镉胁迫对三个棉花品种(系)产量、纤维品质和生理特性的影响

以抗草甘膦棉花种质系ZD-90和转Bt基因抗虫棉品种s GK3为材料,以陆地棉标准系TM-1为对照,研究了镉(Cd)胁迫下棉花生育期内的植株生长、产量、农艺性状、纤维品质和抗氧化酶系统活性。结果表明,低浓度Cd对棉花植株的生长发育有一定的促进作用;高浓度Cd对植株的生产发育有显著的抑制作用,植株生长量、子棉产量和皮棉产量显著降低。Cd胁迫对棉花单株铃数、铃重和单铃种子数的影响较大,而对衣分无显著影响。不同浓度Cd处理间的棉花纤维品质性状无显著差异。棉花植株体内的抗氧化化物酶(POD、SOD和CAT)活性在棉花生长发育的初期或低浓度胁迫条件下迅速升高,但随着Cd浓度的增大和胁迫时间的延长,酶活性受到抑制。植株体内累积的MDA含量则随着Cd处理浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐升高趋势。3个品种比较,TM-1对Cd较敏感,ZD-90次之,s GK3受Cd胁迫的为害相对较轻,是一个较耐Cd的棉花品种。     

Cd胁迫对2种基因型番茄幼苗活性氧清除系统的影响

为了探明Cd对不同基因型番茄活性氧清除系统影响的基因型差异,利用人工气候箱内水培的方法,测定了0,15,30 mg/L Cd处理对2种基因型番茄（高积累型‘以色列189’,低积累型‘合作903’）幼苗活性氧清除系统的影响。结果表明,Cd处理对番茄活性氧清除系统影响显著,且因品种、部位及酶而不同：高Cd积累品种‘以色列189’茎叶POD、CAT随Cd浓度增加而显著增加,并显著高于低Cd积累品种‘合作903’,而‘合作903’则有降低趋势;茎叶SOD都是先增加后降低。通过分析,发现‘以色列189’防卫酶对Cd耐性强于‘合作903’,SOD对Cd耐性不如POD和CAT。‘以色列189’因其较强的抗氧化能力及GSH含量,在高积累前提下,没有产生过多的脂质过氧化产物TBARS。     

Cd、水分单一及复合胁迫对异叶天南星叶片抗氧化酶的活性影响

为探讨Cd、水分单一及复合胁迫条件下对异叶天南星叶片伤害及其抗氧化酶活性的响应,研究并比较了不同浓度Cd (200、400、800 mmol/L)和水分胁迫（PEG6000模拟,浓度分别为10%、20%、40%）条件下异叶天南星叶片的丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：在单一、复合胁迫条件下,相对于对照来说,MDA含量呈上升趋势,SOD、POD、CAT整体呈现先升高后降低趋势。同时,对于比较同水平浓度下单一因子胁迫而言,复合胁迫MDA含量体现出协同效应,SOD、POD、CAT则体现协同或拮抗效应。     

镉胁迫对不同抗性水稻品种幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以耐镉性不同的两个水稻品种（水稻秀水63和秀水09）为试验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究不同浓度镉（0、1、5、10、25、50、100μmol/L-1）对水稻幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明：随Cd浓度增加水稻幼苗生长明显受抑,株高、叶绿素含量、叶片干重明显下降,且秀水63的下降幅度大于秀水09。总体上,脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性均呈上升趋势,其中,在较低浓度Cd胁迫下,秀水63叶片中脯氨酸含量、POD活性增加幅度较大,而在较高浓度Cd胁迫下,秀水09的增加幅度较大。过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性表现为先上升后下降。丙二醛（MDA）含量随着Cd胁迫浓度的提高而增加, 且增加幅度秀水63大于秀水09。从实验结果表明,秀水09对Cd胁迫的抗性大于秀水63。     

镉胁迫对不同水稻品种苗期光合特性与生理生化特性的影响

为了研究镉抗性不同的水稻品种对镉胁迫的生理生化响应差异,采用水培法,以对镉胁迫相对敏感的水稻品种28占和对镉胁迫相对耐受的水稻品种黄粤占为材料,研究了0(蒸馏水,对照),0.05,0.10,0.20 mmol/L 4种不同镉胁迫浓度对该2个水稻品种种子萌发幼苗期的生物学性状、光合特性和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:不同镉胁迫处理浓度下,2个供试水稻品种28占和黄粤占的苗高、根长、幼苗鲜质量与幼苗干质量均随镉胁迫处理浓度的增大而减小,其中28占减小相对较显著;镉胁迫条件下,水稻叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均呈不同程度的下降趋势。耐镉水稻品种黄粤占Pn、Gs、Tr和Ci的下降均低于镉敏感型水稻品种28占;气孔限制百分率(Ls)呈增加趋势,且品种间差异不显著。随着镉胁迫处理浓度的增加,2个供试水稻品种28占和黄粤占的幼苗叶片叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,而MDA含量、SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶的活性均随着镉胁迫处理浓度的升高而增大,且镉胁迫处理下黄粤占的MDA含量与各抗氧化酶活性较对照的相对增加值小于28占。结果表明,水稻品种黄粤占种子萌发幼苗期对镉胁迫具有较好的抗性。     

热激处理对棉花耐逆性的影响

 从不同生育期热激处理对棉花抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜伤害的影响及萌动期热激处理对棉花自然高温期的抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜伤害的影响这两个方面研究热激处理与棉花耐逆性的关系。结果表明：热激处理后棉花体内的SOD、POD、CAT的酶活性都增高,在自然高温期MDA的含量下降,蕾铃脱落率下降,热激处理能在一定程度上诱导棉花耐逆性的获得。     

Induction of Defense Enzymes and Control Effect of Endogenous and Rhizosphere Bacteria on Verticillium Wilt of Cotton

[Objective] The colonization in soil, promoting cotton growth effects, inducing resistance of cotton and controlling effects to cotton Verticillium wilt of Bacillus vanillea SMT-24, B. velezensis BHZ-29, B. subtilis SHT-15 and B. atrophaeus SHZ-24 were studied in this paper, which provides a scientific basis for better control of cotton Verticillium wilt. [Method] The antagonistic resistance of these bacteria to Verticillium dahliae was judged by observing the inhibition zone; the number of colonization in the rhizosphere soil was tested to represent the colonization ability of antagonistic bacteria; the growth promoting effect of strains on cotton was determined by analyzing cotton plant height, root length, root hair number and number of leaves; the effect of antagonistic strains on cotton induced resistance was explored by determining catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) activities in cotton leaves, and investigating the disease index of cotton after inoculation with antagonistic bacteria solutions. [Result] SMT-24, BHZ-29, SHT-15 and SHZ-24 strains significantly inhibited the growth of V. dahliae and formed a clear zone of inhibition. After 2 to 22 days of the third inoculation, these strains of bacteria could survive in the root soil, increase the plant height, leaf number, and root hair number of cotton plants, as well as the activities of cotton CAT, SOD, PAL and POD enzymes, but reduced the disease index. [Conclusion] SMT-24, BHZ-29, SHT-15 and SHZ-24 strains can promote cotton growth, increase the activities of some related defense enzymes, and effectively control cotton Verticillium wilt.     

Effects of Melatonin on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Seed Germination of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under Salt-Stress Conditions

[Objective] Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed germination, in which melatonin plays an important regulatory role, is seriously affected by soil salinization. Cotton seed germination, antioxidant enzyme activity levels and other physiological indicators were analyzed to clarify the regulatory effects of exogenous melatonin on cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions. [Method] The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Hebei Agricultural University in Baoding City, Hebei Province from 2018 to 2019 using Guoxin Cotton 9 as the material. The germination rate, germination potential, seed biomass after germination, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, of cotton seeds were measured after exposure to different melatonin concentrations (0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) and 150 mmol·L^－1 NaCl treatments. [Result] After germination, the germination rate, germination potential, radical length and seed biomass significantly decreased, as did the SOD, POD and CAT activities. However, the MDA content significantly increased under salt-stress conditions. Low exogenous melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the germination potential, germination rate and biomass of cotton seeds, and promoted the elongation of radicals; however high melatonin concentrations (50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) inhibited cotton seed germination and decreased seed biomass after germination. Low melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the SOD, POD and CAT activities and decreased the MDA content in cotton seeds. [Conclusion] Low melatonin concentrations could promote germination and improve the salt tolerance of cotton seeds, while high melatonin concentrations could inhibit their germination. A 20 μmol·L^－1 melatonin concentration is appropriate for regulating cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions.     

镉胁迫对桉树(Eucalyptus)保护酶活性及相关基因表达的影响

为了探讨镉胁迫对桉树保护酶活性及相关基因表达的影响,以‘广林9号’桉三月龄幼苗为材料,用0.1 mmol/L、0.2 mmol/L、0.3 mmol/L CdCl_2溶液(分别对应低,中,高浓度)连续灌根处理15 d后,测定叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,检测叶组织过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)的酶活性,分析5类共15个保护酶基因的转录变化。高浓度Cd^2+胁迫下桉树叶片叶绿素含量降低,MDA含量明显升高(p<0.05),SOD、POD、GPX和CAT的酶活性均显著降低(p<0.05)。从APX(ascorbate peroxidase)、BPX (class Ⅲ peroxidases)、CPX (catalase peroxidases)、GPX (glutathione peroxidase)和CAT (catalase) 5类基因家族中的每类选出3个基因进行qPCR分析。Cd^2+胁迫下,15个基因中仅有GPX3、CPX1、CPX2和CAT3的转录被抑制,其他11个基因总体表现出转录水平升高的趋势。设对照植株中同种基因的表达水平为1,中浓度Cd^2+处理后BPX3的转录水平升高到13.9,高浓度Cd^2+处理后CAT2的转录水平升高到38.2。结果表明:Cd^2+胁迫引起保护酶基因的转录水平升高,却抑制了酶活性,导致膜脂过氧化加剧。本研究可为桉树重金属抗性生理的研究提供参考。     

Exogenous Application of Glycinebetaine Modulates Activities of Antioxidants in Maize Plants Subjected to Salt Stress

The influence of exogenously applied glycinebetaine (0, 50 and 100 m m ) as a foliar spray at different growth stages, i.e. vegetative, reproductive or both at the vegetative and reproductive stages on gas exchange characteristics, glycinebetaine (GB) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) was examined in plants of two maize cultivars, Golden and C-20 grown under saline conditions. Salt stress caused a marked decrease in photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll contents and SOD activity in both maize cultivars. However, activities of CAT and POD remained almost unchanged in both maize cultivars under salt stress. Accumulation of GB increased with an increase in exogenous level of GB, i.e. 100 m m GB spray caused a greater accumulation of GB in the leaves of maize plants than did 0 or 50 m m . Although exogenously applied GB enhanced photosynthetic capacity of salt-stressed plants of both cultivars, it enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and POD, in salt-stressed plants of cv. C-20 only. Overall, the adverse effects of salt stress on maize plants were alleviated by the exogenous application of GB at different growth stages, which up-regulated photosynthetic capacity and the activities of some antioxidant enzymes.     

棉花幼苗对低温胁迫的响应及抗冷机制初步研究

【目的】探讨棉花不同组织对低温胁迫的响应,初步探讨研究抗冷的生理生化和分子机制。【方法】测定了4个抗冷性差异显著的材料在低温处理后的生物量、抗氧化酶活力和可溶性蛋白含量,同时分析了抗冷相关基因在豫2067根、茎、叶的表达情况。【结果】4℃低温处理24 h对冷敏感材料生长抑制最大,对根系生长的抑制大于地上部分;细胞膜透性测定结果表明,受低温胁迫后4个材料根系细胞膜能保持相对稳定的结构,而叶片细胞膜对低温胁迫敏感,抗冷材料叶片细胞膜稳定性大于冷敏感材料,低温胁迫后叶片细胞膜透性与棉花的抗冷性呈负相关,可以作为棉花抗冷性的鉴定指标;棉花在受到低温胁迫24 h后,抗冷材料根中SOD的活力基本不变,冷敏感材料根中SOD的活力却极显著下降,2个材料的根系中POD、CAT的活力均下降,但抗冷材料豫2067下降的幅度小于冷敏感材料,可溶性蛋白含量在抗冷材料叶茎中基本不变,在冷敏材料的叶片和茎中均下降。低温胁迫后5个与抗冷相关的基因在豫2067叶片中上调表达的多于下调表达的,上调表达的基因分别是脂肪酸脱氢酶基因、胁迫诱导蛋白基因、假定R2R3-MYB转录因子基因、b HLH1转录因子基因;在根中下调表达的多于上调表达的,下调的基因分别为b HLH1转录因子基因、胁迫诱导蛋白基因、伸展蛋白基因2,这与根系的生长受抑制的结果是一致的。【结论】推测这些抗冷相关基因在叶片中的上调表达与叶片生长受低温抑制程度低有一定的关系。     

镉胁迫对烟草种子萌发和烟苗生长发育的影响

为探讨不同镉（Cd）胁迫对不同烟草品种种子萌发、幼苗生长的生理生态效应的影响,以吉烟9号、吉烟10号、延晒六号3个烟草品种为材料,研究了不同浓度的Cd溶液对烟草种子萌发以及烟苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,Cd胁迫下烟草种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、苗高均受到抑制;烟苗叶绿素含量降低,根冠比变小,生长受到抑制,CAT活性、SOD活性、可溶性糖含量随Cd浓度的增加呈先增后降的趋势,POD活性、MDA含量、Pro含量、Cd含量均随Cd浓度的增加而增加。可见Cd胁迫能不同程度地影响烟草种子萌发和烟苗生长发育,烟苗体内的抗氧化酶系统被破坏,多种酶活性不协调,生理生化过程紊乱,最终导致烟苗受害。     

Preliminary Screening of Low Nitrogen-Tolerant Cotton Genotypes at Seedling Stage

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen cotton varieties (lines) able to tolerate low nitrogen conditions, thereby tapping the potential of cotton to absorb and utilize nitrogen. [Method] This study analyzed the differences and correlations between the main cotton agronomic traits under two nitrogen levels using the sand culture method and 270 cotton varieties from different generations in three major cotton regions as materials. Principal component analysis and the membership function method were used to screen for low nitrogen-tolerant cotton varieties. [Result] The seven agronomic traits of 270 varieties varied greatly with different nitrogen levels. The coefficients of variation were all above 10 except for the SPAD value in four batches, and root biomass and cotton plant biomass in the first batch under low nitrogen level. The variation coefficient of nitrogen accumulation reached 60.02. The maximum relative value of SPAD, leaf area, and root biomass was greater than 80% in the first batch. The maximum relative values of SPAD, plant height, root biomass, shoot biomass, and cotton plant biomass were greater than 80% in the third and fourth batches, indicating that there are low nitrogen-tolerant genotypes in the selected materials. [Conclusion] Preliminary screening identified 32 low nitrogen-tolerant cultivars, including CCRI 35, CCRI 69, Yumian 12, Xinluzao 12, and Xinluzao 23. Furthermore, 32 varieties sensitive to nitrogen stress, including CCRI 64, CCRI 662, Xinluzhong 15, and Xinluzao 53, were identified.     

裸苗移栽棉花缓苗期抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素含量的变化特点

 2007年在一熟棉田设裸苗移栽、钵苗移栽和直播3个处理,在麦棉两熟裸苗移栽棉田设置地膜覆盖和不覆盖两个处理,在移栽后40 d内分次取样测定棉花功能叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT) 活性和叶绿素含量。结果表明,移栽棉花由于移栽时根系受损,存在明显的缓苗期,缓苗期内功能叶片三种酶活性和叶绿素含量变化规律均表现为先升高而后下降或趋于平稳变化;CAT、POD较SOD对逆境的反应敏感,其活性当处于逆境时快速升高,逆境解除时就迅速下降;地膜覆盖有利于缩短移栽缓苗期,促进棉苗早发。     

Induction of Drought Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) due to Exogenous Application of Trehalose: Growth,Photosynthesis, Water Relations and Oxidative Defence Mechanism

The present investigation was conducted to assess the ameliorative effects of foliar‐applied trehalose on growth, photosynthetic attributes, water relation parameters and oxidative defence mechanism in two maize cultivars under field water deficit conditions. Various components of the experiment comprised two maize cultivars (EV‐1098 and Agaiti‐2002), two water‐stress levels (irrigation after 2 weeks and irrigation after 3 weeks during the entire period of growth), and two levels of trehalose (0 and 30 mm ) and four replicates of each treatment. Water stress significantly reduced the plant biomass production, photosynthetic attributes and water relation parameters in both maize cultivars. In contrast, water stress considerably increased the leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the levels of non‐enzymatic compounds such as ascorbic acid and tocopherols. In contrast, water stress caused a marked reduction in leaf phenolic contents. Foliar‐applied trehalose significantly increased plant biomass production, and improved some key photosynthetic attributes and plant–water relation parameters. The ameliorative effect of exogenously applied trehalose was also observed on the activities of some key antioxidant enzymes (POD and CAT) and non‐enzymatic compounds (tocopherols and phenolics). Overall, exogenously applied trehalose considerably improved drought tolerance of maize plants by up‐regulating photosynthetic and water relation attributes as well as antioxidant defence mechanism.     

Cadmium Enhances Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Amplifies Activities of Catalase, Peroxidases and Superoxide Dismutase in Maize

Maize (Zea mays L. cv. 777) plants grown in hydroponic culture were treated with 50 μm CdSO₄. Growth and metabolic parameters indicative of oxidative stress and antioxidant responses were studied in leaves of plants treated with Cd. Apart from increasing lipid peroxidation and H₂O₂ accumulation, supply of Cd suppressed growth, fresh and dry mass of plants and decreased the concentrations of chloroplastic pigments. The activities of catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) were increased in plants supplied 50 μm Cd. Localization of activities of isoforms of these enzymes (POD, APX and SOD) on native gels also revealed increase in the intensities of pre‐existing bands. Stimulated activities of CAT, POD, APX and SOD in maize plants supplied excess Cd do not appear to have relieved plants from excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is, therefore, concluded that supply of 50 μm Cd induces oxidative stress by increasing production of ROS despite increased antioxidant protection in maize plants.     

花生叶片抗衰老酶活性的日变化研究

在人工控水条件下,研究了两个不同抗旱花生品种苗期水分胁迫处理对其抗衰老酶活性日变化的影响。结果表明：鲁花11超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性日变化为双峰曲线,11:30达到第一个活性高峰,15:30达到第二个活性高峰。农大818 SOD活性13:30达到活高峰,P0D、CAT活性日变化为双峰曲线,11:30达到第一个高峰,15:30达到第二个高峰。农大818 SOD、POD活性显著高于鲁花11,中度水分胁迫处理活性显著高于轻度水分胁迫处理。苗期水分胁迫处理明显提高了两品种的抗衰老酶活性,农大818抗水分胁迫能力强于鲁花11。     

褪黑素对低温胁迫下棉花种子萌发特性的影响

低温胁迫严重影响棉花种子萌发,为明确褪黑素对低温胁迫下棉花种子萌发的调控作用,本研究以海岛棉品种‘新海41号’为试验材料,分析不同褪黑素浓度处理对低温胁迫(15℃)下棉花种子的萌发特性、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢含量影响。结果表明,低温下棉花种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数较常温对照分别降低17.41%、13.52%和74.96%,胚根长度降低40.35%,SOD、POD、CAT活性略有增高,MDA和H₂O₂含量有所增加。低浓度的褪黑素（10 μmol/L和20 μmol/L）处理显著增加了低温胁迫下棉花种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数以及胚根长度,增强抗氧化酶的活性,减少MDA、H₂O₂的产生,其中20 μmol/L褪黑素处理后,与低温对照相比SOD、POD、CAT活性分别上升3.53%、29.47%、3.45%,MDA和H₂O₂含量分别减少13.93%和8.08%。适宜浓度的褪黑素处理能有效缓解低温胁迫对棉花种子萌发的损伤,增强种子耐低温性,其中20 μmol/L褪黑素处理效果最好。     

转GHABF4转录因子棉花植株的耐盐性研究

AREB/ABFs转录因子家族基因主要参与干旱、高盐、低温等胁迫应答反应。为了获得具有较高耐盐水平的棉花新种质材料,通过农杆菌介导法将耐盐转录因子基因(GHABF4)导入陆地棉中棉35中,通过对转化植株的卡那霉素初步筛选及T1、T2、T3目的基因PCR的分子检测,获得T3转基因棉花纯合系。通过盐胁迫试验对5个T3转基因棉花株系和非转基因棉花对照进行耐盐性分析。结果表明,在200 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下,与非转基因对照相比,5个转基因棉花株系株高提高2.5~4.4 cm,地上部分的鲜质量增加3.6%~11.8%;且抗氧化物酶SOD、POD、CAT活性以及叶绿素含量提高。在盐胁迫条件下,转GHABF4基因棉花表现出优良的生长和生理优势,转GHABF4基因能够提高棉花的抗盐能力。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫对高粱幼苗生理特性的影响

选用两个甜高粱和一个粒用高粱品种：‘高粱蔗’、‘四丽美’和‘河农16’,利用PEG6000对供试品种进行干旱胁迫处理,测定这3个品种不同处理时间和浓度的保护酶系活力和渗透调节物质（超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）酶活力、可溶性糖含量）的变化,并进行抗旱性分析,结果表明：胁迫处理下这3个品种的SOD、CAT、POD酶活力和可溶性糖含量均表现为‘高粱蔗’最高,‘四丽美’次之,‘河农16’最低,即‘高粱蔗’抗旱性最强,‘河农16’最差;不同品种类型之间保护酶系活力和渗透调节物质变化不同,抗旱能力存在差异,即甜高粱品种的抗旱能力强于普通粒用高粱品种。