陆地棉抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因家族全基因组生物信息学分析

【目的】抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)是过氧化物酶家族中的1类成员,可以清除活性氧。APX家族的生物信息学分析有助于更好地了解该家族基因。【方法】利用生物信息学方法,从中国农业科学院棉花研究所提供的陆地棉序列中鉴定出14条APX基因家族序列,并对这14个成员的染色体定位、亚细胞定位、进化关系、理化性质、信号肽、保守基序以及其编码蛋白的结构特征进行了预测分析,并初步分析了部分基因的表达。【结果】APX基因分布广泛,分散在不同的染色体上;且大部分APX蛋白定位在细胞质,是亲水性脂溶蛋白;有3个保守基序,保守性较强;基因起源和进化比较复杂;二级结构的主要元件为α-螺旋和无规则卷曲。根据表达分析推测,第1亚组和第2亚组的基因在棉纤维发育的不同时期起作用。【结论】这些结果有望为APX家族成员的结构与功能挖掘提供参考。     

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of TLP Genes in Gossypium hirsutum L.

[Objective] Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are important pathogenesis-related proteins that function during disease defense-related responses, participating in the defense reactions triggered by several kinds of pathogen infections. A genome-wide analysis of TLP genes could help increase our understanding of their molecular mechanism in response to Verticillium dahliae infections in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). [Method] The TLP family members in the genomes of the G. hirsutum L. were identified and expression analyses of TLP genes in response to Verticillium dahliae inoculation were conducted using bioinformatics and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR methods, respectively. [Result] In total, 88 TLP genes were identified in G. hirsutum. These TLPs were classified into 10 groups based on their amino acid sequences and a phylogenetic analysis. A gene structure analysis revealed that the number of exons ranges from 1 to 5, and the number of introns ranges from 0 to 4. TLP genes in the same group shared similar structures. Additionally, most TLP proteins contain five motifs that are arranged in the following order: 5, 4, 2, 3 and 1. In total, 87 TLP genes are distributed on 20 of the 26 chromosomes, and 42 and 45 TLP genes are distributed in the A and D subgroups, respectively. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of six candidate TLP genes were induced in both tolerant cotton cultivar GZ-1 and susceptible cotton cultivar 86-1, and showed a higher expression in the former. [Conclusion] These results provide a foundation for future studies of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of TLP family genes.     

陆地棉ZF-HD蛋白的全基因组分析

ZF-HD(Zinc finger-homeodomain)蛋白属于同源异型盒蛋白家族,在动植物发育过程中起重要的作用。利用生物信息学的手段,研究陆地棉标准系TM-1基因组中ZF-HD蛋白的数目、亚细胞定位、染色体分布、基序、进化关系和组织表达情况。TM-1中共有35个Gh ZHD蛋白成员,且大部分成员定位到细胞核内;分布在20条染色体和2条Scaffold上,且具有11对直系同源基因;进化树分析表明,TM-1基因组中的ZF-HD蛋白大致分为6个小组,每个小组成员间具有类似的基序类型和排列顺序;大部分Gh ZHD基因在胚珠和纤维组织中表达,还有部分基因在根、茎、花、蕾和分生区中表达,在叶和愈伤组织中表达的基因最少。     

陆地棉KFB基因家族全基因组鉴定与表达分析

【目的】KFB(Kelch containing F-box protein)是普遍存在于各种生物体中含有F-box结构域的一类家族蛋白,参与众多生物过程。本研究旨在开展陆地棉KFB家族基因鉴定和表达分析。【方法】利用生物信息学方法从陆地棉(TM-1)基因组中鉴定KFB家族成员,与已知的拟南芥、水稻、大豆等KFB蛋白序列构建系统进化树;进一步针对第Ⅱ亚族进行基因结构、染色体定位和表达分析。【结果】从陆地棉基因组共鉴定出150个KFB家族成员,进化分析表明这些基因可分为7个亚族。陆地棉KFB第Ⅱ亚族24个基因分布在14条染色体上,有9对直系同源基因;该亚族基因结构简单,半数基因只有1个外显子;qRT-PCR结果表明,该亚族基因具有较为广泛的组织表达模式,但在不同组织的表达存在差异。【结论】这些结果显示陆地棉KFB第Ⅱ亚族基因在进化过程中出现了功能分化。     

Regulatory Mechanism of the Photosynthetic Pathway in Dwarfed Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

[Objective] Here, we examined the mechanism of the photosynthetic pathway in dwarfed upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). [Methods] The upland cotton dwarf line LA-1 and the near-isogenic line LH-1 were used as research materials. We screened for dwarf-related differentially expressed genes at protein and mRNA levels by applying the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation method in combination with LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomic technology and quantitative reverse-polymerase chain reaction. The difference in the photosynthetic abilities between the two materials were detected using physiological and biochemical methods. [Results] An analysis on the differential expression of proteins encoded by photosynthetic system elements revealed that PsbO, PsaE, PsaH, PetF-1 and PetF-2 were down-regulated, while PetC and delta were up-regulated in LA-1. The expression trends of the mRNA levels were the same as at the protein levels, except for those of the delta gene. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in LA-1 were lower than those LH-1, but the intercellular CO₂ concentration was not significantly different after budding. This indicated that the non-stomatal factor led to a decreased net photosynthetic rate in LA-1. Chlorophyll fluorescence detection revealed that the actual photosynthetic efficiency and potential photochemical activity of photosystem II in LA-1 were significantly decreased, while non-photochemical quenching was significantly increased. [Conclusion] The dwarfism of LA-1 is related to the photosynthetic pathway, and the results lay a foundation for exploring key dwarf-related genes and the molecular basis for dwarfism in upland cotton.     

彩色棉多药和有毒化合物输出蛋白MATE家族基因的鉴定及表达分析

植物多药和有毒化合物输出家族(multidrug and toxic compound extrusion, MATE)是一类可转运阳离子染料、氨基葡糖、多种抗生素与药物等次生代谢产物的转运蛋白家族。本研究利用生物信息学手段从陆地棉基因组数据库中鉴定了MATE家族基因, 并从基因的系统进化关系、染色体分布、基因结构和表达模式等方面对该基因家族特征进行了比较分析。共鉴定出91个陆地棉MATE基因, 命名为GhMATE1~GhMATE91。陆地棉MATE蛋白与拟南芥MATE蛋白均可分为A、B、C、D、E、F和G 7个亚家族, 其中84个GhMATE蛋白具有12个典型的跨膜结构域。染色体定位显示, GhMATE家族成员定位在不同的25条染色体上, 共形成5个基因簇。qRT-PCR分析发现, GhMATE家族基因在棉花各组织中均有表达, 但表达模式各不相同, 其中GhMATE13和GhMATE23在棕色棉纤维中的表达量明显高于在白色棉中, 表明它们可能与棕色棉纤维的颜色形成相关。本研究为进一步解析棉花MATE家族基因的功能和作用机制积累了有价值的资料。     

亚洲棉和雷蒙德氏棉PEBP家族基因的鉴定及该家族基因在陆地棉组织中表达分析

磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding proteins,PEBP)基因家族广泛存在于真核生物中,在被子植物中主要起着促进或抑制开花和控制株型的作用。利用亚洲棉(Gossypium arboreum,A2)和雷蒙德氏棉(Gossypium raimondii,D5)的基因组数据库,分别搜索到8个棉花PEBP同源基因,都包含4个外显子和3个内含子,编码的蛋白都存在PEBP家族的保守基序和关键氨基酸位点,表明二倍体棉花中至少存在8个PEBP家族基因。进化分析表明,8个PEBP基因分属于3个亚家族,含FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)-like亚家族1个、TERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1)-like亚家族5个(包括3个TFL1和2个BFT)、MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1(MFT)-like亚家族2个。实时荧光定量PCR分析陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)8个PEBP基因在根、茎、叶、幼苗顶端分生组织、花、胚珠和25 d的纤维组织中的表达,表明FT1在叶片中表达量最高,其次在纤维、胚珠和花中;MFT1在各组织中均表达,但在纤维中表达量最高,其次是花和叶片中,而MFT2以在叶片中表达为主;TFL1a、TFL1b和TFL1c均在根中表达量最高,但TFL1c在叶片、花和胚珠中也有相对较高的表达;BFT1和BFT2在叶片中表达量最高,但除幼苗顶端分生组织外,BFT1在其他各组织中的表达明显高于BFT2。这些结果表明,PEBP家族基因在棉花的生长发育中可能具有不同的功能。     

陆地棉Pht1家族成员的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

【目的】磷是植物三大必需矿质元素之一,对植物的生长发育至关重要。Pht1家族的磷酸盐转运蛋白在植物磷吸收和转运方面具有重要作用,然而关于该基因的系统研究工作尚很少开展。本研究旨在进行Pht1家族成员全基因组鉴定和表达模式分析。【方法】通过生物信息学的方法对陆地棉Pht1家族成员的基因结构、编码蛋白质的结构、染色体定位、基因复制和表达情况等进行全面分析。【结果】(1)在陆地棉的基因组中共鉴定到17个磷酸盐转运蛋白基因(GhPT),其中A亚组包含8个GhPT,D亚组包含9个GhPT;(2)棉花GhPT蛋白之间序列相似性很高,并均具有12个疏水的跨膜区域;(3)进化分析表明这些GhPT蛋白主要聚为2大组(GroupⅠ和GroupⅡ),位于同一组的GhPT的编码基因大部分具有相似的内含子/外显子分布模式;(4)17个GhPT基因不均匀分布在A亚组和D亚组中的5条染色体上,串联复制和片段复制可能导致GhPT基因在陆地棉中的扩增;(5)表达模式分析表明,GhPT6和GhPT14在根中表达量最高,且同时响应低磷和低钾胁迫诱导并上调表达。【结论】这些结果将有助于深入了解Pht1家族基因的功能及离子信号途径相互作用的分子机制。     

陆地棉REM基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达分析

[目的]REM(Reproductive meristem)基因家族编码一类转录因子在植物生长发育过程中发挥重要作用,但在棉花中未见报道.[方法]基于陆地棉基因组数据和公共数据库中的转录组数据,运用生物信息学方法对陆地棉REM基因家族成员进行系统鉴定,并对该基因家族的理化性质、基因结构、组织表达特异性以及胁迫条件下的表...     

棉花MAPKs家族成员的聚类分析

MAP激酶(促分裂原活化蛋白激酶)级联信号通路(MAPKs)由3种级联磷酸化的蛋白激酶MAPKKK、MAPKK和MAPK组成,在调控植物的生长发育、胁迫响应及抗病反应等过程中都起重要作用。为了全面了解棉花MAPK、MAPKK、MAPKKK家族各成员间的关系,进而研究和揭示MAPKs在棉花抗病、抗逆中的作用,利用已公布的雷蒙德氏棉和亚洲棉基因组数据,并从NCBI数据库中收集陆地棉的MAPKs氨基酸序列,运用生物信息学的方法对棉花(陆地棉、雷蒙德氏棉、亚洲棉)MAPK、MAPKK和MAPKKK家族的氨基酸序列进行了同源比对和聚类分析。结果表明:棉花MAPK家族具有特征性结构TEY磷酸化位点或TDY磷酸化位点,依据其氨基酸序列可划分为A、B、C和D族,其中TEY类包含A、B和C族,TDY类只包含D族;棉花MAPKK家族具有特征性保守区域S/T-X5-S/T和活性部位基序D(I/L/V)K,并依据其氨基酸序列也可将其划分为A、B、C和D族;棉花MAPKKK家族具有MEKK特征性保守区域G(T/S)PX(W/Y)MAPEV和Raf特征性保守区域GTXX(W/Y)MAPE(L/V),进而分为MEKK类和Raf类2组亚群。本研究梳理了棉花MAPKs中的MAPK、MAPKK、MAPKKK家族各成员间的关系,为进一步研究棉花MAPKs信号传导途径和揭示其在棉花抗病、抗逆中的作用提供了基础信息。     

陆地棉蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

【目的】蔗糖磷酸合成酶(Sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS)是调控植物蔗糖代谢合成途径的关键酶,在植物光合产物的积累与分配方面发挥着重要作用,然而棉花中SPS基因的系统研究尚很少开展。本研究旨在对陆地棉SPS基因进行全基因组鉴定,并对它们的表达特性进行系统分析。【方法】基于已公布的陆地棉基因组序列,利用生物信息学和荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)等方法对陆地棉SPS家族基因的蛋白结构、进化关系、基因结构特征、染色体定位、基因复制和表达特性进行分析。【结果】(1)在陆地棉基因组中,共鉴定到10个Gh SPS基因(Gh SPS1-Gh SPS10);(2)Gh SPS蛋白具有植物SPS家族特有的两个保守的蛋白结构域和3个相对保守的蛋白磷酸化位点;(3)进化分析表明,Gh SPS蛋白可聚为A、B和C共3个亚族,其中A亚族成员最多,包含6个GhSPS蛋白;(4)位于同一亚族的GhSPS基因具有相似的外显子-内含子分布模式,但是外显子/内含子数目在不同亚族间差异很大;(5)GhSPS基因均匀地分布在陆地棉A亚组和D亚组的5条染色体上,片段复制可能导致了GhSPS基因在陆地棉基因组中的扩增;(6)转录组分析表明,不同亚族GhSPS基因具有不同的组织表达模式,A亚族Gh SPS基因在被检测的各个组织均有较高的表达,B亚族GhSPS基因主要在叶片中高表达,C亚族Gh SPS基因主要在纤维、叶片和花瓣中高表达;(7)进一步荧光定量PCR分析表明,GhSPS4在叶片中表达量很高,GhSPS1在叶片和花瓣中表达量较高,Gh SPS7和Gh SPS10在被检测的各个组织均有较高的表达,该结果与转录组分析结果相对一致。【结论】陆地棉SPS基因家族包含10个成员,分布在5条染色体上,可分为3个亚族,不同亚族成员呈现出不同的表达模式,为后续深入解析陆地棉SPS家族基因的功能奠定理论基础。     

Induction of Embryogenic Callus in Gossypium barbadense L. and Gossypium hirsutum L. by Hormone Treatments

The aim of this study was to induce embryogenic callus from various cultivars of cotton in tissue culture, so that a stable and efficient regeneration system could be developed to produce new cotton varieties for cultivation in Xinjiang. The explant materials were hypocotyls of the main cotton cultivars grown in Xinjiang, i. e. Xinhai 25, Xinhai 16, Xinluzao 39, and Xinluzao 42. We tested the effects of different combinations of two hormones (kinetin, KT; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D) on induction of callus from these explants. Calli were produced by the explants under four different combinations of hormones in the media. The optimal hormone combination to induce callus from Gossypium hirsutum explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.05 mg·L^-1 2,4-D, while that to induce callus from Gossypium barbadense explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.1 mg·L^-1 2,4-D. Hormone-free medium and medium containing double to the normal concentration of KNO₃ promoted the emergence of embryogenic callus. Filter paper placed under the medium promoted somatic embryo growth and regeneration of the root system. The differentiation and embryogenesis processes occurred more rapidly in G. hirsutum explants than those in G. barbadense explants. Using this protocol, normal plantlets of these cotton cultivars with strong roots were produced within 10 to 12 months. These methods could be used to increase the number of cotton genotypes that can be regenerated in tissue culture.     

毛棉苗期抗旱性状的QTL定位

【目的】通过分析毛棉苗期抗旱相关性状的数量性状位点(Quantitative trait locus,QTL),以期检测稳定的主效QTL,促进栽培品种抗旱性状遗传改良及提高抗旱育种效率。【方法】以四倍体野生种毛棉(Gossypium tomentosum)和陆地棉品种中棉所12(CCRI 12)的种间杂种F2及其F2:3家系为研究材料,用于基因型分型的F2有188个系,用于表型分型的F2:3家系有149个株系。分别在干旱胁迫和正常灌水2个环境下调查表型数据。采用复合区间作图法对F2:3家系苗期相关性状抗旱系数进行QTL定位。【结果】对苗期相关性状抗旱系数的QTL定位分析,共得到16个QTL,其中与株高、叶片数、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量抗旱系数相关的QTL分别有5个、1个、3个、3个、4个,分布在13条染色体上。来自毛棉的5个加性QTL分别为qSHDC-19-1、qSHDC-19-2、qSLNDC-5-1、qMDADC-24-1、qMDADC-24-2,其加性效应值为0.10~0.22,解释变异9.4%~25.8%。【结论】这些与抗旱相关的QTL有助于棉花抗旱分子标记辅助选择。     

A Regeneration System for Cotton Variety Xinluzao 45 via Somatic Embryogenesis

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to expand upland cotton genotypes suitable for regeneration via somatic embryogenesis, so as to provide excellent receptor materials for the genetic transformation of cotton. [Method] Six different hormone combinations were studied to establish a somatic embryo regeneration system for hypocotyl explants of Xinluzao 45, a widely planted variety in Xinjiang Province. [Result] Faint yellow callus was induced on a medium consisting of hormone combinations C1 (0.1 mg·L^－1 acetic acid dichlorobenzene oxide [2, 4-D] + 0.1 mg·L^－1 kinetin [KT]) or C5 (0.1 mg·L^－1 2, 4-D + 0.5 mg·L^－1 indo-3-butyric acid + 0.1 mg·L^－1 KT). The generated callus was able to successfully induce embryogenic callus on hormone-free medium containing doubled KNO3. The embryogenic callus then developed into somatic embryos and regenerated plants. Maximum rates of callus induction and regeneration were 92.2% and 40.3%, respectively. Although no significant difference was observed in the rate of callus induction of Xinluzao 45 hypocotyls between hormone combinations C1 and C5, the incidence of induced embryonic callus was higher on C1 than on C5. [Conclusion] The somatic embryo regeneration system developed in this study provides technical support that will facilitate Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of upland cotton Xinluzao 45.