干旱胁迫对棉花生长发育和光合荧光参数的影响

为明确持续干旱胁迫对棉花生长发育、叶片水势、光合特性、荧光参数的影响,以‘新陆早57号’为试验材料,在土壤水分试验场内,设置3个水分处理（正常、轻度干旱、重度干旱）,研究不同干旱程度下棉花发育期、叶面积、干物质、产量、叶片水势、光合荧光参数的变化规律。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫时间的延长叶面积指数、光合物质积累量、籽棉产量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)呈下降趋势,叶片水势先下降后上升,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)则呈上升趋势,且随干旱程度的加剧而增加。经统计分析,干旱胁迫下Pn、Tr、Gs与对照差异显著(P<0.05)。干旱胁迫持续15天后,重度干旱胁迫下Yield、qP、qN与对照差异显著(P<0.05),轻度干旱差异不显著。Pn、Tr、Gs、Yield、qP、qN均能反映棉花叶片水分状况,但Yield、qP、qN更为敏感。     

干旱和盐胁迫对棉苗光合抑制效应的比较

以无盐正常供水为对照,研究了等渗条件下干旱和NaCl处理对棉苗光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MAD)与游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量的影响.干旱和盐胁迫都显著降低叶片的Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、气孔限制值(Ls)和叶绿素与类胡罗卜素含量.干旱或盐胁迫引起初始荧光(F0)上升,最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)显著下降,PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(φPSⅡ)略有降低,而POD活性、MDA和Pro含量显著提高.棉苗在不同胁迫后的叶绿素含量、POD活性、MDA和Pro累积等方面存在量上的差异,说明等渗条件下干旱和盐胁迫对光合的抑制效应与机理存在诸多相似性,也有特异性.     

花铃期干旱胁迫下氮素水平对棉花光合作用与叶绿素荧光特性的影响

于2004—2005在江苏南京农业大学卫岗试验站进行盆栽试验, 设置干旱与对照2个土壤水分处理, 每个处理再设置3个氮素水平, 研究了花铃期干旱胁迫下氮素水平对棉花叶片光合作用与叶绿素荧光参数的影响, 以期为棉花花铃期干旱时的合理氮肥运筹提供理论依据。结果表明, 与对照相比, 干旱处理显著降低了棉株凌晨叶水势、土壤相对含水量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)与胞间CO₂浓度(C_i), 但提高了叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、总叶绿素(Chl a+b)及类胡萝卜素(Car)的含量。干旱处理下, P_n、G_s、C_i、Chl a、Chl b、Chl a+b及Car均以240 kg hm^-2氮素水平最高。干旱胁迫下叶绿素初始荧光(Fo)明显升高, 且随氮素水平的提高而增大; 而最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光系统II(PS II)量子产量(ΦPS II)、电子传递速率(ETR)与光化学猝灭系数(qP)均显著降低, 干旱胁迫亦增大了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)。干旱胁迫下F_v/F_m、ΦPS II、ETR与qP均以240 kg hm^-2氮素水平最高。干旱胁迫显著降低叶片蒸腾速率(Tr), 导致叶温升高, 增施氮肥进一步增大了叶温。干旱胁迫降低了棉株各器官干物质重, 而施氮则增大水分胁迫指数。综合分析认为, 过量施氮或施氮不足均不利于提高棉花叶片光合性能。两年试验结果表明, 在本试验设置的3个氮素水平中, 花铃期干旱胁迫下以240 kg hm^-2纯氮, 且基施50%, 初花期追施50%较适宜。     

干旱复水对白姜花光合和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

探究在干旱胁迫和复水过程中白姜花光合和叶绿素荧光的生理响应,为姜花属植物抗旱性研究提供参考依据。以当年生白姜花单株盆栽苗为材料进行自然干旱试验,分别于干旱的第0、3、6、9、12天和复水第3天测量土壤相对湿度、叶片枯萎率、光合和叶绿素荧光参数。在干旱的第3、6、9、12天,土壤相对湿度从第0天的84.60%分别下降到了59.20%、34.40%、20.40%、15.40%;随着干旱程度的不断加深,叶片枯萎率、蒸腾速率、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、最大光化学效率、实际光能转化效率、光化学淬灭系数和光合电子传递速率均呈现下降趋势,其胁迫时期的参数间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);而水分利用效率、气孔限制值、非光化学淬灭系数则呈现上升趋势,其胁迫时期的参数间也存在显著差异(P<0.05);复水3天后各项指标均有不同程度恢复。综合分析各项参数,干旱胁迫对白姜花光合和荧光特性影响显著,气孔因素是导致白姜花净光合速率下降的主要因素;干旱后复水各项指标均能恢复,表明白姜花具有一定的干旱适应能力。     

棉花适宜土壤水分下限和干旱指标研究

通过研究确定了在节水灌溉条件下棉花生育阶段适宜土壤水分下限（为田间最大持水量百分数）苗期为５５％、蕾期为６０％、花铃期为７０％、成熟期为５５％。干旱指标以棉花受旱程度分等，当各生育阶段土壤水分比适宜土壤水分下限值低１０％～１５％时为中等干旱，小于１０％时为轻度干旱，大于１５％时为重度干旱。     

持续干旱对油棕幼苗叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

为研究持续干旱对油棕叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响,以油棕2 年生幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方式模拟自然持续干旱,测定叶绿素荧光参数及叶绿素含量,并运用隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合分析。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,油棕叶片叶绿素含量、可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)均降低;初始荧光(F0)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则升高,说明干旱胁迫伤害了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ),使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)降低,光合电子传递、光合原初反应过程受到抑制,起光保护作用的热耗散(NPQ)提高。4 个品种的叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量的变化存在品种间差异,整个处理过中对干旱的适应性‘热油6号’＞‘热油8号’＞‘热油2号’＞‘热油4号’,因此,叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量可作为抗旱性强弱的诊断指标用于油棕抗旱育种及相关研究。     

棉花叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数遗传分析

选用6个荧光参数有显著差异的棉花品种(系),采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计配制9个组合,应用AD模型对其盛花期叶片叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数进行了遗传分析。结果表明,棉花叶片叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数中Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo与NPQ以显性方差为主,qP以加性方差为主。Fv/Fo具有较高的狭义遗传率,Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo的广义遗传率均达到极显著水平。Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo与产量间均存在很高的加性相关,显性相关均为负值且达到极显著水平,与纤维长度、麦克隆值相关性也较高。qP、NPQ与主要经济性状间的相关系数为负值。     

北疆高产棉田群体光合速率及与产量关系的研究

研究了北疆２２５０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２高产条件下棉花群体光合速率的变化及与产量之间的关系。结果表明,２２５０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２高产棉田群体光合速率在整个生育期的变化呈单峰型曲线,在盛花期以前稳定上升,至盛铃期达最大,值为４．０５ｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－１,吐絮盛期尚保持较高水平。全生育期平均值为２．６３ｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－１。群体光合速率的日变化也呈单峰曲线,在１ｄ内至北京时间１４∶００～１５∶００达最大值。与其它产量条件下棉花群体光合速率的变化结果进行统计分析,盛花结铃期和吐絮期群体光合速率与皮棉产量呈显著正相关。在生产上,加强棉田后期管理,保持较高的群体光合速率,有利于棉花高产。     

脱叶剂对棉花叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,对脱叶剂的不同喷施时间条件下棉花叶片光能吸收、传递、转换特性及棉花产量进行了研究。结果表明喷施脱叶剂降低了棉花叶片的光合功能,降低了最大光化学效率(Maximum photochemical efficiency,Fv/Fm)及PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,使初始荧光(Minimal fluorescence,Fo)上升、光合电子传递速率(Electron transport rate,ETR)和PSⅡ总的光化学量子产量(Photosynthetic quantum yield,Yield)降低,提高了非光化学猝灭系数(Non-radiant energy,NPQ),说明脱叶剂胁迫下棉花叶片发生了光抑制,PSⅡ复合体受到损伤伴随着光合电子传递受阻。吐絮率10%时喷施脱叶剂使棉花铃重、衣分、皮棉产量显著低于对照。吐絮率50%时喷施脱吐隆300 g·hm~(-2)+40%乙烯利1200 m L·hm~(-2),第25天棉花脱叶率为90.1%,吐絮率为99.87%,对棉花铃重、衣分及皮棉产量影响最小且更有利于促进叶片脱落和棉铃成熟。     

Hyperspectral Estimation Model of Chlorophyll Content in Cotton Canopy Leaves under Drip Irrigation at Different Growth Stages

[Objective] This article is aimed to estimate the chlorophyll content of cotton canopy leaves in drip irrigation fields at different growth stages in northern Xinjiang and establish a model for estimating chlorophyll content in growth time series by using hyperspectral. [Method] Using Xinluzao 45 as the experimental material, the chlorophyll content and the corresponding spectral reflectance of cotton canopy leaves at different nitrogen levels and growing stages were measured, and the relationship between 12 indices and the chlorophyll content was analyzed. The estimation models of the chlorophyll content in cotton canopy leaves under drip irrigation were established. [Result] The correlation coefficient between the chlorophyll content of canopy leaves and Vogelmann red edge index was high in the four growing periods of cotton, and the correlation coefficient was 0.944, 0.907, 0.895, 0.930, respectively. And the spectral reflectivity was the highest at the flowering and boll period. The precision of the model established by the multivariate regression method is higher than that of the single exponential linear model with the determination coefficient more than 0.8 and the root mean square error smaller than that of the single exponential linear model. The model of the budding stage (y＝82.509_x1＋89.937_x2－94.438) has the best precision. [Conclusion] The chlorophyll content can be estimated by the models established at different growth stages, and the budding stage model has the best monitoring effect.     

干旱胁迫下陆地棉光合叶绿素荧光参数与产量品质间的关联性分析

本研究在控制水肥条件下,以不同抗旱性的14份陆地棉为材料,通过测定现蕾期叶片的SPAD值、光合叶绿素荧光参数、吐絮期产量、分析光合叶绿素荧光参数与产量品质间的相关性,筛选出与抗旱性密切相关的指标.结果 表明,陆地棉18k0205的蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、光合速率(Pn)、光系统Ⅱ有效量子产量ΦPSⅡ和田间产...     

Antioxidant and Photosynthetic Responses of Cotton to Soil Drought Stress during Flowering and Fruiting Stage

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to examine potential drought tolerance mechanisms in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Biochemical (antioxidant, protein and compatible osmolyte) and physiological (photosynthesis) responses to drought stress during the flowering and fruiting stages were examined. [Method] Using two cotton genotypes (A001 and A705) with different drought tolerance, a pot study was conducted in 2016 with treatments consisting of control (well-watered) and water stress. Water stress treatment was designed as withholding water from the pots until stomatal closure followed by limited water supply for 25 days where water-stressed plants received 40% of the optimum quantity of water. Measurements were made on soluble protein, proline and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentrations, peroxidase (POD) activity and photosynthetic characteristics (net photosynthetic rate P_n, transpiration rate E, stomatal conductance G_s) during the period of water stress. [Result] The soluble protein concentration was decreased and POD activity and MDA level were increased in the leaf subtending cotton boll of A001 under water deficit when compared with the control, but no response was observed in A705. Proline level responded to water deficit inconsistently between the two genotypes and across all sampling dates. Water stress significantly decreased P_n, E and G_s in the main stem leaves for both A001 and A705. [Conclusion] The results indicated that POD, soluble protein and MDA are involved in A001 and A705 responses to water deficit, and A705 is more tolerant to soil drought than A001.     

棉花非叶器官的叶绿素荧光异质性研究

【目的】棉花叶片和非叶器官的结构和功能具有异质性,本文针对这一问题通过叶绿素荧光成像技术来研究叶片和非叶器官的光合异质性。【方法】本试验以陆地棉品种新陆早45号为材料,测定了叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数等,以此探讨棉花叶片和非叶器官的光合特性和异质性。【结果】试验结果表明,棉花叶片及非叶器官均存在光合功能的异质性。通过比较不同器官的异质性表明,与叶片相比,非叶器官光合功能的变异程度较大;且不同参数的异质性随光照强度而变化。无论叶片还是非叶器官,与光化学过程相关的参数均随光照强度增加异质性变大,而与非光化学过程相关的参数均表现出随光照强度增加异质性变小的特点。【结论】在研究过程中,如使用普通光纤式叶绿素荧光仪来测定样品(叶片等)的光合性能时,需要对样品的不同部位进行多次测定,才能更好地反映所测定组织的光合性能。而如需要较精确的光化学猝灭或者非光化学猝灭相关的参数时,无论叶片还是非叶器官均需要加大测定的重复数来进行分析,以达到更为准确的目的。     

缩节胺（DPC）对干旱区杂交棉冠层结构及群体光合生产的调节

 在干旱气候生态条件下,设置常规化调和轻量化调2种方式,以常规棉品种为对照,研究了不同剂量缩节胺（DPC）对杂交棉品种冠层结构及群体光合生产的影响。结果表明,轻量化调下,杂交种标杂A₁和石杂2号棉株主茎第6及以上节间长度明显增加,叶面积指数增大且生育后期下降较缓,光截获量增加;植株叶倾角增大,叶片较直立,冠层开度较大,透光良好,群体光合速率峰值高且高值持续期较长,光合物质积累量明显增加,皮棉产量显著提高。常规棉花品种新陆早13号和新陆早36号第6及以上节间长度变化不大,叶面积指数峰值高但生育后期下降较快,生育后期漏光损失严重,群体光合速率下降,产量显著降低。因此,采用轻量化调,有助于杂交种形成高光效冠层结构,增强群体光合生产能力,发挥其生长优势,提高产量。     

Mechanism of Verticillium Wilt Stress Affecting Photosynthetic Characteristics and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Cotton Seedlings

[Objective] The goal of this experiment was to study the effects of Verticillium wilt on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of cotton seedlings, and to provide a theoretical basis for the identification of cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt at the seedling stage and the establishment of Verticillium wilt control techniques. [Method] Zhongzhimian 2 (Verticillium wilt resistant cultivar, ZZM-2) and Jimian 11 (Verticillium wilt susceptible cultivar, JM-11) were selected. Verticillium dahliae was inoculated at the two true leaves stage. The photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the last fully expanded young leaves were measured at 6 d after inoculation. [Result] (1) Under the stress of Verticillium wilt, the leaf area per plant, leaf water potential, photosynthetic pigment content and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of cotton seedlings decreased, and the decreases in ZZM-2 were smaller than those in JM-11. (2) The decreased intercellular CO2 concentration and increased stomatal limitation value in the two test materials indicated that the decrease in Pn was mainly caused by stomatal limitation, and the decrease in chlorophyll a in ZZM-2 was smaller than the decrease in chlorophyll b, whereas the opposite trend was observed in JM-11. (3) The light response curve parameters of ZZM-2 were increased and theCO₂ response curve parameters of ZZM-2 were decreased, but all parameters in JM-11 were decreased. For ZZM-2, the potential photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation (Y_NPQ) and the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation (Y_NO) were increased slightly and the actual photochemical efficiency (Y_II) was decreased slightly, but the differences in these four indexes between diseased plants and healthy plants was not significant; however, the variable fluorescence yield (F_v) was significantly decreased. For JM-11, F_v, Fv/F_m, Y_II and Y_NPQ were significantly decreased, and Y_NO was significantly increased. (4) F_v/F_m in leaf lesion sites decreased, but that in non-lesion sites did not decline or even showed a slight increase. [Conclusion] Verticillium wilt resistant cultivars with higher photosynthetic capacity and carbon assimilation ability could reduce the effects of Verticillium wilt on photosynthetic characteristics and reduce the impacts on cotton yield and quality.     

花铃期干旱胁迫复水后棉花产量和纤维品质的变化研究

以抗旱差异明显的中棉所45(CCRI 45)和中棉所60(CCRI 60)为材料,采用人工控水的方法,研究棉花花铃期不同干旱胁迫程度和干旱胁迫后复水棉花根系干物质质量、皮棉产量和纤维品质的变化。结果表明,CCRI 45根系干物质质量增加幅度和皮棉产量在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水最大,且达到显著水平(P0.05),CCRI 60根系干物质质量增加幅度和皮棉产量在SRWC((60±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水最大,且达到显著水平(P0.05),但CCRI 45和CCRI 60根系干物质质量和皮棉产量在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫9 d后复水显著低于对照。CCRI 45纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、伸长率和断裂比强度在SRWC((60±5)%)和SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水均高于对照,CCRI 60纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、伸长率和断裂比强度在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫3 d和SRWC((60±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水均高于对照,但未达到显著水平,CCRI 45和CCRI 60在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫9 d后复水纤维品质显著低于对照。在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水,CCRI 45根系干物质质量和皮棉产量的增加幅度大于CCRI 60,表明CCRI 45的抗旱性高于CCRI 60,且补偿能力较高。同时,棉花根系干物质质量增加量与棉花皮棉增加量存在显著的正相关关系。本研究结论将为棉花生产上适时、适度采取抗旱栽培调控措施及开展棉花节水高产栽培技术研究提供理论依据。     

盐胁迫对水稻叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以一个耐盐水稻品种和一个盐敏感水稻品种为材料,从孕穗初期开始进行NaCl胁迫(浓度分别为0,40,80,120mmo1/L ),研究盐胁迫下水稻叶片光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明:盐胁迫使两个水稻品种叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cs)和表观叶肉导度(AMC)均显著下降,盐敏感品种各指标随盐浓度的增加下降更显著;耐盐品种的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)在各浓度盐胁迫下变化均未达到显著差异,盐敏感品种在低盐浓度(40mmo1/L)胁迫下,Ci和Ls变化不显著,在高盐浓度(80mmo1/L和120mmo1/L)下,Ci显著下降,且Ls显著上升;盐胁迫下两个品种的Fv/F0, Fv’/Fm’,ΦPSII,ETR、光化学碎灭(qP)下降,非光化学碎灭(qN)升高,盐敏感品种随盐浓度的增加各指标变化更显著。由本试验可知,盐胁迫下水稻品种光合速率的下降是由非气孔限制因素引起的,而盐敏感品种在高浓度盐胁迫下还增加了气孔限制因素。     

在干旱条件下保水剂保水效果及其对棉花产量的影响

研究在干旱条件下保水剂保水效果,及其对棉花产量和产量带来经济效益的影响。本次研究设5个处理,即土壤保水剂施用量为0 (CK)、15 (T1)、30 (T2)、45 (T3)和60 kg/hm² (T4),每个处理3个重复,在和田策勒县进行试验。结果表明：（1）各处理与对照的土壤含水量在0~30 cm的土层中差异不显著(P＞0.05),其中0~10 cm土层中各处理保持在14.62%~15.53%之间,10~30 cm保持在16.35%~17.95%之间;而在30~40 cm土层中,对照与各处理间的土壤中含水量差异明显(P＜0.05),T1、T2、T3和T4土壤含水量较CK分别增加了6.6%,7.45%,7.9%和7.8%。（2）相比CK,T1、T2、T3和T4产量达到显著差异水平(P＜0.05),籽棉产量最高为2868.90 kg/hm² (T2)。从经济效益分析可知,处理T1、T2、T3和T4分别比对照增加了6600.30、9649.80、6937.50、6543.45元/hm²,其中30 kg/hm² (T2)处理的投入产出比为16.08。试验区施用保水剂后土层土壤水分有增加的趋势,施用量在30 kg/hm²时棉花产量最高,此时经济效益也达到最高水平。     

不同生育时期干旱胁迫对马铃薯生理生化指标的影响

研究不同生育时期干旱胁迫下马铃薯相关生理生化指标的变化,以期探讨干旱胁迫下马铃薯抗旱的生理机制。选取生产上推广的‘冀张薯8号’和‘夏波蒂’两个马铃薯品种,在旱棚内分区栽培。不同生育时期进行干旱处理,测定马铃薯超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）的含量变化。结果表明,各生育时期干旱胁迫下,马铃薯MDA、Pro含量均增加,而SOD活性下降。花期干旱胁迫对马铃薯的生理生化指标影响最大;抗性强的品种MDA、脯氨酸含量增加的幅度较小,SOD的活力较高,而抗旱性弱的品种则相反。抗旱性强的品种在生理生化指标上具有抗旱的调节机制。     

不同施肥量对北疆高产棉花冠层结构、养分吸收和产量构成的影响

为了对膜下滴灌棉花高产高效栽培的施肥措施提供理论依据,采用小区实验,研究不同氮、磷、钾施用量对棉花冠层结构、养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明：随着施肥量的增加棉花叶面积指数在盛铃期以前显著增加,盛铃期及以后叶面积指数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,其峰值出现在盛铃期。在盛铃期植株氮、磷、钾的含量随着施肥量的增加而增加。随着施肥量的增加棉花平均叶簇倾角变大,株型变的紧凑,但施肥量过多会导致棉花群体叶面积增加过多,群体散射辐射与直射辐射透过系数小,冠层结构不良,削弱了棉花个体发育,造成单株成铃数和单铃重降低。随施肥量的增加棉花产量有显著差异,表现为先增加后减少的趋势。表明施肥过量或过低棉花均难以获得高产,对于北疆地区棉花高产栽培建议棉花滴灌施肥量为尿素639.60 kg/hm²、磷酸一铵177.67 kg/hm²、硫酸钾施148.06 kg/hm²。