盐胁迫下施钾调节棉纤维断裂比强度的糖代谢机制

【目的】研究盐胁迫下施钾调节棉花纤维断裂比强度的糖代谢机制,为盐碱地适量施钾提供理论依据。【方法】以中棉所79(耐盐型)和泗棉3号(盐敏感型)为试验材料,通过设置3个土壤电导率(低盐1.68~1.78 dS·m^-1、中盐6.21~6.42 dS·m^-1、高盐10.59~11.08 dS·m^-1),3个施钾量(0、150、300 kg·hm-2),研究了盐胁迫下施钾对棉花纤维断裂比强度、纤维加厚发育期纤维素累积和蔗糖、β-1,3-葡聚糖及相关酶活性的影响。【结果】(1)盐胁迫显著降低了棉花纤维断裂比强度;施钾显著缓解了中、高盐胁迫下盐分对纤维断裂比强度的影响,但施钾150、300 kg·hm^-2处理间无显著差异。盐碱地施钾,中棉所79的纤维断裂比强度增幅高于泗棉3号。(2)盐胁迫降低了纤维加厚期纤维素的累积量,降低了纤维蔗糖含量并提高了β-1,3-葡聚糖含量;盐碱地施钾则提高了纤维加厚发育期纤维素最大累积速率,提高了花后28 d磷酸蔗糖合成酶以及β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,提高了蔗糖及β-1,3-葡聚糖含量,且施钾缓解作用随盐胁迫程度加重而逐渐减弱。施钾条件下,中棉所79的纤维素最大累积速率及β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的增幅高于泗棉3号。【结论】盐碱地适量施钾可缓解盐胁迫对棉花纤维断裂比强度的影响。     

河北省棉花生产碳足迹分析

基于农业碳足迹理论及生命周期评价法,采用问卷调查方式,定量研究河北省棉花生产碳足迹,分析其构成因素,解析河北省棉花生产肥料和灌溉投入与产量的关系。研究结果表明:1)河北省棉花生产单位面积、单位产量、单位生物量、单位产值碳足迹(以CO_2当量计)分别为3272.71 kg·hm~(-2),1.04 kg·kg~(-1),0.40 kg·kg~(-1)和0.34 kg·$-1,低于前人研究结果中华北平原作物生产平均碳足迹和冬小麦碳足迹;2)化肥、灌溉、地膜为河北省棉花生产碳排放主要来源,分别占棉花生产碳足迹的34.53%、25.98%和18.44%;3)在调研的棉田中,25.63%的地块肥料投入过量,21.11%的地块灌溉投入过量,且产量较低,存在着较大的节能减排潜力。逐步扩大棉花种植面积,并发展棉花节肥、节水、免覆膜技术,必将成为未来河北省作物生产应对气候变化,发展低碳农业的重要举措。     

Effect of Irrigation Patterns on Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter,Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Cotton in Southern Hebei

[Objective] This study examines how irrigation patterns affect soil moisture, growth and yield of cotton in southern Hebei, China. The results are used to inform irrigation patterns and improve the water use efficiency of cotton. [Method] Using the Nongda 601 cotton variety, a field split plot experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017. The main treatments were no film (NF) and mulching film (MF), with side treatments of border irrigation (W1, 600 m³·hm^-2), limited amount every-other furrow irrigation I (W2, 450 m³·hm^-2) and limited amount every-other furrow irrigation II (W3, 300 m³·hm^-2). Six treatments NFW1, NFW2, NFW3, MFW1, MFW2, and MFW3 were applied. The film-covered border irrigation represents the conventional cultivation mode of local cotton. Impacts were measured as dry matter mass, yield and water use efficiency. [Result] (1) Dry matter mass of MF was significantly higher than that of NF in 2016 and 2017. However, there was no significant difference in different irrigation treatments under MF. When compared with the dry matter mass of NFW1 in 2016, that of NFW2 and NFW3 were significantly lower: by 14.28% and 13.44%, respectively. In 2017, the dry matter quality of NFW2 significantly increased by 11.29% compared with that of NFW1, but NFW3 showed no significant difference. (2) Cotton yield and water use efficiency showed similar trends in both years. There was no significant difference in yield and water use efficiency for the different irrigation treatments under MF. Compared with NFW1, NFW2 and NFW3 significantly decreased by 10.21%–16.00% and 13.63%–18.84% in yield, respectively, whereas water use efficiency significantly decreased by 8.33%–13.80% and 9.72%–14.61%, respectively. Compared with MFW1, yield and water use efficiency of NFW1 decreased slightly, but not significantly. Compared with MFW2, yield and water use efficiency of NFW2 significantly decreased 12.96%–16.62% and 13.73%–16.51%, respectively. Compared with MFW3, yield and water use efficiency of NFW3 significantly decreased 15.04%–16.29% and 15.03%–16.31%, respectively. [Conclusion] In wet and normal precipitation years, the NFW1 treatment resulted in high cotton yield while preventing residual film pollution; MFW2 and MFW3 treatments also achieved high yields and improved water use efficiency when irrigation quantity was reduced.     

Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Residual Effect on Cotton Yield and Biomass Accumulation

[Objective] The optimum nitrogen rate of 300 kg·hm^－2 is well documented for cotton in the Yangtze River Valley, China. It can be reduced to 225 kg·hm^－2 without reducing yield in late sowing under high planting density. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of further reducing the nitrogen application rate at the first flower stage, its residual effects and influence on cotton yield formation rule. [Method] A pot experiment was conducted with five nitrogen levels (120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 kg·hm^－2) in 2014, but only 180 kg·hm^－2(for studying nitrogen residual effect) in 2015, to study the cotton growth process, yield and its components and biomass accumulation. [Result] Nitrogen levels significantly affected the yield and biomass accumulation, but not the growth process and nitrogen residual effect. Maximum seed cotton yield (30.5 g·plant^－1), boll weight (3.8 g) and biomass accumulation, especially in the reproductive and vegetative organs, was recorded in the 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen treatment. In the rapid accumulation period, the proportion of biomass accumulation in the reproductive organs was the highest. [Conclusion] In a soil with medium fertility level, the application of 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen was optimal, because the strength of biomass accumulation in reproductive organs increased during the rapid accumulation period.     

不同咸水利用方式对棉花叶绿素荧光参数及土壤盐分的影响

【目的】本研究旨在科学合理地利用浅层咸水资源。【方法】依托短期定位试验开展了在第3年和第4年不同咸水利用方式下(CK:造墒和蕾期灌淡水;T1:造墒和蕾期灌咸淡混配矿化度3 g·L^-1的微咸水;T2:淡水造墒蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T3:造墒和蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T4:淡水造墒蕾期不灌水)棉花长势、叶绿素荧光参数、土壤盐分累积及其运移的变化。【结果】T1和T2处理的齐苗率、株高、干物质质量、叶面积指数、叶绿素荧光参数、产量及霜前花率与CK无显著差异,土壤盐分含量较CK有所增加,但未对棉花生长产生明显抑制。T3处理的棉花长势指标、叶绿素荧光参数较CK显著降低,0~100 cm土壤盐分含量较CK明显增加。【结论】从土壤质量安全和咸水高效利用的角度考虑,连续4年用3 g·L^-1的咸淡混合水灌溉或用淡水与5 g·L^-1的咸水轮灌不仅能节约淡水,且不影响棉花产量。本研究结果为当地在棉花生产中安全利用咸水提供技术参考。     

The Plant Architecture of Direct-Sowing Cotton Planted after Barley Harvested with High Yield and Centralized Boll-Setting

[Object] The study was conducted to investigate the plant architecture characteristic of direct sowing cotton planted after barely harvested with high yield and centralized boll-setting in the Yangtze River basin. [Method] In 2014, the cultivars Guoxin 12-1, Yijimian and Lumianyan 36 were used and the two conventional fertilizer (CF) application rates (namely pure nitrogen 45 kg·hm^－2, 150 kg·hm^－2) and Guoxin 12-1 was used in 2015. Two slow release fertilizer (SR) utilization rates (namely pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2 and 225 kg·hm^－2) and two SR topdressing at different growth stages (namely 100% topdressing at seedling stage, 70% topdressing at seedling stage + 30% at flowing stage) were set with CF (pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2) and no fertilizer treatment as the controls. [Result] While the pure nitrogen (CF) amount was 150 kg·hm^－2, the seed cotton yield of Guoxin 12-1 were 4 014.72 kg·hm^－2. In 2015, the seed cotton yield for the treatment, application SR (pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2)and application ratios of seedling stage and flowering stage of 100% and 0, respectively, increased by 30.96%. The ratios of bolls setting from 08-15 to 08-30 to total bolls (RBT) for the two treatments were 31.8% and 26.1%, respectively. Then a significantly positive correlation between the seed cotton yield and RBT was found（r2014＝0.948^**, r2015＝0.976^**）. Based on the analysis of relationship between the plant architecture indexes and RBT, plant architecture characteristics of cotton population with high yield and centralized boll-setting was proposed. [Conclusion] These indexes would be used to supervise the cotton culture management to achieve high yield and centralized boll-setting for the direct sowing cotton planted after barely harvested.     

覆膜与施氮互作对高粱产量及水氮利用效率的影响

为探索旱地覆膜栽培条件下适宜机械化高粱水氮利用效率,本试验于2015、2016年以机械化生产高粱品种晋杂34、晋杂35为试验材料,研究了2种栽培措施（B₁：裸地,B₂：覆膜）、3个施氮量（C₁：0kg/hm ²、C₂：225kg/hm ²、C₃：450kg/hm ²）条件对高粱不同生育期不同深度土壤贮水量、产量及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜有效提高了高粱不同生育期0~60cm土层土壤贮水量,但施氮水平对土壤贮水量的影响差异不明显。两年试验覆膜处理平均产量比裸地显著提高11.63%,降雨偏少年度（2015）增产12.03%,降雨偏多年度（2016）增产11.17%;不同施氮处理产量差异不显著,其与品种或覆膜方式的交互作用差异也不显著,但覆膜有效提高了氮肥利用率,尤以施氮225kg/hm ²处理氮肥偏生产力显著高于其他处理。降雨偏少年度的水分利用率、降水生产效率显著高于降雨偏多年度。与裸地处理相比,2015年覆膜处理水分利用效率提高15.93%;2016年提高12.21%。两年试验晋杂34、晋杂35都以覆膜施氮225kg/hm ²处理水分利用效果最佳,2015年表现尤为突出,水分利用效率和增产率分别为37.01、31.72kg/（mm·hm ²）和19.076%、38.286%。综合考虑,在本试验条件下,覆膜、施氮225kg/hm ²为晋杂34、晋杂35高产、水氮高效利用的最佳组合。     

灌水量对北疆棉花增效缩节胺化学封顶效应的影响

【目的】在不同灌水量条件下研究增效缩节胺(1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride,缓释型水乳剂,简称DPC+)对棉花化学封顶的效应,为完善新疆棉花化学封顶技术提供依据。【方法】以早熟陆地棉品种新陆早53号为材料,设置不同的灌水量(3000,4800,6600 m3·hm~(-2))和DPC+剂量(450,750,1050 m L·hm~(-2)),测定棉花农艺性状、生理特性及产量和品质等指标。【结果】棉花株高和单株果枝数随DPC+剂量的增加而下降,低(450m L·hm~(-2))、中(750 m L·hm~(-2))、高剂量(1050 m L·hm~(-2))DPC+处理的株高和单株果枝分别比人工打顶增加9.4cm和4.8个,6.2 cm和3.9个,2.2 cm和2.6个。中等灌水量(4800 m3·hm~(-2))下棉花产量最高,比低灌水量(3000m3·hm~(-2))处理增产20%左右,比高灌水量(6600 m3·hm~(-2))处理增产5%左右。低、中、高灌水量下,分别以低、中、高剂量DPC+的产量最高,一般较人工打顶提高5%~10%。低灌水量下低剂量DPC+处理主要依靠较大的群体生物量获得相对较高的产量,高灌水量下高剂量DPC+处理主要依靠较高的产量器官干物质分配率获得相对较高的产量,而中等灌水量下中等剂量DPC+处理的产量在所有处理中最高,得益于比较适宜的冠层生产能力和合理的干物质分配能力。【结论】灌水量需要与DPC+剂量互相配合,在增加群体物质生产能力的同时保障营养生长和生殖生长协调,这是提高棉花DPC+化学封顶技术成功率的关键途径之一。     

Response of Enzyme Activity of Soil to Urea Application Rate in a Cotton Field Trial

We studied the response of urease activity of soil in cotton field to different long-term urea (amide nitrogen) application (N application rates were 0, 90, 180, 270, 360, 450 kg·hm^－2), as well as responses of dehydrogenase and proteinase activity of soil at the harvest stage of cotton. The results showed that urease activity of soil increased with increased urea application rate, and urease activity at 0-20 cm soil depth were close to those at 20-40cm soil depth. In contrast, urease activity of soil greater than 40 cm soil depth decreased with increased soil depth. There was a significant positive correlation between urease activity and total N content, organic matter content, and available N content of soil. Dehydrogenase and proteinase activities increased with increased urea application rate (0-360 kg·hm^－2); however, at the urea application rate of 450 kg·hm^－2, dehydrogenase and proteinase activities declined. When the urea application rate was 270-360 kg ·hm^－2, urease, dehydrogenase and proteinase activities were much higher than those of the urea application rate less than 270 kg ·hm^－2, and there was no significant effect on urease, dehydrogenase and proteinase activities when urea application rate was 270-360 kg·hm^－2 in the cotton field.     

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Soil Salinity after Different Durations of Plastic Film-based Mulching in a Drip-irrigated Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Field in Southern Xinjiang,China

[Objective] Plastic film-based mulching is widely used to improve water harvesting and crop productivity in semiarid areas. It is also extensively used for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in inland northwestern China, especially in temperature-and rainfall-limited areas. However, it is unclear whether the technology can sustainably maintain the soil water level and salt balance. The primary objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to determine whether different durations of plastic film-based mulching influenced temporal and spatial variations in soil salinity in drip-irrigated cotton fields; and (ii) to determine the optimum duration for plastic film-based mulching. [Method] We imposed six treatments, plastic film-based mulching continuously for 40, 55, 70, 85, and 100 d, as well as a control (CK) for the whole growth period, in drip-irrigated cotton fields in the oasis of southern Xinjiang. [Result] The mean soil water content in the 0–80-cm layers increased as the plastic film-based mulching duration increased. Compared with CK, the soil water content decreased from 14.5% to 7.5% from 40 d to 85 d, and the soil water content of the 100-d film mulching treatment was 4.4% greater than that of the CK. The average soil salt content increased as the plastic film-based mulching duration decreased, and there was a greater influence on the 0–40-cm soil layer than on the 60–80-cm soil layer. The longer the film mulching duration, the greater the salt suppression effect. However, after a plastic film-based mulching duration of more than 100 d, the moisture preservation and salt suppression began to decline. [Conclusion] The 85-d to 100-d period in which salt suppression was associated with plastic film-based mulching approximately covers the whole cotton growth period. These results provide a theoretical basis for the control of soil salinization and for maintaining high yields in the cotton fields of Xinjiang.     

Reproductive Compensation of Cotton after Salt Stress Relief at Different Growth Stages

Differential salt sensitivity during growth stages and reproductive compensation of plants after salt stress relief are important factors for adopting appropriate irrigation strategies with saline waters. Consequently, recovery of cotton after exposure to different levels of salt stress was evaluated. An outdoor, sand culture experiment was conducted with cotton. Water salinities were 2, 10 and 20 dS m⁻¹, and the growth phases were vegetative (G1), reproductive (G2) and boll development (G3). G1 and G3 were the least and the most salt tolerant phases, respectively. The significant yield reduction in all of the saline water treatments as compared to control was mainly due to the reduction in number of bolls per plants. In general, cotton plants were capable of producing seed cotton under salt stress, as well as, after salt stress relief. However, as the salt stress severity increased the ability of cotton to compensate yield loss decreased. Irrigation of cotton at G1 stage with either moderate (10 dS m⁻¹) or high (20 dS m⁻¹) salinity waters should be avoided. Moderate saline water could be applied either at G2 or G3 stage. High salinity water can be used for irrigation only at G3 stage to produce acceptable cotton seed yield.     

起垄覆膜与土壤脱盐剂对江苏沿海中重度盐碱地棉花成苗和产量的影响

以中棉所79为材料,于2012和2013年在江苏大丰稻麦原种场盐碱地设计高垄覆膜、高垄不覆膜、土壤脱盐剂+覆膜、土壤脱盐剂+高垄覆膜、土壤脱盐剂+高垄不覆膜和平作覆膜6个处理对棉花出苗、产量及与抗盐相关的生理指标影响。结果表明:与平作覆膜相比(CK),高垄覆膜+土壤脱盐剂能显著提高籽棉产量和促进出苗,产量比对照提高32.00%~113.78%;土表20 cm土壤盐分降低最多,下降42.07%,出苗率提高148.8%。同时高垄覆膜+土壤脱盐剂处理能有效地减少棉苗叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸的积累,降低叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力。因此,高垄覆膜与土壤脱盐剂的应用,由于能有效降低中重度盐碱地的盐分,从而有利于棉花发芽出苗,降低盐分逆境对棉苗的胁迫效应,最终促进产量提高。     

覆盖措施对咸水结冰灌溉后土壤水盐动态和棉花生产的影响

对咸水结冰灌溉融冰后不同防止返盐措施处理的土壤水盐动态以及棉花的出苗、生长特征和产量进行了研究。结果表明,不同的覆盖措施对抑制土壤表层水分蒸发的效果有显著差异,3月和4月份表层土壤含水量影响5月份的含盐量,而5月份表层土壤的含盐量直接决定棉花出苗率。地膜覆盖和保留前茬旧膜的处理保墒抑盐效果最好,棉花出苗率和产量也最高;秸秆覆盖也有一定的抑盐效果;而翻耕和中耕对土壤保墒抑盐的作用较差;液态膜处理的抑盐效果最差,棉花的出苗率和产量最低。可见保留前茬旧膜是简便有效的保墒抑盐途径。     

氮素对滨海盐土棉花产量、品质及生物量的影响

为研究不同施氮量对滨海盐土花后棉株生物量、生物量累积特征及其与产量、品质的关系,于2010年和2012年在江苏滨海盐土设置了氮肥水平试验。结果表明:在0~600 kg·hm-2范围内施氮量越大棉株总生物量累积越多,而皮棉产量2010年和2012年分别在施氮375 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2时达到最大;成铃数在施氮300~375 kg·hm-2范围内达到最大;铃重和衣分随施氮量增加而增加,达到最大值后(≥300 kg·hm-2)差异不显著。在300~375 kg·hm-2施氮量范围内纤维比强度最高;高氮有利于上部、顶部果枝纤维长度、比强度、伸长率的提高和马克隆值的优化,但显著降低中下部果枝棉纤维比强度,导致中部纤维马克隆值变劣、下部果枝纤维伸长率下降,说明高氮对中下部果枝棉纤维品质的形成利弊各半,适量高氮可提高上部及顶部果枝产量、品质。在滨海盐土条件下,利于产量、品质及氮素利用效率提高的适宜施氮量为375 kg·hm-2。     

蕾期调亏灌溉对海岛棉棉铃发育及产量的影响

以新海24号、新海35号为材料,设置滴灌定额0 m3·hm-2(重度调亏,土壤含水量10%左右)、900 m3·hm-2(轻度调亏,土壤含水量16%左右)、1800 m3·hm-2(丰水,土壤含水量20%左右)3个处理,研究蕾期调亏灌溉对海岛棉棉铃发育及产量的影响。结果表明:0 m3·hm-2处理的铃直径、铃体积分别在花后10 d内、20 d内快速增大,铃重在花后30 d内增长速度较快;但铃直径、铃体积在开花后30 d,铃重在开花后50~60 d,均较900 m3·hm-2和1800 m3·hm-2处理显著下降。900 m3·hm-2处理的铃直径、铃体积及铃重均与1800 m3·hm-2处理无明显差异。皮棉产量以900 m3·hm-2处理最高,平均为2372.92 kg·hm-2,比1800 m3·hm-2和0 m3·hm-2分别高10.97%和41.78%。因此,海岛棉蕾期滴灌定额以900 m3·hm-2较为适宜。     

氯甲基吡啶对滴灌棉花生物量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响

在田间滴灌条件下,采用单因素随机区组设计,设置CK(不施氮肥)、Urea(尿素)和Urea+Nitrapyrin(尿素+氯甲基吡啶)3个处理,重复4次,分别于2012和2013年研究了尿素添加硝化抑制剂氯甲基吡啶(Nitrapyrin)对棉花生物量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响。2年试验结果表明,尿素添加氯甲基吡啶随水滴施能增加棉株的生物量、吸氮量及产量,使植株地上部分的生物量和吸氮量较单施尿素分别提高4.1%~5.1%、4.3%~4.4%,皮棉产量提高4.1%~4.4%;其中,茎、叶、蕾花铃的生物量较单施尿素分别增加2.7%~4.5%、14.9%~16.2%和2.5%~3.9%,吸氮量则分别提高0.4%~1.1%、12.2%~16.3%以及2.9%~3.4%;氯甲基吡啶的添加能提高棉田氮肥利用率11.5%~12.5%。研究结果可为应用硝化抑制剂氯甲基吡啶促进滴灌农田氮肥高效利用提供理论依据。     

棉花盐害的控制技术及其机理

棉花是耐盐作物,但土壤耕层中积累过多的盐离子会通过离子毒害、渗透胁迫和引起营养失衡等机制导致盐害。控制棉花盐害的途径主要有两条,一是提高棉花自身的耐盐性,另一方面是躲避或减轻盐胁迫。本文评述了提高棉花耐盐性和躲避或减轻盐胁迫的途径、原理和方法,提出在工程措施改良盐碱地的基础上,综合运用适宜品种、水肥运筹、种子处理及地膜覆盖和诱导根区盐分差异分布等农艺措施是现阶段控制盐碱地棉花盐害的有效途径。     

黄河流域棉区秸秆还田下机采棉的氮肥用量和利用率研究

提高种植密度、优化缩节胺(1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride,DPC)化控技术是黄河流域棉区机采棉田的基本管理措施,秸秆还田则是实现农作物化肥零增长的技术途径之一。于2013―2014年在河北省河间市秸秆还田地块,研究了密度、DPC化控和氮(Nitrogen,N)肥用量对棉花产量及其构成因素、干物质和N的积累与分配以及N肥利用率的影响,其中2013年蕾期和花铃期降水量大,2014年比较干旱。研究结果表明,与低密度(6.75×10~4株·hm~(-2))相比,高密度处理(11.25×10~4株·hm~(-2))在干旱年份的籽棉产量和N肥偏生产力分别显著提高8.1%和7.4%,N回收率也显著增加25.5百分点,达到41.6%。与清水对照相比,DPC化控的籽棉产量、N肥偏生产力和农学效率在多雨年份分别显著提高39.2%、43.3%和212.8%,N回收率略增加但差异不显著。提高密度促进了干物质积累,但降低了多雨年份的收获指数;DPC化控的生物量较低,但在多雨和干旱年份均可提高收获指数。N肥用量对棉花产量的影响不显著,但表现出低N处理(105 kg·hm~(-2))的产量高于中N处理(210 kg·hm~(-2))和高N处理(315 kg·hm~(-2))的趋势。低N处理2年的N肥偏生产力分别为24.5 kg·kg~(-1)和54.4kg·kg~(-1),回收率分别为45.2%和41.0%,显著高于中N处理和高N处理。综上所述,增密和DPC化控相结合,有利于机采棉田干物质的积累及向产量器官的分配,有利于维持产量的稳定性;在秸秆还田条件下,棉田的适宜施N量可降至105 kg·hm~(-2)。     

灌溉定额和施氮量对机采棉田水分运移及硝态氮残留的影响

水资源短缺和土壤环境污染严重是制约农业可持续健康发展的瓶颈,迫使农民开发和采用可持续的农业生产技术。水分运动机理和氮肥残留行为是评价干旱地区农业水肥管理水平的依据,提高水氮利用效率是降低环境污染这一重要科学问题的重要途径。本研究采用裂区试验设计,以灌溉量为主区,设2250(低灌溉量,W1)、3450(传统灌溉量,W2)和4650 m~3 hm–2 (高灌溉量, W3) 3个灌溉量;设0 (空白, N1)、300 (传统施肥量, N2)和600 kg hm–2 (高施氮量, N3) 3个纯氮投入量,在干旱的中国西北内陆棉区开展2年的田间试验,评估灌溉和施氮策略对水氮运移、籽棉产量、水氮生产效率的影响。结果表明,灌溉量及水氮耦合效应是影响籽棉产量及灌溉水生产力的影响因素,其中灌溉量是主效应。2年均值表明,灌溉量为W1时,施肥量由N1增加至N3,生育期0～80 cm平均土壤含水量呈先显著上升后显著下降的趋势, N2和N3处理较N1处理籽棉产量分别提高13.8%和7.6%,水分利用效率分别提高13.6%和6.8%;灌溉量为W2和W3时,施肥量由N1增加至N3,生育期0～80 cm土层平均含水量...     

全膜覆土种植和施肥对旱地苦荞耗水特征及产量的影响

探究全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对半干旱区旱地苦荞土壤耗水特征和产量的影响,于2015—2017年连续3年进行定位试验,全膜覆土种植方式下,设置高量(N 120 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅90 kg hm^-2+K2O 60 kg hm^-2,HF)、中量(N 80 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅60 kg hm^-2+K2O 40 kg hm^-2,MF)、低量(N 40 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅30 kg hm^-2+K2O 20 kg hm^-2,LF)和零施肥(ZF),以传统露地种植不施肥为CK,共5个处理,以明确全膜覆土种植和施肥对半干旱区苦荞的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,苦荞全膜覆土种植后集雨保墒效果明显,能够改善土壤水分环境,增加花前贮水,LF能够根据不同降水年型和土壤水分状况调控苦荞花前花后土壤耗水,在干旱年LF较ZF、MF、HF、CK能够提高苦荞花后土壤贮水量2.8~23.5 mm,增加花前0~100 cm土层土壤剖面水分耗散量26.3~32.4 mm,增加生育期总耗水量44.5 mm,提高耗水模系数、耗水强度,显著增加成熟期干物质量1.2%~58.8%、灌浆期叶面积指数4.1%~68.5%,增加单株粒重1.6%~61.6%,提高籽粒饱满率0.6%~29.2%,增加生物量1.1%~182.5%,提高产量1.1%~130.4%,提高水分利用效率0.3%~102.7%。可见,旱地苦荞全膜覆土种植低量施肥处理贮水效果明显,能够达到水肥耦合作用,且能够根据降水等环境条件调控植株生育期耗水,显著提高苦荞生物产量、产量和水分利用效率,是适宜于半干旱区苦荞增产增效的栽培模式。