Effects of Limited Irrigation on Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter,Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Different Cotton Varieties

[Objective]We aimed to prove the effects of limited irrigation on the regulation of soil moisture, growth, and yield in different mature cotton varieties in the Yellow River region. [Method] Using the early maturing cotton variety CCRI 50, earlier middle maturing variety Nongdamian 601 (ND 601), and medium maturing variety Jimian 958 (JM 958) as test materials, field tests were carried out using both conventional irrigation (W1) and limited irrigation (proper irrigation before sowing, no irrigation during growing period; W2). The traits of interest were measured, including leaf area index, water use efficiency, and yield. [Result] The dry matter quality of the three varieties was significantly lower with the W2 treatment, with the greatest reduction observed in CCRI 50 (P＜0.05). Compared with the W1 treatment, the yield of the three varieties under the W2 treatment decreased significantly, with the greatest reduction observed in the early maturing variety CCRI 50. The water use efficiency of CCRI 50 decreased significantly while that of ND 601 and JM 958 improved significantly during the two study years. [Conclusion] ND 601 and JM 958 have good adaptability to moderate drought stress and W2 treatment can improve the water use efficiency of these varieties to obtain the ideal output level. CCRI 50 is sensitive to moisture; it is difficult to form a high yield population for this variety under W2 treatment.     

干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。     

棉花花铃期土壤持续干旱胁迫对产量形成的调节效应

 通过花铃期不同持续时间土壤干旱处理,研究干旱胁迫对棉花产量形成的影响。表明持续干旱对子棉产量影响以单株成铃数＞成铃率＞单铃重。短期干旱胁迫W1处理增加成铃数显示子棉增产,同步抑制下部内围铃棉纤维和棉子的物质积累量,解除胁迫后形成盛花结铃阶段产量潜载优势,极显著提高下、中部外围和上部内围铃子棉产量,实现增产;花后持续20 d以上干旱胁迫效应会延续至花后50 d,整体降低各部位棉铃的积累物质供应量,产量器官虽具干物质积累相对优势,但子棉产量潜载势降低,单株成铃数、单铃重趋降显示子棉减产;干旱胁迫对子棉产量的调控显示区位效应,降产效应随干旱延长显示由下而上、由内而外区位拓展态势,解除胁迫可获得一定产量补偿。     

Spatial difference of drought effect on photosynthesis of leaf subtending to cotton boll and its relationship with boll biomass

The leaf subtending to a cotton boll (LSCB) is vital to boll development and biomass, but few studies have examined the effects of drought on the source capacity of LSCBs on different fruiting branches (FBs). To investigate the response of LSCB photosynthesis on different FBs and the relationship of boll biomass to drought, a drought experiment was performed with three treatments: well‐watered (WW, soil water relative content [SRWC] 75 ± 5%), mild drought (MD, SRWC 60 ± 5%), and severe drought (SD, SRWC 45 ± 5%). Despite photosynthetic active radiation increasing under drought conditions, the pre‐dawn leaf water potential, net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and maximum quantum yield in PSII (Fv/Fm) under MD and SD significantly decreased when compared with WW, with a more pronounced decrease observed on upper FBs. Additionally, the maximum sucrose and hexose levels in LSCBs increased under drought conditions, whereas the maximum starch content decreased on FB_10–11, but showed a varied trend on FB_2–3 and FB_6–7. Although carbohydrate levels in the LSCBs increased, biomass per cotton boll decreased. More importantly, the ratio of cotton boll biomass was significantly correlated to the maximum sucrose content ratio on each FB, indicating that sucrose allocation was important to cotton boll biomass. Cotton boll biomass notably decreased on upper FBs, but was maintained on lower FBs, indicating that drought promoted carbon allocation in older bolls. Thus, LSCBs and cotton bolls on upper FBs were more affected under drought conditions due to decreased photosynthesis and carbohydrate allocation.     

水肥调控策略对膜下滴灌棉花冠层结构和产量的影响

 测定了膜下滴灌棉花常规灌溉施肥、优化灌溉、优化施肥等不同水肥调控处理下棉花生育期叶面积指数等冠层特征,分析了棉花冠层结构的动态变化及其与产量的关系。结果表明：常规灌溉下氮磷配合的常规施肥可显著增加棉花叶面积指数、平均叶倾角,极显著降低散射和直射辐射透过系数,极显著提高单位面积结铃数和铃重,从而极显著提高子棉产量;只使用氮磷肥、不使用钾肥改为氮磷钾肥平衡施用,棉花叶面积指数和平均叶倾角略减,散射和直射辐射透过系数降低,单株结铃数增加,从而进一步提高子棉产量。在常规施肥下减少灌溉量、优化生育期灌水次数和灌水量,可增大棉花叶面积指数和平均叶倾角、降低散射和直射辐射透过系数,提高铃重,从而显著提高子棉产量。     

Effects of Drought on the Sucrose Metabolism of Subtending Leaves of Cotton Bolls at Different Fruiting Branches and Boll Weight during Flowering and Bolling Stages

This study aimed to illustrate the mechanism of sucrose metabolism in subtending leaves of cotton bolls and its relationship with boll weight under drought stress during flowering and bolling stages. The 2-year-long experiments were conducted using pools of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants, NuCOTN 33B, subjected to drought stress (relative water content reduced naturally until the boll opening stage) on the day of anthesis of the middle fruiting branches (MFB), using well-watered conditions as the control. The net photosynthetic rate declined under drought stress in the boll's subtending leaf, respectively, and the decline range was MFB>upper fruiting branch (UFB)>lower fruiting branch (LFB). Drought stress increased the soluble sugar contents of subtending leaves at LFB and UFB but decreased them at MFB. Sucrose content was increased and starch content decreased concomitantly, indicating that drought facilitated the partitioning of photosynthate into sucrose. Drought stress also depressed the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase, while acid invertase activity was initially decreased and then increased. The changes of MFB and UFB exceeded those of LFB, indicating that sucrose synthesis was inhibited, the degradation was first inhibited then promoted, causing a reduction in the amount of sucrose available for export. As a result, the boll weight declined during drought, and the decline range was MFB>UFB>LFB. In conclusion, the decreased sucrose synthesis and the impaired sucrose efflux of subtending leaves of bolls were the main causes for decreased boll weight under drought conditions during flowering and bolling stages of cotton.     

Effects of Planting Date on Sucrose Metabolism in the Leaf Subtending to Cotton Boll,Within-boll Yield Components and Fiber Quality

[Objective] The present study aimed to investigate how sucrose metabolism in the leaf subtending to cotton boll, within-boll yield components and fiber quality respond to varying planting dates. [Method] Two upland cotton lines A705 and A201 differing in cotton boll traits were field tested in 2016-2017. Two different planting dates were designed with early planting on April 12, 2016, and April 15, 2017, and late planting on May 6, 2016, and May 28, 2017, respectively. Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (sucrose, hexose, starch) and key sucrose metabolism enzymes in the leaf subtending to cotton boll were examined including vacuolar acid invertase, cell wall acid invertase, sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase. The differences between two planting dates were compared for within- boll yield components, fiber quality and sucrose metabolism related characteristics. [Result] Late planting lengthened the period of cotton boll maturation relative to early planting. Boll weight, seed mass per boll, seed index and fiber length were increased, and lint percentage and micronaire were decreased. Late planting reduced the activities of cell wall acid invertase and sucrose synthase responsible for sucrose degradation, and in turn led to the increment of sucrose concentration in the subtending leaves which might enhance the carbon supply to the opposite bolls. [Conclusion] Lower temperature due to late planting could contribute to the more full development of cotton bolls. Late planting is an alternative consideration in improvement of fiber quality in cotton cultural practices.     

微咸水对滴灌棉花冠层光合特征及产量品质的影响

为探讨微咸水对新疆膜下滴灌棉花影响效果,利用排碱渠微咸水与河水混合方式,以河水为对照(CK),设置3 g/L和5 g/L两个微咸水矿化度,研究微咸水对滴灌棉花冠层光合特征及产量品质的影响。结果表明:灌溉初期微咸水对棉花影响不明显,至盛花期影响逐渐增强,与对照相比,微咸水滴灌使棉花LAI、MTA、Pn均降低,且5 g/L降幅大于3 g/L,而3 g/L蒸腾速率和气孔导度高于CK和5 g/L。微咸水滴灌使棉花产量降低,3 g/L下降不明显,5 g/L则显著下降,主要原因是单株铃数显著下降,而单铃重呈增加趋势,衣分无明显变化。微咸水对纤维长度和比强度无显著影响,但马克隆值显著增大。因此,低矿化度的微咸水在新疆棉花生产中可适当使用,是缓解棉花旱情实现稳产高产的重要途径。     

调亏灌溉对海岛棉产量及品质的影响研究

为了探明不同调亏程度对海岛棉产量及品质的影响,通过田间小区试验,以正常灌水量为对照,设置轻度调亏（正常灌水量的75%）、中度调亏（正常灌水量的50%）和重度调亏（正常灌水量的25%）,研究调亏灌溉对海岛棉不同部位优质成铃特性的调节效应。结果表明：轻度调亏对棉花产量品质无显著影响,而中度和重度调亏使皮棉产量分别下降了10.8%和25.4%,主要是单株铃数和单铃重显著下降。轻度和中度调亏对衣分影响较小,但重度调亏使衣分显著下降。轻度和重度调亏使纤维长度略有下降,中度调亏则纤维长度增加。纤维比强度和马克隆值随调亏程度增加呈增大趋势,但差异不显著。从不同结铃部位分析,轻度调亏使棉花中部铃重、纤维长度、比强度增大,上部铃重、纤维长度显著降低。而中度和重度调亏均使中部铃重、衣分显著下降,中度调亏使中部棉铃纤维比强度增加,而重度调亏可显著提高下部棉铃纤维比强度。轻度调亏使中部、中度调亏使下部、重度调亏使上部棉铃纤维马克隆值显著增大。     

花铃期干旱胁迫复水后棉花产量和纤维品质的变化研究

以抗旱差异明显的中棉所45(CCRI 45)和中棉所60(CCRI 60)为材料,采用人工控水的方法,研究棉花花铃期不同干旱胁迫程度和干旱胁迫后复水棉花根系干物质质量、皮棉产量和纤维品质的变化。结果表明,CCRI 45根系干物质质量增加幅度和皮棉产量在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水最大,且达到显著水平(P0.05),CCRI 60根系干物质质量增加幅度和皮棉产量在SRWC((60±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水最大,且达到显著水平(P0.05),但CCRI 45和CCRI 60根系干物质质量和皮棉产量在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫9 d后复水显著低于对照。CCRI 45纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、伸长率和断裂比强度在SRWC((60±5)%)和SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水均高于对照,CCRI 60纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、伸长率和断裂比强度在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫3 d和SRWC((60±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水均高于对照,但未达到显著水平,CCRI 45和CCRI 60在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫9 d后复水纤维品质显著低于对照。在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水,CCRI 45根系干物质质量和皮棉产量的增加幅度大于CCRI 60,表明CCRI 45的抗旱性高于CCRI 60,且补偿能力较高。同时,棉花根系干物质质量增加量与棉花皮棉增加量存在显著的正相关关系。本研究结论将为棉花生产上适时、适度采取抗旱栽培调控措施及开展棉花节水高产栽培技术研究提供理论依据。     

优质多抗棉花新品种陕棉4080的选育

陕棉4080是以冀合232为母本,中164为父本杂交,在枯、黄萎病圃种植选择抗病性;水、旱地交替种植选择抗旱性与丰产潜力;在不同环境胁迫压力下,连续选择而成。该品种丰产、优质、抗枯、黄萎病,中抗棉铃虫、耐旱、耐盐碱,1998—1999年陕西省区试结果比对照中19增产霜前皮棉39.0 %。2000—2001年国家黄河流域区试结果,比对照中12增产霜前皮棉23.0%,居首位。证明在多种环境胁迫压力下育成的棉花品种具有广泛的适应性、较强抗逆性和较大的生产潜力     

转Bt基因棉中棉所30不同开花期棉铃发育及产量构成因素的研究

转 Bt基因棉中棉所 30第 I期 (1 998年 7月2 5～ 2 6日开花 )棉铃花后 1 0 d的体积和单铃重分别较轮回亲本中棉所 1 6增加 8.57%和 1 1 .88% ,表明其库强度较高 ;而第 II期 (8月 3～ 5日开花 )和第 III期 (8月 1 2～ 1 4日开花 )棉铃的早期 (铃龄 1 0 d前 )及各期棉铃的中后期 (铃龄 1 0 d后 )体积和单铃重均低于中棉所 1 6,并且其瘪子数随开花期推延快速增加 ,反映了该品种源器官供应能力的不足。中棉所 30棉铃纤维对同化产物的竞争力较强 ,每饱子纤维数、每饱子皮棉重、每铃皮棉重和衣分基本上极显著或显著高于中棉所 1 6,而铃壳和种子的物质积累减少 ,铃壳比例、饱子数、饱子重和子指降低 ,瘪子数上升     

Effect of Irrigation Patterns on Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter,Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Cotton in Southern Hebei

[Objective] This study examines how irrigation patterns affect soil moisture, growth and yield of cotton in southern Hebei, China. The results are used to inform irrigation patterns and improve the water use efficiency of cotton. [Method] Using the Nongda 601 cotton variety, a field split plot experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017. The main treatments were no film (NF) and mulching film (MF), with side treatments of border irrigation (W1, 600 m³·hm^-2), limited amount every-other furrow irrigation I (W2, 450 m³·hm^-2) and limited amount every-other furrow irrigation II (W3, 300 m³·hm^-2). Six treatments NFW1, NFW2, NFW3, MFW1, MFW2, and MFW3 were applied. The film-covered border irrigation represents the conventional cultivation mode of local cotton. Impacts were measured as dry matter mass, yield and water use efficiency. [Result] (1) Dry matter mass of MF was significantly higher than that of NF in 2016 and 2017. However, there was no significant difference in different irrigation treatments under MF. When compared with the dry matter mass of NFW1 in 2016, that of NFW2 and NFW3 were significantly lower: by 14.28% and 13.44%, respectively. In 2017, the dry matter quality of NFW2 significantly increased by 11.29% compared with that of NFW1, but NFW3 showed no significant difference. (2) Cotton yield and water use efficiency showed similar trends in both years. There was no significant difference in yield and water use efficiency for the different irrigation treatments under MF. Compared with NFW1, NFW2 and NFW3 significantly decreased by 10.21%–16.00% and 13.63%–18.84% in yield, respectively, whereas water use efficiency significantly decreased by 8.33%–13.80% and 9.72%–14.61%, respectively. Compared with MFW1, yield and water use efficiency of NFW1 decreased slightly, but not significantly. Compared with MFW2, yield and water use efficiency of NFW2 significantly decreased 12.96%–16.62% and 13.73%–16.51%, respectively. Compared with MFW3, yield and water use efficiency of NFW3 significantly decreased 15.04%–16.29% and 15.03%–16.31%, respectively. [Conclusion] In wet and normal precipitation years, the NFW1 treatment resulted in high cotton yield while preventing residual film pollution; MFW2 and MFW3 treatments also achieved high yields and improved water use efficiency when irrigation quantity was reduced.     

新疆滴灌棉花花铃期干旱复水对叶片光合特性及产量的影响

在新疆气候生态条件下, 采用膜下滴灌植棉技术, 控制花铃期0~60 cm土壤滴水下限分别为田间持水量的45%(中度干旱)、60%(轻度干旱)和75%(正常供水, 对照), 滴水上限均为田间持水量, 研究不同程度干旱复水对棉花叶片光合特性及产量形成的影响。结果表明, 干旱降低了叶片净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s), 中度干旱下叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产量(Ф_PSⅡ)降低, 非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)升高。复水后3 d内P_n和G_s恢复, 以轻度干旱恢复最快; Ф_PSⅡ和qP与Pn的变化相似; NPQ复水后1~2 d显著降低。从初花期至盛铃前期, 轻度干旱复水后光合物质累积量与对照无明显差异, 盛铃后期至吐絮期低于对照, 籽棉产量较低; 中度干旱复水后光合物质累积量及籽棉产量均最低。     

双价转基因抗虫棉中棉所45的丰产性及生理特性研究

以抗虫棉33B和sGK321为对照品种,研究了双价转基因(Bt CpTI)抗虫棉中棉所45的农艺性状、生理生化特性及产量和纤维品质特性.结果表明:虽然中棉所45的营养生长速率低于33B和sGK321,但其生殖生长速率高于33B和sGK321;中棉所45的CAT和POD活性高于sGK321,低于33B,中棉所45的SOD活性和叶绿素含量显著高于33B和sGK321,而MDA含量低于33B和sGK321;表明中棉所45的抗氧化酶活性较强.中棉所45结铃性强,铃大,衣分高,因而其产量高,纤维品质好.由此说明,中棉所45生长发育协调性较好,叶功能好,早熟不早衰,具有较高的丰产性和抗逆性.     

Reproductive Compensation of Cotton after Salt Stress Relief at Different Growth Stages

Differential salt sensitivity during growth stages and reproductive compensation of plants after salt stress relief are important factors for adopting appropriate irrigation strategies with saline waters. Consequently, recovery of cotton after exposure to different levels of salt stress was evaluated. An outdoor, sand culture experiment was conducted with cotton. Water salinities were 2, 10 and 20 dS m⁻¹, and the growth phases were vegetative (G1), reproductive (G2) and boll development (G3). G1 and G3 were the least and the most salt tolerant phases, respectively. The significant yield reduction in all of the saline water treatments as compared to control was mainly due to the reduction in number of bolls per plants. In general, cotton plants were capable of producing seed cotton under salt stress, as well as, after salt stress relief. However, as the salt stress severity increased the ability of cotton to compensate yield loss decreased. Irrigation of cotton at G1 stage with either moderate (10 dS m⁻¹) or high (20 dS m⁻¹) salinity waters should be avoided. Moderate saline water could be applied either at G2 or G3 stage. High salinity water can be used for irrigation only at G3 stage to produce acceptable cotton seed yield.     

棉花"双重子房"棉铃形态学与形成因素的研究

以陆地棉中棉所16为研究材料,采用植物形态学、解剖学方法及栽培技术对海南冬季棉花多年出现的"双重子房"棉铃进行初步研究.结果表明:双重子房棉铃花蕾的形态由共同的苞叶、花萼、花冠、雄蕊、柱头、花柱及生长在大子房中的小子房所组成;小子房早在棉花开花前已经形成,并与大子房争夺营养物质,导致落铃、烂铃;"双重子房"棉铃的生长发...     

基因型差异对棉花光合产物生产和分配的影响及遗传改良研究

通过研究转双价基因(Cry1Ac CpTI)、转单价基因(Cry1Ac)抗虫棉以及常规棉三种基因型棉花光合产物生产和积累分配规律表明,三种基因型棉花光合速率峰值均出现在蕾期和花期,但峰值差异不显著。转基因棉花(单价和双价)花前光合产物积累量降低是生物学产量降低的主要原因;花后光合产物输出率提高是转基因棉花维持产量的主要因素。转基因棉花大量花后光合产物束缚在铃壳中导致转基因棉花铃重较低。在转基因棉花育种中应加强花前光合产物积累量和花后光合产物棉铃有效利用率的选择。     

转RRM2和ACO2-E6基因棉花冠层特征和光合特性与产量形成的关系

为探明转基因棉花产量形成关键期的生理机制,2014―2015年以转RRM2基因棉花及其亲本中棉所12(CK1)、转ACO2-E6基因棉花及其亲本中棉所24(CK2)为材料,研究冠层特征、光合特性等与转基因棉花产量形成的关系,分析比较转基因棉花与亲本的生长发育、产量及其构成的差异。结果表明:转RRM2基因棉花的铃重、籽棉产量、皮棉产量、纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度均高于或显著高于中棉所12。转ACO2-E6基因棉花的衣分、籽棉产量、皮棉产量、纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度均高于或显著高于中棉所24。转基因棉花的籽棉产量与盛铃期的叶面积指数、光系统Ⅱ光化学量子产量、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和可溶性总糖含量等分别呈显著的线性相关。转基因棉花的叶面积指数和可溶性总糖含量于产量形成关键期均高于或显著高于各自对照,且表现出较优的冠层结构以及较合理的源库比。     

花铃期不同钾效率基因型棉花对干旱和低钾胁迫的响应差异

以钾高效和钾低效基因型棉花(HEG和LEG)为试验材料,研究了最优水肥(W1K1),干旱胁迫(W2K1),低钾胁迫(W1K2),干旱、低钾胁迫(W2K2)对其光合作用及水分、钾素利用率的影响。结果表明:干旱显著降低花铃期2种基因型棉花叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),导致蕾铃脱落,钾素利用率(KUE)降低,造成棉花减产。施钾促进叶片Pn及水分利用率(WUE)的提高,但基因型间存在差异,LEG叶片WUE与施钾量成正比,HEG相反。低钾胁迫下HEG的Pn、Tr下降,但Pn下降幅度小于Tr,WUE增大。较高的WUE有利于提高棉花Pn,降低蕾铃脱落率,促进钾素的高效吸收和运输。