海藻硫酸多糖和中药复方对鸡胚接种H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的作用

为探讨海藻硫酸多糖(sulfated polysaccharide from algae,SPA)及中药复方提取液(compound extracts of Chinese medicine,CECM)对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)的作用,将SPA及CECM以3种不同加药方式作用于接种了H9N2亚型AIV的10日龄SPF鸡胚中,无菌收集鸡胚尿囊液,测定血凝效价,检测2种药液对H9N2亚型AIV的预防、治疗及直接灭活作用。结果显示,SPA及CECM的最大安全浓度分别为50和200mg/mL;3种不同加药方式下,不同浓度SPA及CECM均能极显著降低鸡胚尿囊液中H9N2亚型AIV的血凝效价(P0.01),以直接灭活作用组的血凝效价降低幅度最大,预防作用组和治疗作用组次之。预防作用组,CECM高剂量组(200mg/mL)的抗病毒效果显著优于SPA各剂量组(12.5、25和50mg/mL)及CECM低、中剂量组(50和100 mg/mL)(P0.05);治疗作用组,SPA高剂量组(50 mg/mL)及CECM中、高剂量组(100和200mg/mL)抗病毒效果显著优于SPA低剂量组(12.5mg/mL)(P0.05);直接灭活作用组,SPA及CECM的抗病毒效果均佳,CECM各剂量组的抗病毒效果与SPA各剂量组差异极显著(P0.01)。结果表明,SPA和CECM对10日龄鸡胚几乎无毒副作用;SPA及CECM均能显著抑制H9N2亚型AIV在鸡胚尿囊液中的增殖,以直接灭活作用组的抗病毒效果最佳,其抗H9N2亚型AIV作用的强弱与药物浓度、用药和病毒的感染时间顺序密切相关。     

重组鸡α干扰素抑制H9N2禽流感病毒在鸡胚中增殖的研究

为检测重组鸡α干扰素(rChIFN-α)抑制H9N2禽流感病毒(AIV)在鸡胚中的增殖效力,本研究将rChIFN-α按其抗病毒效价高低分为4个组(10~7 U/mL、10~6 U/mL、10~5 U/mL和10~4 U/mL),同时设置阴性对照组和病毒对照组。各实验组再依次按照给药时间不同又分为"先给药再接种病毒组"、"同时给药和接种病毒组"及"先接种病毒再给药组"3个小组进行试验,通过检测H9N2 AIV血凝效价的变化、H9N2 AIV HA基因拷贝数以及各组EID_(50)评价rChIFN-α对H9N2 AIV增殖抑制效力。结果显示,除低剂量组以外,各剂量组与病毒对照组相比,结果均可以显著降低鸡胚尿囊液中H9N2 AIV的血凝效价(p0.01),同时能够显著减少H9N2 AIV基因的拷贝数(p0.01)及显著降低EID_(50)(p0.01)。表明中等剂量(10~5 U/mL)及更高剂量的rChIFN-α在鸡胚中能够显著抑制H9N2 AIV的增殖。本研究为rChIFN-α今后在临床中抗AIV治疗的实际应用提供了相关实验依据。     

禽流感病毒H9亚型灭活油乳剂疫苗的免疫试验

以低致病性禽流感病毒（AIV）H9N2亚型株的鸡胚适应毒经尿囊腔接种10日龄鸡胚，从24h后死亡胚及96h后4℃致冷死亡胚收集尿囊液，尿囊液的血凝价约7log2，每毫长约含10^8.6个ELD50的病毒。将尿囊液经0.1%福马林灭活后，用超滤器将尿囊液浓缩5倍后分别制成双联灭活疫苗。对4周龄SPF鸡肌肉注射0.5ml或0.3ml单联H9亚型AIV灭活苗，在接种后2、3、4、5周后，血清中对H9亚型AIV的血凝抑制（HI）抗体效价分别是5.1、7.2、8.3、10log2或3.8、6.5、6.3、8.31log2。注射0.5ml的H9亚型AIV和NDV二联油乳苗的鸡，在接种后2、3、4、5周对H9亚型AIV及Lasota株NDV的HI滴度分别是4.6、5.6、6.7、8log2及7、7.6、6.7、7log2。显然，二联苗对H9亚型AIV及NDV均产生了理想的免疫效果。     

十种单味中药汤剂抗贵州鸭源N6亚型禽流感病毒的筛选

为了筛选出抗N6亚型禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)效果较好的中药,试验用鸡胚培养方法确定桂枝、黄芩、防风、金银花等10种中药汤剂的安全性;用RT-PCR扩增方法检测鸡胚试验扩增病毒是否成功;用鸡胚培养试验和RT-PCR方法确定N6亚型AIV的鸡胚半数感染量(EID_(50));中药汤剂与AIV等量混合后进行鸡胚尿囊腔接种培养试验,培养72 h后收集尿囊液,再对收集的尿囊液进行血凝素(HA)效价测定。结果表明:0.2 mL浓度为250 mg/mL的中药汤剂为安全剂量。贵州鸭源N6亚型AIV EID_(50)为1×10~(-7.66)/0.2 mL。中药汤剂与100EID_(50)等量混合后进行鸡胚尿囊腔接种,黄芩组、防风组、金银花组、荆芥组、鱼腥草组、大青叶组、川芎组、桂枝组、苍术组、地黄组的HA效价分别为2.83,3.58,4.43,4.50,5.00,5.00,5.17,6.20,6.40,6.80 lb。说明在试验选用的十味中药中,单味黄芩汤剂在鸡胚中抗贵州鸭源N6亚型AIV效果最佳,地黄效果最差。     

新城疫与禽流感(H9亚型)二联油乳剂灭活苗免疫效力试验

用新城疫病毒（NDV）LaSota株与禽流感病毒（AIV）F株尿囊腔接种非免疫难胚，取72－120小时死亡鸡胚液。灭活后分别制成新城疫油乳剂灭活苗、禽流感（H9亚型）油乳剂灭活苗、新城疫与禽流感（H9亚型）二联油乳剂灭活苗，免疫7日龄非免疫雏鸡，一周后开始检测ND、AI血凝抑制（HI）抗体体，两周时各免疫组鸡的抗体效价都达到6log2以上，3周达到高峰，后维持在较高水平达45天以上，在65日龄进行攻毒，结果单苗和二联苗免疫鸡全部得到保护。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒中和单克隆抗体的制备与应用

为建立H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）免疫层析快速检测技术,本研究以差速离心法纯化H9N2亚型AIV免疫BALB/c小鼠,将免疫小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0进行细胞融合和HAT选择性培养;以H9N2亚型AIV感染MDCK细胞建立异源免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验（IPMA）的单克隆抗体检测方法,通过对杂交瘤细胞的IPMA筛选和连续克隆化筛选鉴定抗H9N2亚型AIV中和性单克隆抗体;以胶体金标记HA单克隆抗体,配对HA单克隆抗体和羊抗小鼠IgG为检测线和质控线,制备H9N2亚型AIV快速检测试纸条,测定其特异性和敏感性。结果显示,获得了11株稳定分泌抗H9N2亚型AIV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,其单克隆抗体腹水IPMA效价在1.28×10^-4至2.56×10^-5之间。单克隆抗体3A2、5H6、6B8、7E10和9G12血凝抑制试验（HI）显示血凝抑制活性,其（HI）效价在6log2~9log2之间。单克隆抗体3A2、6B8和9G12在病毒中和试验中对H9N2亚型AIV有显著病毒中和活性,中和效价分别1∶6 400、1∶25 600和1∶25 600。Western blotting结果提示,该中和单克隆抗体识别HA蛋白线性抗原表位。利用配对单克隆抗体3A2和9G12研制的H9N2亚型AIV检测试纸条检测H9N2亚型AIV尿囊液的效价为9log2,灵敏度与经典血凝试验（HA）相当,与其他亚型AIV （H1、H3、H5、H7）,以及新城疫病毒和鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒等相关病毒均无交叉反应。本研究制备了具有病毒中和活性的抗H9N2亚型AIV单克隆抗体,并初步研制了H9N2亚型AIV检测试纸条,为H9N2亚型AIV新型疫苗研制和快速检测奠定良好的研究基础。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒HF株的分离鉴定和免疫原性评价

2015年,从安徽合肥某养鸡场分离出一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）,命名为HF株。该毒株鸡胚半数感染量（EID₅₀）为10^9.17/0.1 mL,最小致死量的平均死亡时间（MDT）为87 h。对其HA基因分析发现,其氨基酸裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV特征;HA基因的遗传进化分析结果表明,该分离株属于h9.4.2.5谱系,符合当前毒株流行趋势。将HF株与2006-2018年分离自全国各地的10株H9N2亚型AIV分离株同时制备灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,制备阳性血清,通过交叉血凝抑制试验分析病毒抗原性,结果显示HF株与2014年之前毒株抗原相关性介于0.50~0.56之间,与2014年及之后毒株抗原相关性介于0.89~1.00之间,表明该分离株与2014年之后的流行毒株具有良好的抗原相关性。用0.2%甲醛灭活HF株病毒液,其HA效价在灭活前后未发生变化;用灭活抗原制备油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后21 d HI抗体效价几何平均值达到9.0log2以上,可使免疫鸡完全抵抗H9亚型AIV的感染,提供100%的攻毒保护。研究结果表明,HF株具有良好的免疫原性,可作为疫苗候选株用于H9N2亚型禽流感疫苗的研制。     

重组禽流感病毒(H5N2)的拯救及其生物学特性分析

为控制在我国流行的H5N1高致病性禽流感(Avian influenza virus,AIV)和筛选具有标记的疫苗毒株,用流行的H5N1亚型AIV的HA基因和H9N2亚型AIV的NA基因及H1N1亚型AIV(A/PR/8/34毒株)的6个内部基因通过流感8质粒反向遗传操作系统拯救了重组病毒rH5N2/PR8株。为了降低重组病毒的毒力,对H5N1亚型AIV的HA基因进行了修饰,使其裂解模式由PLRERRRKR↓GL修饰为PLIETR↓GL。将获得的rH5N2/PR8株在9日龄SPF鸡胚上连续传10代。该重组病毒的血凝效价稳定在1:2048,其半数感染量(EID50)可达10-8.77/0.1 mL。该病毒的毒力显著降低,对鸡胚的半数致死量(ELD50)为10-5/0.1 mL。将该病毒灭活与油佐剂乳化,制成灭活疫苗,给6周龄SFP鸡接种不同剂量,接种21 d后,用H5N1流行野毒A/Chicken/SD/2010(H5N1)攻击,结果显示:接种剂量为0.1 mL/只的试验组,10只鸡中有5只获得保护;接种0.3 mL/只的试验组可获得100%保护。以上说明,本实验获得的重组病毒具有疫苗标记、繁殖滴度高、毒力低、免疫原性好等特点,非常适合作为"标记疫苗"候选株,为AIV(H5N1)的标记疫苗研发奠定了坚实基础。     

60Coγ射线对新城疫病毒、H9N2亚型禽流感病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的灭活研究

用⁶⁰Coγ射线对不同状态不同体积的鸡新城疫病毒(NDV)、H9N2亚型禽流感(H9N2 AIV)和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)进行辐照,研究⁶⁰Coγ射线对灭活疫苗中病毒的灭活效果。结果表明,6.0 kGy ⁶⁰Coγ射线辐照对冷冻和液态下5000和10000 mL的NDV、H9N2亚型AIV和PRRSV均不能灭活,辐照后NDV和H9N2亚型AIV冷冻尿囊液的HA效价降低而液态尿囊液的HA效价升高;液态下,⁶⁰Coγ射线能够灭活250 mL细胞培养液中的PRRSV,不能灭活250、5000和10000 mL尿囊液中的NDV和H9N2 AIV,250 mL与5000、10000 mL的NDV HA效价间差异显著(P＜0.05)。⁶⁰Coγ射线辐照对液态的PRRSV细胞培养液灭活效果良好,有望用于灭活苗的病毒灭活。     

禽流感油乳剂灭活疫苗的研究

将6种不同亚型的禽流感病毒（AIVH2N9、H3N8、H5N1、H5N2、H7N1、H9N2）分别接种鸡胚,收获尿囊液,经甲醛灭活,以矿物油为佐剂制成油乳剂灭活疫苗。疫苗接种4和8周龄SPF鸡,注苗后均无不良反应。每种亚型疫苗免疫后14天和21天攻毒保护率均达90％-100％。分别用H5N1和H9N2亚型灭活疫苗免疫8周龄SPF鸡、25和28周龄健康商品蛋鸡,免疫后7天产生免疫力,14天保护率达100％,21天后抗体达高峰,仔鸡接苗后最高血凝抑制（HI）几何平均滴度（GMT）为7.3-8.0log2,蛋鸡为8.0-10.5log2。免疫后180天,抗体效价不低于6.5log2。免疫后180天分别以AIV攻击,H5亚型疫苗组,用强毒攻击无一发病和死亡,对照鸡全部发病死亡;H9亚型疫苗组,对照鸡在攻毒后72小时停产,免疫鸡无一发病且产蛋正常,对同源攻毒的保护率达100％。     

Isolation,Identification and Immunogenicity Evaluation of H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus HF Strain

In 2015,an H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) strain was isolated from a chicken farm in Hefei,Anhui,and named HF strain.The results of the chicken embryo proliferation characteristics study showed that the half infection rate of chicken embryo (EID₅₀) was 10^9.17/0.1 mL,and the mean time to death for minimum lethal dose(MDT) was 87 h.The analysis result of HA gene showed that its amino acid cleavage site was located in RSSR↓GLF,which accorded with the characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza.The genetic evolution analysis of HA gene revealed that the isolate belonged to the h9.4.2.5 lineage,which accorded with the current virus strain epidemic characteristics.The HF strain was prepared with 10 H9N2 subtype AIV isolates which isolated from all over the country from 2006 to 2018 to prepare inactivated vaccines,immunize SPF chickens,prepare positive sera,and analyze the virus antigenicity by cross hemagglutination inhibition test.The results showed that the correlation between the HF strain and the virus antigens before 2014 and was between 0.50-0.56,and the virus antigen correlation after 2014 was 0.89-1.00.This showed that the isolate had good antigenic correlation with epidemic strains in recent years.Inactivate HF strain virus solution with 0.2% formaldehydel,and its HA titer did not change before and after inactivation.After the inactivated virus solution was prepared into an oil emulsion inactivated vaccine to immunize SPF chickens,21 days after immunization,the average value of the HI antibody titer reached 9.0log2.It could make immune chicken completely resistant to H9 subtype AIV infection and provide 100% protection from challenge.The above research results showed that the HF strain had good immunogenicity and could be used as a vaccine candidate strain for the prevention of H9N2 subtype AIV.     

禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

根据已知H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)神经氨酸酶(NA)基因序列设计并合成引物。从H5N1亚型病毒感染的鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,反转录后采用高保真DNA聚合酶扩增NA基因,构建转移载体pFastBacHTA-NA,并与大肠杆菌DH10Bac的Bacmid质粒重组,构建重组转座质粒rBacmid-NA。在脂质体介导下将rBacmid-NA转染sf9昆虫细胞获得重组杆状病毒。在sf9昆虫细胞中表达NA蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE、Western blot和激光共聚焦检测蛋白。结果表明:表达的NA蛋白分子量约为53 ku,该蛋白能与H5N1亚型AIV血清发生特异性反应,证明NA蛋白表达正确,具有良好的免疫反应性。     

一株H9亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及生物特性研究

2013年中国吉林某养鸡场发生疑似H9亚型禽流感疫情,采集该发病鸡场病料接种9日龄SPF鸡胚,分离得到一株病毒。经血凝(HA)试验、血凝抑制(HI)试验、测序分析,鉴定该毒株为H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)。对本试验分离株HA基因进行测序及序列分析,结果显示分离株HA基因的裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV的基因特征;HA肽链具有9个潜在糖基化位点,与近些年H9亚型AIV分离株的潜在糖基化位点相同;具有8个受体结合位点,其中234位受体结合位点由谷氨酰胺(Q)变异成苏氨酸(T);HA基因系统进化树结果显示本试验分离株属于欧亚进化分支,与中国最早分离株A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(H9N2)亲缘关系较远,与2007年后中国H9亚型AIV主要流行分支的代表株A/Chicken/Guangxi/55/2005(H9N2)亲缘关系较近。将该毒株制成油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后第21天免疫鸡血清抗体高达10log2,表明本试验分离株具有很好的免疫原性。     

Isolation and Identification of one Strain of H9 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus and Study on its Biological Characteristics

In 2013,one case of suspected H9 subtype avian influenza occurred in a chicken farm of Jilin povince.Clinical samples were collected from the diseased farm,inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 9-day-old SPF chicken embryo,and then one strain of virus was isolated.The results of HA test,HI test and molecular biology test all showed that the isolate belonged to H9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV).The HA cleavage site of the isolate was RSSR↓GLF,which was consisted with the molecular characteristic of low pathogenic AIV.The HA peptide chain had 9 potential glycosylation sites which were same as other isolates of recent years.The isolate had 8 receptor binding sites,including 234 receptor binding site by glutamine (Q) mutating into threonine (T).The phylogenetic tree revealed the isolate belonged to Eurasian lineages and it had far genetic relationship with the earliest domestic isolate (A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(H9N2)),but had close genetic relationship with the representative strain (A/Chicken/Guangxi/55/2005(H9N2)) of major epidemic branch since 2007.We prepared an inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine of the isolate,and then vaccinated SPF chicken.21 days after vaccination,the HI titer of chicken serum antibody reached up to 10log2.The result suggested the isolate had good immunogenicity.     

重组鸡α-干扰素的表达及其生物活性的初步研究

为获得重组鸡α-干扰素并对其进行生物活性研究,本试验对重组大肠杆菌进行诱导表达,收集重组鸡α-干扰素包涵体后进行复性纯化及免疫印迹试验,并通过测定病毒EID₅₀,在接种H9亚型禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒和传染性支气管炎病毒的鸡胚中进行干扰素抗病毒活性试验,运用微变量细胞病变抑制法进行重组鸡α-干扰素抗病毒效价的测定。结果显示复性后重组鸡α-干扰素的免疫印迹试验成功获得了预期条带,在鸡胚中重组鸡α-干扰素具有显著的抗H9亚型禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒和传染性支气管炎病毒等活性作用。在CEF/VSV细胞系上测定重组鸡α-干扰素的抗病毒效价为1.5×2¹⁰ U/mg左右,高浓度重组鸡α-干扰素具有一定的细胞毒性。结果表明重组鸡α-干扰素蛋白具有免疫原性和抗原性,在鸡胚内具有较好的抑制或杀灭H9亚型禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒和传染性支气管炎病毒的效果,呈广谱性,抗病毒效价较高,为下一步抗病毒制品的创制奠定基础。     

H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒繁殖规律的探索

为了研究H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免疫鸡胚后病毒的繁殖规律,试验用H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免鸡胚,记录不同时间段死亡的鸡胚数量,并分别收获各时间段死亡鸡胚的尿囊液,测定不同时间段尿囊液的病毒效价。结果表明,接种H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒后,非免鸡胚死亡高峰期出现在60～84 h,死亡数量占接种鸡胚数的80%以上,而该时间段死亡鸡胚尿囊液的病毒滴度也处于最高峰,最高到达10^9.63EID₅₀/mL,直到96 h病毒仍维持较高水平(10^9.50EID₅₀/m L),而96 h后病毒滴度开始衰减。     

云南2株H4N6亚型禽流感病毒株的分离与鉴定

采集家禽喉气管作为检测样品,用甲型流感病毒M基因检测引物进行RT-PCR检测,确定样品为甲型流感病毒感染。用已建立的PCR法检测H5、H9亚型及新城疫结果为阴性。在9日龄鸡胚中进行病毒分离培养,收集48 h后死亡鸡胚尿囊液进行血凝和血凝抑制试验,有血凝效价但不能被H5、H7、H9和新城疫阳性血清抑制。为进一步确定病毒的亚型,用甲型流感病毒血凝素基因通用引物进行RT-PCR扩增、克隆及测序,将测得的HA基因序列与血凝素亚型标准序列进行比对,同源性为34.9%～87.3%,与H4亚型的同源性为87.3%;设计神经氨酸酶基因测序引物,将所测序列与神经氨酸酶亚型标准序列进行比对,同源性为47.7%～90.8%,与N6亚型的同源性高达90.8%。通过进行HA和NA基因序列比对,可以确定试验所分离到的2株甲型流感毒株为H4N6亚型禽流感病毒。     

Evaluation of the infectivity, length of infection, and immune response of a low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens

The H7N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) field isolate (H7N2/chicken/PA/3779-2/97), which caused the 1997-98 AIV outbreak in Pennsylvania, was evaluated for its infectivity, length of infection, and immune response in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The composite findings of three clinical trials with various concentrations of virus indicated that this H7N2 subtype contained minimal pathogenicity for chickens. The concentration of the virus in the inoculum proved critical in the establishment of a productive infection in a chicken. Seven-day-old SPF chickens were not infected when inoculated with 10(0.7-2.0) mean embryo lethal dose (ELD50) of the H7N2 virus per bird. At this dose level, the immune response to this virus was not detected by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Nonetheless, chickens at ages of 5 and 23 wk old tested were successfully infected when exposed to 10(4.7-5.7) ELD50 of H7N2 infectious doses per bird by various routes of administration and also by direct contact. Infected birds started shedding virus as early as 2 days postinoculation, and the period of virus shedding occurred mostly within 1 or 2 wk postinoculation (WPI). This H7N2 subtype of AIV induced a measurable immune response in all birds within 2 wk after virus exposure. Antibody titers were associated with AIV infectious doses and age of exposure of birds. Challenge of these infected birds with the same H7N2 virus at 5 and 10 WPI indicated the infective virus was recoverable from cloacal swabs at 3 days postchallenge and disappeared thereafter. In these challenged birds, the antibody levels as measured by the HI test spiked within 1-2 wk.