基于半监督模糊聚类算法的奶牛行为判别系统

以实时判别奶牛行为,提升精细养殖技术水平为目标,本试验以系统功耗低、检测灵敏度高、运行稳定性强为原则设计无线传感节点,研发了一种基于半监督模糊聚类算法的奶牛行为实时判别系统。为获取最佳通信距离及最优节点固定高度,对无线传感节点分别进行固定高度—通讯距离与丢包率关系测试、固定高度—数据波动关系测试,通信距离分别取10、20、30m,固定高度分别取10、20、30cm;并将半监督模糊聚类判别算法、K-means算法及BP神经网络算法在奶牛行为识别方面的准确度、精度及敏感度进行比较。结果显示,集成三轴加速度传感器ADXL345、处理器MSP430-F149、无线收发器CC1101等芯片设计的无线传感节点可精确采集奶牛运动加速度数据,满足长期可靠传输数据等工作要求。固定高度—通讯距离与丢包率、固定高度—数据波动关系测试结果显示,最优传输距离为10m,最佳节点固定高度为30cm。半监督模糊聚类算法性能最高,平均准确度达到95.4%,平均精度为53.0%,平均敏感度为60.6%。K-means算法的平均准确度达到90.3%,平均精度仅有39.9%,平均敏感度为45.6%。BP神经网络算法平均准确度达到93.7%,平均精度为45.5%,平均敏感度为47.0%。半监督模糊聚类算法具有准确性高、学习复杂度低、运行速度快的特点,具有良好的寻优能力,效率较高。     

基于无线传感器网络的奶牛运动行为实时监测系统

针对我国中小型奶牛养殖场所面临的管理方法落后、疾病监测自动化程度低、实时判定奶牛突发行为困难等问题,开发了一种基于无线传感器网络的奶牛运动行为实时监测系统。系统设计采用3层架构模式,实现奶牛基础信息与运动信息的采集、存储、管理、展示功能,其中奶牛行为判别采用一种改进的模糊聚类算法。试验表明,系统稳定性较强,可对数据进行有效的组织管理;判别算法能够可靠的将试验数据分为进食、平躺、站立、平躺动作、站立动作、快走、慢走7类运动行为,平均准确度达到83.82%,相较于K-means聚类算法,判别的精密度与精细度方面均有显著提升,该系统在奶牛运动行为实时监测领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

嵌入式无线养殖场监控系统的研究与设计

对养殖场环境数据进行无线监测是实现养殖场环境参数调整自动化、智能化的趋势。文章设计的养殖场监控系统以多传感器技术为支撑,底层采用Zigbee无线传感网络采集并发送环境数据,同时利用无线Wi Fi传输底层数据,实现了对养殖场环境信息检测和实时视频传输。为解决养殖场中多传感器监测数据的融合精度低的问题,文章提出了一种改进型的分批估计融合算法,算法首先对单个传感节点一段时间内所采集的数据采用模糊集理论根据容许函数的阈值剔除误差较大的传感器数据,然后对该传感器的数据进行分批估计得出该节点某一段时间内的最优估计值,以此得到该区域所有传感节点最优估计值。文中简述养殖场监控系统设计的总体思路和架构,主要讨论数据传输和融合算法的改进。     

四川黄牛血液蛋白多态性与其它牛种的遗传关系

本研究采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,对四川黄牛、雷琼牛、辛地红牛、西门达尔牛、黑白花奶牛5个类群的血清运铁蛋白(Tf)、血红蛋白(Hb)进行了类群间遗传关系的研究。通过凝胶电泳测定出Tf、Hb各等位基因的频率。分别进行适合性检验。计算出各类群间的标准遗传距离,并进行模糊聚类分析,最后作出各类群间的聚类图。四川黄牛和雷琼牛具有瘤牛特点,都含有Hbc基因和TfF基因。从聚类图看,当λ=0.98时,黑白花奶牛与西门达尔牛首先聚成一类。当λ=0.94时,雷琼牛与辛地红牛聚为一类。当λ=0.91时,四川黄牛与雷琼牛、辛地红牛聚为一类。     

基于二叉决策树分类模型的草原牛行为识别

为了解决人工监测草原放牧牛运动行为工作量大、监测精度低的问题,试验提出一种基于二叉决策树分类模型的草原牛行为识别方法,即选取草原牛颈部三轴加速度计采集数据的X轴、Y轴、Z轴方差、均方根、平均值及三轴总体的矢量幅度(signal vector magnitude, SVM)和幅度(singal magnitude area, SMA)共11种统计特征量来构建查准率-查全率曲线(P-R曲线),通过P-R曲线获取各统计特征量所对应的最优行为类别分组方式及最优阈值,利用信息增益作为选择标准来构建二叉决策树分类模型,运用此模型对草原牛的躺卧、反刍、采食及慢走四种运动行为进行分类识别,并与K-均值(K-means)聚类算法比对。结果表明：K-means聚类算法只能识别躺卧行为,难以区分反刍、采食及慢走三种运动行为,但二叉决策树分类模型能够有效地将躺卧和慢走行为从躺卧、反刍、采食及慢走四种行为中识别出来,查准率和查全率均达到0.760以上。说明二叉决策树分类模型较常用的K-means聚类算法可更有效地完成草原牛行为分类,并且准确率更高。     

毛乌素不同类型沙地油蒿种群遗传分化的ISSR分析

利用12对微卫星引物对毛乌素沙地油蒿种群的遗传分化、基因流进行分析,采用Nei’s指数和Shannon指数估算3个不同类型沙地种群的遗传多样性,计算种群相似系数和遗传距离,利用遗传距离构建系统树。结果表明:(1)种群遗传多样性分析显示,油蒿种群多态位点百分率为100%,说明油蒿种群基因组ISSR具有较高的多样性。(2)在遗传距离为6.0处可将184个样株大致分为三类,涵盖了135个样株,占采样总量的73.34%。结合样地定位记录,聚类结果与样株空间分布具有一致性,即可分为流动沙地、固定沙地、半固定沙地油蒿种群。(3)流动沙地与固定、半固定沙地油蒿种群间的基因流较小,分别为0.7929和0.6848,半固定与固定沙地油蒿种群间存在着较高的基因流,为6.2930。半固定与固定沙地种群间的遗传一致度较高,为93.77%;流动沙地种群Shannon指数低。     

应用微卫星标记对12个中国地方乌骨鸡品种遗传多样性的研究

利用27个微卫星DNA标记对12个地方乌骨鸡品种进行遗传多样性分析，通过计算等位基因频率、多态信息含量、杂合度、有效等位基因数和遗传距离，评估各品种内遗传变异和各品种间遗传相关，并根据遗传距离对12个鸡品种进行了聚类分析。结果表明，各乌骨鸡群体的遗传多样性较为丰富，并具有较高的选择潜力。平均杂合度最高的是竹乡鸡，为0．670；最低的是江山乌骨鸡，为0．581。27个微卫星标记中4个为中度多态座位，1个低度多态座位，22个为高度多态座位；LEI0234与LEI0192分别检测到了10．3与12．2个等位基因。以标准遗传距离为准，遗传距离最近的为沐川乌骨鸡与略阳鸡，为0．1002，而乌蒙乌骨鸡与略阳鸡最远，为0．2546。通过UPG—MA法聚类后，略阳鸡、沐川乌骨鸡、兴文乌骨鸡、盐津乌骨鸡、竹乡鸡首先聚为1类，江山乌骨鸡、郧阳白羽乌鸡、余干乌骨鸡聚为1类；金湖乌凤鸡、丝绒乌骨鸡和丝毛乌骨鸡聚为第3类；乌蒙乌骨鸡独为一类。     

5个黑山羊品种(群体)微卫星标记的遗传多样性研究

利用14个微卫星标记分析了攀枝花地方黑山羊、建昌黑山羊、云岭黑山羊、金堂黑山羊、乐至黑山羊5个品种(群体)的遗传多样性及亲缘关系。结果显示,14个微卫星座位多态信息含量(PIC)在0.5129~0.7646之间,均为高度多态位点;5个黑山羊品种(群体)的平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.6405~0.6856,平均杂合度(H)在0.6985~0.7371之间,说明遗传多样性丰富;群体间平均遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.0296,说明群体间的变异仅为2.96%,群体间存在基因交流;攀枝花黑山羊和金堂黑山羊2个群体之间的Nei氏遗传距离最大(D=0.1286),金堂黑山羊和乐至黑山羊之间的遗传距离最小(D=0.0365);NJ聚类图中,攀枝花黑山羊、建昌黑山羊和云岭黑山羊聚为一类,金堂黑山羊和乐至黑山羊聚为一类,聚类结果与群体的地理分布较为一致。     

基于YOLOv5模型的仔猪社交识别方法研究

精准识别仔猪间社交关系对了解仔猪内部社交和预警异常仔猪具有重要意义。针对传统方法在仔猪社交识别时存在的人工依赖多、劳动强度大、观测效率低等问题,本研究借助机器视觉与深度学习技术,提出了一种基于改进的YOLOv5模型的仔猪社交识别研究方法。该研究以9头30～35日龄群养的长白二元杂交仔猪为研究对象,从顶部视角连续采集视频数据,经图像截取与数据增强共获得13 389张图像作为数据集。首先,选取Faster R-CNN、SSD、YOLOv4和YOLOv5这4种典型目标检测算法对数据集进行训练,通过对比分析,确定用于仔猪个体身份识别最优模型;然后依据K-means聚类算法确定仔猪社交中心,通过计算仔猪与社交中心的欧氏距离量化仔猪社交值,利用位置信息构建仔猪社交网络,绘制仔猪运动轨迹,获得社交正常与社交异常仔猪的识别阈值;最后,利用该阈值对仔猪进行分类,识别社交异常仔猪个体并实现预警。经测试,改进的YOLOv5对群养仔猪个体身份识别的平均精度均值达99.29%,模型大小为13.71 MB,满足仔猪身份识别需求,与YOLOv5、YOLOv4、SSD和Faster R-CNN模型相比,改进的YOLO...     

部分地方鸡种微卫星DNA指纹分析

利用20个微卫星标记对我国19个地方鸡种保种群进行了遗传检测,计算各群体的等位基因频率、平均基因杂合度、平均多态信息含量及各群体间的遗传距离,并用类平均法进行聚类分析。研究结果表明:20个微卫星标记在19个地方鸡种保种群共检测到184个等位基因,平均为9.2个,基因频率分布在0.013-0.838之间。19个地方鸡种平均杂合度在0.5824-0.7432之间。其中藏鸡最高,白耳鸡最低。平均多态信息含量在0.5238-0.7023之间,均大于0.5,表现为高度多态性;19个鸡种聚为6类。各鸡种的遗传距离及聚类结果与所保存的地方鸡种的地理分布、现实状况是相吻合的,从而表明用该方法分析品种间的亲缘关系是可行的。     

A Clustering Ensemble approach based on the similar ities in 2- mode social networ ks

For a particular clustering problems, selecting the best clustering method is a challenging problem.Research suggests that integrate the multiple clustering can improve the accuracy of clustering ensemble greatly. A new clustering ensemble approach based on the similarities in 2-mode networks is proposed in this paper. First of all, the data object and the initial clustering clusters transform into 2-mode networks, then using the similarities in 2-mode networks to calculate the similarity between different clusters iteratively to refine the adjacency matrix, K-means algorithm is finally used to get the final clustering, then obtain the final clustering results.The method effectively use the similarity between different clusters,example shows the feasibility of this method.     

基于EST-SSR和种子特征的苇状羊茅遗传分析

苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)是重要的冷季型草坪草和牧草,被广泛用于牧草生产、草坪绿化、生态修复等方面。本研究收集了36份不同来源苇状羊茅种质材料,利用表达序列标签-简单序列重复(EST-SSR)引物对材料进行遗传多样性分析,并结合种子表型特征,对它们的种质资源遗传多样性进行了综合评价与分析。结果表明:14对EST-SSR引物共扩增出140条带,多态条带总数为133条,多态带百分率95%;聚类结果具有一定的地域性趋势,但是不明显。当遗传距离在0.54时其聚类结果与种子特征的K均值聚类结果相似;欧洲群体的种子厚度和千粒重的变异系数最大,分别为25.02%和23.35%,其千粒重显著低于亚洲、北美洲群体(P<0.05)。多角度遗传分析表明36份材料具有高度异质性。本研究对苇状羊茅遗传资源的科学评价、核心种质创新和新品种选育具有重要意义。     

表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗的遗传稳定性

将表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗连续传代至30代，取第10、20、30代重组病毒作为受检代次，进行外源基因片段的克隆与测序，以间接免疫荧光试验检验各代次的表达，并以第10、20、30代重组鸡痘病毒疫苗进行免疫保护效力试验。对各代次模板进行PCR反应，分别扩增出特异的1．7kb外源基因片段，酶切位点与原始代次相同；各代次外源基因序列与原始序列相比，仅有1个碱基发生变化，不涉及氨基酸的变化；免疫荧光试验显示各代次均有显著表达；各免疫组在免疫后第7、10、14、20天的HI抗体效价(log2)逐渐上升；攻毒后第5天各免疫组排毒率与对照组相比差异显著，各免疫组之间无显著差异。结果表明：此重组载体疫苗具有较好的遗传稳定性，经过30代的传代后外源插入基因及其表达未见变化，免疫保护效力亦与原代一致。     

A radio transmission pH measurement system for continuous evaluation of fluid pH in the rumen of cows

We developed a novel wireless radio transmission pH measurement system to continuously monitor ruminal bottom pH in cows, and compared these measurements to pH values determined by a spot-sample method. The wireless system consists of a pH sensor, data measurement receiver, relay unit, and personal computer with special software. The bullet-shaped sensor can be easily administered orally via a catheter into the rumen, without surgery. The glass electrode, using a temperature compensation system, can detect the rumen fluid pH with high accuracy. The ruminal bottom pH in healthy rumen-fistulated cows was measured as 6.52 ± 0.18 by the wireless system and as 6.62 ± 0.20 by the spot-sample method; with a correlation between pH measurements using these different methods (n = 8, 24 samples, r = 0.952, P < 0.01). When measured serially in a cow fed a diet evoking rumen acidosis, the ruminal bottom pH decreased markedly following the morning feeding and then increased gradually by the next morning feeding. This wireless system is a ready-to-use tool for estimating circadian changes in ruminal bottom pH.     

Indirect measurement of blood pressure using a pulse oximeter in isoflurane anesthetized dogs

Objective: To determine the accuracy of indirect blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained with a pulse oximeter as compared with direct measurements in dogs under isoflurane anesthesia. The Doppler and oscillometric BP monitors were included for comparison. Design: Prospective, experimental study. Animals: Twenty healthy dogs (23 ± 8 kg) anesthetized for research or teaching. Interventions: Dogs were anesthetized with propofol or thiopental and maintained using positive pressure ventilation with isoflurane in 100% O₂. Random adjustment of BP was achieved by inhalant adjustment or dopamine infusion to achieve low (≤85 mmHg), normal (90–120 mmHg), or high systolic BP (≥125 mmHg). Triplicate measurements for BP were taken with direct (dorsal pedal artery), Doppler (forelimb), oscillometric (same forelimb), and plethysmographic (pulse oximeter on tongue) methods. Measurements and main results: Using regression analysis and a modified Bland–Altman's technique, the lowest bias was achieved with the Doppler. Systolic BP readings at low, normal, and high BP were within 10 mmHg of direct recordings 95%, 70%, and 30% of the time for pulse oximetry; 95%, 85%, and 55% of the time for Doppler; 42%, 65%, and 30% of the time for oscillometric determination, respectively. Oscillometric mean BP readings were within 10 mmHg of direct measurements 53%, 60%, and 45% of the time, respectively. Conclusions: The pulse oximeter is an acceptable method for measuring BP in anesthetized dogs if assessment of trends is sufficient. All indirect methods showed greater bias and poorer precision at high BP. The Doppler may be the preferred indirect method.     

Effect of Candida tropicalis,Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus Combination on Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sugarcane Tops Silage

The assay was aimed to investigate the effect of different microbial inoculant combinations of Candida tropicalis (CT),Bacillus subtilis (BS),Lactobacillus plantarum (LAP) and Lactobacillus buchneri (LAB) on the quality and aerobic stability of sugarcane tops silage.There were 10 groups:Sugarcane tops silages with no additives served as control group (C);GroupsⅠ1,Ⅰ2 and Ⅰ3 were treated with CT+BS at 10,20 and 30 mL/kg,respectively;Groups Ⅱ1,Ⅱ2 and Ⅱ3 were treated with CT+BS+LAP at 10,20 and 30 mL/kg,respectively;Groups Ⅲ1,Ⅲ2 and Ⅲ3 were treated with CT+BS+LAB at 10,20 and 30 mL/kg,respectively.Each treatment was treated with 0.5% fresh forge urea.The results showed that:①Compared to control group,CT+BS treatment groups had significantly higher levels of pH and acetic acid (P< 0.05),dry matter recovery (DMR) and lactic acid content were significantly decreased (P< 0.05),and the aerobic stability was lower.②Compared to control group,CT+BS+LAP treatment groups had significantly higher levels of pH and lactic acid (P< 0.05),and the aerobic stability was lower.③In CT+BS+LAB treatment groups,the levels of acetic acid were significantly higher and DMR was significantly lower than control group (P< 0.05),and the CP content and aerobic stability were highest in all groups.So the quality of sugarcane tops silage was lower in CT+BS treatment groups and CT+BS+LAB treatment could improve the quality and aerobic stability of sugarcane tops silage.     

热带假丝酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌与乳酸菌组合对甘蔗尾青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响

试验旨在研究热带假丝酵母(CT)、枯草芽孢杆菌(BS)、植物乳杆菌(LAP)、布氏乳杆菌(LAB)不同微生物添加剂组合对甘蔗尾青贮品质和有氧稳定性影响。本试验设置了10个组。对照组(C)不添加微生物添加剂;Ⅰ1、Ⅰ2、Ⅰ3组分别添加10、20和30 mL/kg的CT+BS菌液;Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2、Ⅱ3组分别添加10、20和30 mL/kg CT+BS+LAP菌液;Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2、Ⅲ3组分别添加10、20和30 mL/kg CT+BS+LAB菌液。添加0.5%尿素作为氮源。结果显示:①与对照组相比,CT+BS处理组pH、乙酸含量显著升高(P< 0.05),乳酸含量、干物质回收率(DMR)显著降低(P< 0.05),有氧稳定性有所降低;②与对照组相比,CT+BS+LAP处理组pH、乳酸含量显著升高(P< 0.05),且可降低青贮有氧稳定性;③与对照组相比,CT+BS+LAB处理组乙酸显著上升,DMR显著降低(P< 0.05),但粗蛋白质(CP)含量、有氧稳定性是所有处理组中最高的。因此,CT+BS处理青贮甘蔗尾品质较差,而CT+BS+LAB能改善甘蔗尾青贮品质,提高有氧稳定性。     

The effect of in vitro antibacterial properties of bovine milk diets on the natural colonisation of newborn piglets with coliform bacteria.

The diets suitable for the hand rearing of piglets in incubators were examined. Diet A was based on cows' milk heated to 56 degrees C and had bacteriostatic and antiadhesive properties against Escherichia coli. Diet B was based on evaporated cows' milk and did not have these properties. The numbers of coliform bacteria naturally colonising the small intestines of newborn piglets fed entirely on these diets for one week did not differ significantly, however both were significantly higher than in control piglets suckled from birth. Faecal counts of coliforms were similar in all three groups. Examination of the bacteriostatic sensitivity of the isolated strains to sows' milk indicated a predominance of milk-sensitive strains colonising the suckled piglets and a predominance of milk-resistant strains in the piglets fed diet B. This diet-dependent colonisation could not be explained by the in vitro bacteriostatic properties of the diets alone.     

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and milk

The possibility that milk from cattle with Johne's disease could be a potential vehicle of transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) to humans has been the focus of a UK government-funded research programme at Queen's University, Belfast since 1993. The main findings of this research programme are reported and practical advice about the most appropriate methods for the isolation/detection of this organism in milk is given. The findings of several milk surveys during which optimised sensitive detection methods were employed (decontamination with 0.75% cetyl pyridinium chloride for 5 h prior to culture and a novel immunomagnetic PCR technique) have revealed that detectable levels of M. paratuberculosis are present in bulked raw cows' milk in the UK at both the farm level and at dairy processing plants prior to pasteurisation. Furthermore, results of three different experimental approaches to assess the effect of pasteurisation time/temperature conditions on the viability of M. paratuberculosis (laboratory pasteurisation studies, a national survey of commercially pasteurised milk, and processing of naturally infected milk through commercial-scale pasteurising plant) provide firm evidence that this organism is capable of surviving commercial milk pasteurisation on occasion. Hence, both raw and pasteurised cows' milk are potential vehicles of transmission of M. paratuberculosis to humans.