

<正>哺乳仔猪饲喂教槽料是养猪生产中提高仔猪生产效率的一个众所周知的做法,但它并不总是能够取得成功。本文将指导你如何达到预期的效果。仔猪饲喂教槽料所产生的作用往往被忽视,也许是因为仔猪在断奶前采食的量较少,通常约为200 g/头(4周龄断奶仔猪)的缘故。但是,教槽料不仅会提高哺乳仔猪的断奶体重,而且也会增加仔猪断奶后的采食量,提高其生产性能(表1)。饲喂教槽料所提高的饲料转化率(降低每千     

仔猪教槽料的应用研究进展

教槽料具有促进仔猪生长发育,提高断奶体重的作用,其可辅助乳仔猪在哺乳期学会采食饲料,是一种为代替全乳而配制的饲料。简述了仔猪教槽料的功效、加工工艺、饲料形态、无抗教槽料对仔猪生长发育的影响,旨在为仔猪教槽料的研究应用提供参考。     

Effect of Supplementary Feeding Milk Replacer on Growth Performance,Nutrient Digestibility,Serum Biochemistry Indexes in Piglets during Lactation

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementary feeding milk replacer on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,serum biochemistry indexes in piglets during lactation,and explore the feasibility of shorten the weaning age of piglets by feeding milk replacer. One hundred and twenty (twelve litters) 5 days old piglets with average body weight of (3.12±0.63)kg were assigned into two groups with sixty piglets per group (six litters)and one litter of piglets per replicate. The piglets in control group received supplementary creep feed and were weaned on 28 days old,whereas the piglets in experimental group received supplementary creep feed and milk replacer (creep feed:milk replacer=1:1) and were weaned on 21 days old. The piglets in experimental group were continued feeding with creep feed and milk replacer until 28 days old. All piglets were fed with same diets from 28 to 70 days old. The results showed as follows:① Comparing with control group,the body weight of piglets in experimental group were not significantly changed at 5,21,28 and 70 days old (P>0.05),ADFI and F/G were extremely significantly or significantly increased during 5 to 21 days old,22 to 28 days old and 5 to 28 days old (P < 0.01;P < 0.05),while ADG was extremely significantly decreased during 22 to 28 days old compared with control group (P<0.01).② The digestibility of GE,DM,OM and EE of experimental group were significant higher than control group (P<0.05).③ All serum biochemistry indexes between the two groups had no significant differences (P>0.05). In conclusion,supplementary milk replacer feeding could increase the feed intake and dietary digestibility of weaned piglets. The age of wean could be forward to 21 days old according to the final body weight of weaned piglets when fed milk replacer supplementation.     

哺乳期补饲代乳品对仔猪生长性能、营养物质消化率及血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究哺乳期补饲代乳品对仔猪生长性能、营养物质消化率及血清生化指标的影响,并探讨代乳品对缩短仔猪断奶日龄的可行性。选用120头（12窝）5日龄、平均体重（3.12±0.63）kg的仔猪,随机分为两组,每组60头（6窝,每窝为1个重复）。对照组补饲教槽料至28日龄断奶;试验组补饲代乳品和教槽料（代乳品：教槽料=1：1）至21日龄断奶,断奶后继续饲喂代乳品和教槽料至28日龄;28日龄后试验组和对照组饲喂相同日粮至70日龄。结果显示：①整个试验期,两组仔猪在5、21、28和70日龄时体重差异均不显著（P>0.05）;在5~21、22~28和5~28日龄阶段,试验组仔猪平均日采食量（ADFI）和料重比（F/G）均极显著或显著高于对照组（P < 0.01;P < 0.05）;而在22~28日龄阶段,试验组平均日增重（ADG）极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）。②试验组仔猪保育期的日粮总能（GE）、干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）和粗脂肪（EE）的消化率均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。③在70日龄时,两组仔猪各项血清生化指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。结果提示,补饲代乳品可显著增加哺乳期仔猪的采食量,同时促进保育期仔猪对日粮中营养物质的消化吸收。从保育期末体重来看,哺乳期补饲代乳品的仔猪提前至21日龄断奶是可行的。     

Escherichia coli post-weaning diarrhoea occurrence in piglets with monitored exposure to creep feed

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of offering supplementary creep feed to piglets during the suckling period on the faecal shedding of haemolytic Escherichia coli bacteria and occurrence of spontaneous post-weaning diarrhoea 0-5 days after weaning. Supplementary creep feed was offered to half of the piglets in 12 litters, from 2 weeks of age until weaning at 4 weeks, and the individual feed contact was recorded by direct observations. It was found that diarrhoea occurrence was associated with faecal shedding of haemolytic E. coli bacteria (p=0.003), specifically E. coli O149 (p=0.004). Occurrence of diarrhoea and faecal shedding of haemolytic E. coli was not associated with creep feeding per se. However, the faecal E. coli O149 shedding occurred significantly less often in piglets that were offered creep feed in the suckling period but only showed limited interest in the feed (i.e. contacted the feed less than or equal to the median level of contact) compared to piglets that had frequent creep feed contact or piglets that had not had access to creep feed at all (p=0.015). Correspondingly, the diarrhoea occurrence tended to be lower in these piglets (p=0.081). Piglets with low creep feed contact during the suckling period ate the same total amount of feed during the 5 days after weaning, however, they ate less feed on days 0-2 after weaning compared to the piglets with frequent creep feed contact and non-creep fed piglets. It is suggested that intestinal function associated with a voluntary low creep feed contact during the suckling period leads to decreased feed intake just after weaning, and thus reduces the intestinal proliferation of E. coli O149 in these piglets.     

新生仔猪的护理——以上海某规模猪场为例

我国养猪业发展迅速，整体水平在不断提高，但是与养殖业较为发达的国家相比仍有一些差距。以每年每头母猪断奶的仔猪数（PSY）为例，目前国外养猪发达国家PSY普遍已超30头，而我国却仍在25头左右，仍有较大的提升空间。仔猪护理工作在生猪生产过程中尤为重要，一旦护理措施不当就会造成仔猪死亡，从而降低PSY，直接影响到养猪企业的经济效益。规模猪场仔猪死亡的主要原因就是由于仔猪护理不当所引起的，仔猪护理问题一直是养猪业的一个难题。文内以2020年4—5月上海某规模猪场某栋产房新生仔猪（共477头，其中压死8头，瘦弱致死12头，腹泻致死亡的32头）为例，介绍规模猪场的仔猪护理及注意事项，以期为仔猪护理工作提供借鉴。     

有效微生物群对仔猪生产性能的影响初探

对产后母猪和断奶仔猪饲喂有效微生物菌群(EM),研究其对仔猪生产性能的影响。从产前7d开始给母猪基础饲料中添加5mL/kg的EM菌液,选产仔数不少于8头的3头母猪及其仔猪连续饲喂EM菌28d,仔猪进行断奶,统计母猪的增重、仔猪初生重、断奶重,仔猪成活率等,分析添加EM菌后对母猪生产性能的影响。在这24头断奶仔猪饲料中添加EM菌的饲料,饲喂至60日龄,统计仔猪的增重、采食量、料重比、发病数等,分析EM菌断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。另外选取3头同品种、同批次生产、产仔数相同的母猪及其仔猪饲料中不添加EM菌作为对照。结果表明,母猪产后日均采食量较对照组提高12.07%,仔猪的初生重较对照组提高15.90%,产活仔数提高了12.09%,断奶重增加9.09%,断奶头数增多20.99%,断奶成活率提高8.81%。断奶后仔猪试验组的平均采食量较对照组提高10.26%,料重比降低了7.14%,发病率下降了50.03%。说明EM菌对母猪和仔猪的生产性能均有提高作用,研究结果为EM菌在生猪养殖中的应用提供了基础资料。     

Influence of creep feeding and weaning on brush border enzyme activities in the piglet small intestine

The activities of the enterocyte brush border enzymes lactase (beta-D galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) and sucrase (sucrose alpha-D glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.48) were measured at set percentage lengths along the small intestines of 112 piglets killed between 21 and 32 days of age. The influences on these activities of consumption of creep feed and of weaning were recorded. Weaning at three weeks old resulted in large, rapid reductions in lactase activity at most sites along the small intestine; sucrase activity declined temporarily and then recovered. Minimum values were recorded about four to five days after weaning. Similar changes were observed whether or not creep feed was consumed before weaning. Continued consumption of creep feed by unweaned pigs over the 21 to 32 day period also produced small but significant reductions in lactase activities. The large loss of digestive enzyme activities at brush borders in weaned animals coincided with a reduced ability to absorb xylose and to checks in growth rate in otherwise healthy piglets.     

Genetic parameters and predicted selection results for maternal traits related to lactation efficiency in sows

The increased productivity of sows increases the risk of a more pronounced negative energy balance during lactation. One possibility to prevent this is to increase the lactation efficiency (LE) genetically and thereby increase milk output for a given feed intake and mobilization of body tissue. The benefits of selection for LE depend on its heritability and the relationships with other traits of interest. The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for LE, its underlying traits, and to predict the consequences of current selection strategies in dam lines. Data from 4 farms were available to estimate genetic parameters. Heritabilities were estimated by using a univariate repeatability model, and genetic correlations were estimated bivariately. Selection index theory was used to predict the genetic progress by 3 alternative breeding programs: 1) a breeding program that aimed at balanced progress in the total number of piglets born, piglet mortality, and percent prolonged interval from weaning to estrus; 2) extension of this breeding goal with LE; and 3) a breeding goal that included only one selection criterion, litter weight gain, to demonstrate the effect of indirect selection for milk production. The heritability for LE was low (0.12). Body fat mass (0.52) and BW (0.45) of sows at the beginning of lactation showed the greatest heritabilities. Protein mass at the beginning of lactation, protein loss, weight loss, and ad libitum feed intake during lactation showed moderate heritabilities (0.39, 0.21, 0.20, and 0.30, respectively). Low to moderate heritabilities were found for litter weight at birth, within-litter SD in the birth weight of piglets, litter weight gain, fat loss, and restricted feed intake during lactation (0.19, 0.09, 0.18, 0.05, and 0.14, respectively). Within-litter SD in the weaning weight of piglets showed no genetic variability. It was predicted that a breeding goal for dam lines with an emphasis on the total number of piglets born, piglet mortality, and percent prolonged interval from weaning to estrus would not dramatically change BW or body composition at the beginning of lactation, or mobilization of body tissue and feed intake during lactation. Inclusion of LE in the breeding goal will improve stayability, as defined by the first-litter survival of sows and LE itself, without negative consequences for other economically important traits. Nevertheless, it might be worthwhile to design a breeding goal in which LE increases and feed intake remains unchanged.     

Factors associated with preweaning mortality on commercial pig farms in England and Wales

Data from 67 pig farms with a variety of farrowing systems were used to identify factors associated with preweaning mortality in British pig herds. The median mortality reported by the farmers was 10.7 per cent (interquartile range 8.5 to 14 per cent). There was a significantly higher mortality when the pigs were weaned when they were older. A multivariable Poisson model was developed into which the types of farrowing system on each farm and the age at weaning were forced. Factors associated with a lower preweaning mortality rate were insulating the farrowing building, providing extra heat at farrowing, giving the piglets iron injections, dipping their navels, using fan ventilation and using artificial lighting systems. Factors associated with a higher mortality rate were a later weaning age, the use of infra-red lamps rather than other forms of supplementary heat, and the use of a creep without any bedding.     

Oral fluid replacement by a glucose glycine electrolyte formulation in E coli and rotavirus diarrhoea in pigs

A glucose glycine electrolyte solution (GGES) was investigated to determine its suitability for oral rehydration in diarrhoea in pigs. Piglets with diarrhoea following experimental infection with eneteropathogenic Escherichia coli were given access in cube drinkers to either GGES or water. The mortality in the GGES group (11.6 per cent) was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than in the controls (24.0 per cent), and weight gain in severely diarrhoeic piglets was greater in the GGES group. Gnotobiotic piglets were challenged with pig rotavirus and either given access to GGES or milk. The GGES was either in restricted volume or ad lib. Restricted access to GGES prevented much of the weight loss due to the diarrhoea and ad lib access to GGES allowed relatively uninterrupted weight gain in comparison with controls. In naturally occurring cases of diarrhoea on farms, access to GGES reduced mortality to weaning from 19.7 per cent to 7.2 per cent (P less than 0.05). Weight gain per day was also greater in piglets which scoured for three days or more, indicating the rehydrating effect in reducing net fluid loss. Thus GGES treatment was of value in treatment e&ects of diarrhoea due to either E. coli or rotavirus.