Effect of Moderate Drought in the Early Stage on Cotton Yield,Fiber Quality and Water Use Efficiency

[Objective] A 2-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of a moderate drought regime in the early-stage on cotton yield, fiber quality and water use efficiency. [Method] An experiment was set up in 2015 and 2016 on the Qingyuan Experimental Plot of Hebei Agricultural University based on a split plot design with two main plots: (1) conventional irrigation (W1) and (2) drought (limited irrigation before sowing with no irrigation during the growing period, W2). Three sub-plots with different cotton cultivars were established: CCRI 50 (early maturity), Nongdamian 601 (ND 601, moderate earliness), and Jimian 958 (JM 958, intermediate maturity). [Result] (1) Drought stress affected the ratio of seasonal bolls. Under drought stress, the ratio of summer bolls decreased and that of autumn bolls increased. Because the precipitation peak in 2016 was higher than normal and mainly concentrated in July, which was later than in 2015, the ratio of autumn bolls increased in 2016. (2) Drought stress affected cotton yield but had no significant effect on fiber quality. Under moderate drought, the boll number per plant and boll weight of ND 601 and JM 958 decreased, the ratio of boll setting increased (P < 0.05), the boll weight of CCRI 50 increased, and the yields of all three cultivars decreased. Because CCRI 50 is an early-maturing cultivar and sensitive to water, its yield decreased significantly (41.0%). (3) Reducing irrigation by an appropriate amount was able to improve water use efficiency. The water use efficiencies of ND 601 and JM 958 averagely increased significantly, by 15.75% and 10.05%, respectively, between 2015 and 2016 under drought stress. The water use efficiency of CCRI 50 decreased significantly, by 15.9%, because of its early maturity and sensitivity to water stress. [Conclusion] Moderate irrigation has a significant effect on yield, fiber quality, and water use efficiency. Cotton yield losses caused by water stress can be ameliorated by making the best use of natural precipitation and by increasing planting density.     

Effect of Irrigation Patterns on Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter,Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Cotton in Southern Hebei

[Objective] This study examines how irrigation patterns affect soil moisture, growth and yield of cotton in southern Hebei, China. The results are used to inform irrigation patterns and improve the water use efficiency of cotton. [Method] Using the Nongda 601 cotton variety, a field split plot experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017. The main treatments were no film (NF) and mulching film (MF), with side treatments of border irrigation (W1, 600 m³·hm^-2), limited amount every-other furrow irrigation I (W2, 450 m³·hm^-2) and limited amount every-other furrow irrigation II (W3, 300 m³·hm^-2). Six treatments NFW1, NFW2, NFW3, MFW1, MFW2, and MFW3 were applied. The film-covered border irrigation represents the conventional cultivation mode of local cotton. Impacts were measured as dry matter mass, yield and water use efficiency. [Result] (1) Dry matter mass of MF was significantly higher than that of NF in 2016 and 2017. However, there was no significant difference in different irrigation treatments under MF. When compared with the dry matter mass of NFW1 in 2016, that of NFW2 and NFW3 were significantly lower: by 14.28% and 13.44%, respectively. In 2017, the dry matter quality of NFW2 significantly increased by 11.29% compared with that of NFW1, but NFW3 showed no significant difference. (2) Cotton yield and water use efficiency showed similar trends in both years. There was no significant difference in yield and water use efficiency for the different irrigation treatments under MF. Compared with NFW1, NFW2 and NFW3 significantly decreased by 10.21%–16.00% and 13.63%–18.84% in yield, respectively, whereas water use efficiency significantly decreased by 8.33%–13.80% and 9.72%–14.61%, respectively. Compared with MFW1, yield and water use efficiency of NFW1 decreased slightly, but not significantly. Compared with MFW2, yield and water use efficiency of NFW2 significantly decreased 12.96%–16.62% and 13.73%–16.51%, respectively. Compared with MFW3, yield and water use efficiency of NFW3 significantly decreased 15.04%–16.29% and 15.03%–16.31%, respectively. [Conclusion] In wet and normal precipitation years, the NFW1 treatment resulted in high cotton yield while preventing residual film pollution; MFW2 and MFW3 treatments also achieved high yields and improved water use efficiency when irrigation quantity was reduced.     

花铃期干旱胁迫复水后棉花产量和纤维品质的变化研究

以抗旱差异明显的中棉所45(CCRI 45)和中棉所60(CCRI 60)为材料,采用人工控水的方法,研究棉花花铃期不同干旱胁迫程度和干旱胁迫后复水棉花根系干物质质量、皮棉产量和纤维品质的变化。结果表明,CCRI 45根系干物质质量增加幅度和皮棉产量在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水最大,且达到显著水平(P0.05),CCRI 60根系干物质质量增加幅度和皮棉产量在SRWC((60±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水最大,且达到显著水平(P0.05),但CCRI 45和CCRI 60根系干物质质量和皮棉产量在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫9 d后复水显著低于对照。CCRI 45纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、伸长率和断裂比强度在SRWC((60±5)%)和SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水均高于对照,CCRI 60纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、伸长率和断裂比强度在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫3 d和SRWC((60±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水均高于对照,但未达到显著水平,CCRI 45和CCRI 60在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫9 d后复水纤维品质显著低于对照。在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水,CCRI 45根系干物质质量和皮棉产量的增加幅度大于CCRI 60,表明CCRI 45的抗旱性高于CCRI 60,且补偿能力较高。同时,棉花根系干物质质量增加量与棉花皮棉增加量存在显著的正相关关系。本研究结论将为棉花生产上适时、适度采取抗旱栽培调控措施及开展棉花节水高产栽培技术研究提供理论依据。     

棉花不同品种钾吸收效率差异的根系形态学和生理学机理

用6个棉花品种作为试验材料,通过水培试验比较其对钾的吸收能力,研究其根系形态学、生理学特征和K+吸收动力学参数。结果表明,低钾胁迫下,钾高效品种中棉所64的根干物质质量、根体积、根活跃吸收面积、根活跃比表面积最大,根系活力最强;钾高效品种中棉所35的根干物质质量较大、根长而细,根总吸收面积最大,根总比表面积都最大,根系活力也较强,且K+最大吸收速率Imax最大,最小临界浓度Cmin较小,耐低钾能力强。而钾低效品种中棉所50和中植棉2号的根系形态学等指标都较差,根系活力较弱,且Imax也较小。该研究不仅有助于阐明棉花耐低钾胁迫的机理,而且能评价不同品种对低钾的适应能力。     

不同熟性棉花品种冠层温度分布特点

[目的]明确不同类型棉花品种冠层温度的分布特点,探究冠层温度与光合特性之间的关系,寻求判断棉花熟性的可能指标.[方法]选择6个常用的供试棉花品种,利用搭载热红外测温仪的无人机获取棉花花铃期冠层温度的数字图像,同时测定同一时间段的蒸腾速率、气孔导度等光合指标.[结果]中棉所50不同部位气冠温差表现为上层>下层>中层,中棉...     

膜下滴灌条件下根区水分对棉花根系生长及产量的调节

在新疆气候生态条件下,选用对土壤水分敏感性不同的棉花品种为试材,采用土柱栽培法,探讨膜下滴灌条件下根区水分对棉花根系生长与活性及产量的调节作用。结果表明:滴水前耕层土壤相对含水量在50%～55%、滴水后可保持在70%～75%的根区水分环境下,棉花根系的生长发育进程受到了一定程度的抑制,根系生物量降低,但提高了40～100cm土层根系分布的比例和根系活力,降低了根冠比,提高了经济系数,最终产量增加。不同品种对滴水量的反应差异较大,新陆早8号在常规滴灌和充分滴灌量下,子棉产量高于新陆早6号;在限量滴灌量下则显著低于新陆早6号。因此,依据不同品种对水分反应的差异,在滴水周期为7～8d、滴水定额为375～450m3.hm-2的条件下,结合滴灌棉田土壤水分可控性强的特点,制定相应的灌溉制度,可实现膜下滴灌棉田节水高产高效。     

Effects of Deficit Drip Irrigation Ratios on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Yield and Fibre Quality

Increasing irrigation costs and declining water availability compel producers to adapt irrigation strategies for maximum crop yield and water use efficiency. A field trial was conducted to observe the effects of various drip irrigation ratios (IR-0, IR-25, IR-50, IR-75 and IR-100) on water use efficiency (WUE), the irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), lint yield, yield components and fibre quality at two upland cotton varieties during 2004 and 2005. WUE was found to increase from 0.62 to 0.71 kg m⁻³ as the irrigation water applied was reduced from 100 % to 75 % of soil water depletion. Deficit irrigation of cotton with drip irrigation at 75 % treatment level (IR-75) did not decrease seed cotton yield and yield components during 2 years, with the exception of the number of bolls in 2005. Among fibre quality parameters, no significant differences in fibre length, fineness, uniformity index and elongation were detected between the 100 % and 75 % irrigation levels in 2005. The results revealed that irrigation of cotton with a drip irrigation method at 75 % level had significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water without reducing yield, and high WUE indicated a definitive advantage of employing deficit irrigation under limited water supply conditions.     

机采棉杂交后代主要株型性状与产量和品质的关系

【目的】从株型、产量及品质众多复杂因素中找出影响机械化生产较大的因素并进行遗传改良,选育适宜机械化生产的高产优质品种,提高棉花育种的效率。【方法】以陆地棉Z571与中棉所49杂交的F2:3群体为研究对象,应用统计软件SAS V8等分析其农艺性状的变异、方差和相关性。【结果】F2:3群体株系材料间农艺性状发生了显著分离,且后代中出现了许多超亲个体,在田间进行选择时要注意农艺性状之间复杂的关系;株高、单株果枝数与单位面积籽棉产量呈极显著正相关;单株果枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著负相关,与马克隆值呈现正相关;单株营养枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈现显著负相关;产量构成因素中的单位面积铃数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈极显著负相关,铃重和品质性状的相关性与单位面积铃数相反。【结论】株型性状与产量和品质之间均存在显著或极显著的遗传相关;高产高品质的株型特征为单株营养枝数较多;选育高产优质的棉花新品种时要选择铃数较多、铃重较小的材料。     

干旱条件下后期灌溉对不同品种甘蔗产量、蔗糖分和某些生理生化特性的效应研究

种在旱地的二个耐旱性不同的甘蔗品种在生长后期分别进行灌溉和不灌溉(对照)处理。灌溉处理的茎长、有效茎数、蔗茎产量和公顷产糖量显著高于对照;在整个工艺成熟期叶片中蛋白质和光合色素含量明显提高,而还原糖和水分含量则明显下降;叶片中过氧化物酶活性增强,蔗汁重力纯度提高,蔗汁还原糖分下降。但二个品种不同处理的蔗糖分、叶片中ATP酶、NADP一苹果酸酶、多酚氧化酶活性和呼吸强度表现不同,耐旱性较差的桂糖11号灌溉处理的显著高于对照;而耐旱性较强的台糖172除蔗糖分差异不大外,其它各项均表现为对照明显高于灌溉处理的。     

水分亏缺下化肥减量配施有机肥对棉花光合特性与产量的影响

于2017年和2018年进行田间定位试验,采用裂区试验设计,主区为充分灌溉W₁ (灌水量4800 m³ hm^-2)和亏缺灌溉W₂ (灌水量2400 m³ hm^-2),副区为不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、75%化肥+25%有机肥(M₁)、50%化肥+50%有机肥(M₂)、25%化肥+75%有机肥(M₃) 5个处理,研究了化肥减量配施有机肥对棉花光合特性及产量的影响,以期为水分亏缺下合理利用有机肥、减少化肥投入提供理论依据。结果表明,亏缺灌溉下棉花叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、地上部干物质积累量和籽棉产量均低于充分灌溉,但灌溉水生产力(irrigation water productivity,IWP)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)高于充分灌溉。化肥...     

Development and Application of Cotton InDel Markers Based on High Throughput Sequencing

[Objective] Dimorphic InDel markers can be used for cotton variety identification and purity detection, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of cotton seed testing, and to play a role in molecular breeding of cotton. [Method] Based on the whole genome sequencing of 121 cotton varieties from different sources, the InDel markers with high polymorphism were developed according to polymorphism information content(PIC) and were applied in the genetic distance analysis and cluster analysis by using 66 cotton varieties in China. [Result] Totally 10 967 InDel were identified based on the next generation sequencing data of 121 cotton varieties. Among the 85 pairs of InDel primers synthesized, 64 were selected including 35 from At group and 29 from Dt group. The minimum average allelic frequency(MAF) of At and Dt chromosomes were 0.45 and 0.32, respectively, while the PIC were 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. The genetic distances of the 66 cotton varieties ranged from 0.04 to 0.65 centimorgan (cM), with an average of 0.39 cM. The two varieties with the largest genetic distance were Simian 3 and CCRI 36, and the two varieties with the smallest genetic distance were Xumian 18 and Xuza 3. [Conclusion] The 64 cotton dimorphic InDel markers can effectively reveal the relationships among varieties based on the genetic distance, and distinguish cotton varieties from different sources, which has certain theoretical significance and application value.     

灌溉定额和施氮量对机采棉田水分运移及硝态氮残留的影响

水资源短缺和土壤环境污染严重是制约农业可持续健康发展的瓶颈,迫使农民开发和采用可持续的农业生产技术。水分运动机理和氮肥残留行为是评价干旱地区农业水肥管理水平的依据,提高水氮利用效率是降低环境污染这一重要科学问题的重要途径。本研究采用裂区试验设计,以灌溉量为主区,设2250(低灌溉量,W1)、3450(传统灌溉量,W2)和4650 m~3 hm–2 (高灌溉量, W3) 3个灌溉量;设0 (空白, N1)、300 (传统施肥量, N2)和600 kg hm–2 (高施氮量, N3) 3个纯氮投入量,在干旱的中国西北内陆棉区开展2年的田间试验,评估灌溉和施氮策略对水氮运移、籽棉产量、水氮生产效率的影响。结果表明,灌溉量及水氮耦合效应是影响籽棉产量及灌溉水生产力的影响因素,其中灌溉量是主效应。2年均值表明,灌溉量为W1时,施肥量由N1增加至N3,生育期0～80 cm平均土壤含水量呈先显著上升后显著下降的趋势, N2和N3处理较N1处理籽棉产量分别提高13.8%和7.6%,水分利用效率分别提高13.6%和6.8%;灌溉量为W2和W3时,施肥量由N1增加至N3,生育期0～80 cm土层平均含水量...     

Bt棉对棉叶螨发生的影响及与次生代谢物质的关系

 为明确Bt棉对棉叶螨发生的影响及其与棉株次生代谢物质的关系,以4个Bt棉品种为材料,以不携带Bt基因的常规棉为对照,在大田和温室中调查了棉叶螨的发生趋势,室内观察了棉叶螨的发育历期,测定了不同品种棉花叶片的棉酚和单宁含量,以及取食不同棉花品种的棉叶螨羧酸酯酶的比活力。结果表明,棉叶螨在4个Bt棉品种上的发生显著重于非Bt棉中棉所12,取食4个Bt棉品种的棉叶螨发育历期均明显短于取食中棉所12的棉叶螨的发育历期。4个抗虫棉品种间棉酚和单宁含量虽有差异,但均显著低于中棉所12,而取食中棉所12的棉叶螨的羧酸酯酶比活力也显著低于4个Bt棉品种。Bt棉本身次生代谢物质含量的改变可能影响了棉叶螨的发生。     

Preliminary Screening of Low Nitrogen-Tolerant Cotton Genotypes at Seedling Stage

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen cotton varieties (lines) able to tolerate low nitrogen conditions, thereby tapping the potential of cotton to absorb and utilize nitrogen. [Method] This study analyzed the differences and correlations between the main cotton agronomic traits under two nitrogen levels using the sand culture method and 270 cotton varieties from different generations in three major cotton regions as materials. Principal component analysis and the membership function method were used to screen for low nitrogen-tolerant cotton varieties. [Result] The seven agronomic traits of 270 varieties varied greatly with different nitrogen levels. The coefficients of variation were all above 10 except for the SPAD value in four batches, and root biomass and cotton plant biomass in the first batch under low nitrogen level. The variation coefficient of nitrogen accumulation reached 60.02. The maximum relative value of SPAD, leaf area, and root biomass was greater than 80% in the first batch. The maximum relative values of SPAD, plant height, root biomass, shoot biomass, and cotton plant biomass were greater than 80% in the third and fourth batches, indicating that there are low nitrogen-tolerant genotypes in the selected materials. [Conclusion] Preliminary screening identified 32 low nitrogen-tolerant cultivars, including CCRI 35, CCRI 69, Yumian 12, Xinluzao 12, and Xinluzao 23. Furthermore, 32 varieties sensitive to nitrogen stress, including CCRI 64, CCRI 662, Xinluzhong 15, and Xinluzao 53, were identified.     

不同冠层结构对棉田小气候及蕾铃脱落和产量的影响

为探讨黄河流域不同冠层结构下棉花产量及田间微环境差异,对去叶枝(T1)、去叶枝高矮相间(T2)、留叶枝(T3)、留叶枝高矮相间(T4)4个群体结构下棉花的产量和微环境进行研究。结果表明:冀棉958和农大棉601的留叶枝群体在各时期的底部透光率均显著降低,而T4群体底部透光率显著高于T3群体;各时期CO_2浓度与温度、湿度均成显著偏相关关系,花铃期高矮相间群体下层的CO_2浓度平均比空气中提高8.69%~11.63%,而中层CO_2浓度降低1.66%~4.24%。T4群体冠层内的温度显著降低,棉花群体下层的湿度和CO_2浓度显著提高;去叶枝群体脱落率较低,籽棉产量显著高于留叶枝群体;高矮相间群体籽棉产量高于常规群体;冀棉958和农大棉601的T4群体籽棉产量比T3群体分别提高15.79%和10.81%。因此,留叶枝群体采用高矮相间冠层明显改善棉田中下层微环境,降低脱落率,提高铃数,有利于形成产量。     

不同咸水利用方式对棉花叶绿素荧光参数及土壤盐分的影响

【目的】本研究旨在科学合理地利用浅层咸水资源。【方法】依托短期定位试验开展了在第3年和第4年不同咸水利用方式下(CK:造墒和蕾期灌淡水;T1:造墒和蕾期灌咸淡混配矿化度3 g·L^-1的微咸水;T2:淡水造墒蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T3:造墒和蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T4:淡水造墒蕾期不灌水)棉花长势、叶绿素荧光参数、土壤盐分累积及其运移的变化。【结果】T1和T2处理的齐苗率、株高、干物质质量、叶面积指数、叶绿素荧光参数、产量及霜前花率与CK无显著差异,土壤盐分含量较CK有所增加,但未对棉花生长产生明显抑制。T3处理的棉花长势指标、叶绿素荧光参数较CK显著降低,0~100 cm土壤盐分含量较CK明显增加。【结论】从土壤质量安全和咸水高效利用的角度考虑,连续4年用3 g·L^-1的咸淡混合水灌溉或用淡水与5 g·L^-1的咸水轮灌不仅能节约淡水,且不影响棉花产量。本研究结果为当地在棉花生产中安全利用咸水提供技术参考。     

不同沟灌方式水、氮调控对棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响

设置交替隔沟灌、常规沟灌和固定隔沟灌方式,施氮量和灌水量采用二次通用旋转组合设计进行试验,研究水、氮调控对沟灌棉花产量、水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:棉花产量与施氮量在56.2～95.2kg·hmˉ2范围内呈显著正相关,与灌水量在37.52～160.00mm范围内呈显著正相关.相同水、氮处理下交替隔沟灌与常规沟灌相比棉...     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作“双晚”种植模式下的品种匹配与资源效率

探索适宜于麦玉"双晚"种植模式下抗逆丰产稳产的冬小麦夏玉米品种组合特性及其与自然资源匹配特征,对于保障冬小麦夏玉米抗逆丰产高效生产具有重要意义。本研究于2017—2019年通过田间试验,选用华北平原主推的冬小麦与夏玉米品种各8个,设置区域麦玉"双晚"接茬模式和水分控制处理,通过水分利用效率、籽粒灌浆特征、生育进程、周年光温水资源利用效率等综合分析与评价,探明宜于"双晚"模式下麦玉品种组配特征及其资源利用效率。结果表明,在常规节水灌溉和生育期雨养模式下冀麦325、石麦15和济麦22的产量在两个生长季均高于供试品种平均产量,其中冀麦325和石麦15的抗旱系数均高于济麦22;同时,济麦22、冀麦325和石麦15具有较高的灌浆速率、穗粒数和粒重,其高稳系数在不同灌溉模式下均高于供试品种平均值。在供试玉米品种中,登海605、伟科702、MC670、农华816的产量和高稳系数均高于供试品种的平均值,其中MC670、登海605、先玉335的灌浆速率在2个生长季均高于供试品种的平均值,而迪卡517和先玉335在供试品种中收获期籽粒含水量最低、平均脱水速率最高。基于品种丰产稳产性、抗旱性、灌浆特征和脱水...     

转RRM2和ACO2-E6基因棉花冠层特征和光合特性与产量形成的关系

为探明转基因棉花产量形成关键期的生理机制,2014―2015年以转RRM2基因棉花及其亲本中棉所12(CK1)、转ACO2-E6基因棉花及其亲本中棉所24(CK2)为材料,研究冠层特征、光合特性等与转基因棉花产量形成的关系,分析比较转基因棉花与亲本的生长发育、产量及其构成的差异。结果表明:转RRM2基因棉花的铃重、籽棉产量、皮棉产量、纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度均高于或显著高于中棉所12。转ACO2-E6基因棉花的衣分、籽棉产量、皮棉产量、纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度均高于或显著高于中棉所24。转基因棉花的籽棉产量与盛铃期的叶面积指数、光系统Ⅱ光化学量子产量、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和可溶性总糖含量等分别呈显著的线性相关。转基因棉花的叶面积指数和可溶性总糖含量于产量形成关键期均高于或显著高于各自对照,且表现出较优的冠层结构以及较合理的源库比。     

追施不同形态氮肥对不同钾效率基因型棉花生长及产量品质的影响

【目的】探讨高、低供钾水平下,追施氮肥形态对棉花生长、钾素吸收利用以及产量、品质的影响。【方法】选择钾高效棉花品种辽棉18、冀棉958和钾低效棉花品种新棉99B为材料,进行营养钵培养试验,设置38.01mg·kg~(-1)和152.24 mg·kg~(-1)两个供钾水平,追施铵态氮肥(硫酸铵)和硝态氮肥(硝酸钙)两种形态氮素肥料。【结果】供钾不足会降低棉花果枝始节和单株成铃数,高钾处理棉花干物质积累量、钾累积量、钾利用指数以及产量显著高于低钾处理;与追施硝态氮肥相比,追施铵态氮肥会降低棉株高度、果枝数和单株成铃数,减少籽棉产量和总干物质积累量;追施铵态氮肥处理棉花对钾素的吸收和利用显著低于追施硝态氮肥处理。【结论】钾低效基因型品种棉花在钾素供应不足时对追施铵态氮肥更敏感,且棉花成熟越晚受到追施肥料氮素形态影响越大。