不同沟灌方式水、氮调控对棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响

设置交替隔沟灌、常规沟灌和固定隔沟灌方式,施氮量和灌水量采用二次通用旋转组合设计进行试验,研究水、氮调控对沟灌棉花产量、水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:棉花产量与施氮量在56.2～95.2kg·hmˉ2范围内呈显著正相关,与灌水量在37.52～160.00mm范围内呈显著正相关.相同水、氮处理下交替隔沟灌与常规沟灌相比棉...     

蕾期调亏灌溉对海岛棉棉铃发育及产量的影响

以新海24号、新海35号为材料,设置滴灌定额0 m3·hm-2(重度调亏,土壤含水量10%左右)、900 m3·hm-2(轻度调亏,土壤含水量16%左右)、1800 m3·hm-2(丰水,土壤含水量20%左右)3个处理,研究蕾期调亏灌溉对海岛棉棉铃发育及产量的影响。结果表明:0 m3·hm-2处理的铃直径、铃体积分别在花后10 d内、20 d内快速增大,铃重在花后30 d内增长速度较快;但铃直径、铃体积在开花后30 d,铃重在开花后50~60 d,均较900 m3·hm-2和1800 m3·hm-2处理显著下降。900 m3·hm-2处理的铃直径、铃体积及铃重均与1800 m3·hm-2处理无明显差异。皮棉产量以900 m3·hm-2处理最高,平均为2372.92 kg·hm-2,比1800 m3·hm-2和0 m3·hm-2分别高10.97%和41.78%。因此,海岛棉蕾期滴灌定额以900 m3·hm-2较为适宜。     

灌水量对北疆棉花增效缩节胺化学封顶效应的影响

【目的】在不同灌水量条件下研究增效缩节胺(1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride,缓释型水乳剂,简称DPC+)对棉花化学封顶的效应,为完善新疆棉花化学封顶技术提供依据。【方法】以早熟陆地棉品种新陆早53号为材料,设置不同的灌水量(3000,4800,6600 m3·hm~(-2))和DPC+剂量(450,750,1050 m L·hm~(-2)),测定棉花农艺性状、生理特性及产量和品质等指标。【结果】棉花株高和单株果枝数随DPC+剂量的增加而下降,低(450m L·hm~(-2))、中(750 m L·hm~(-2))、高剂量(1050 m L·hm~(-2))DPC+处理的株高和单株果枝分别比人工打顶增加9.4cm和4.8个,6.2 cm和3.9个,2.2 cm和2.6个。中等灌水量(4800 m3·hm~(-2))下棉花产量最高,比低灌水量(3000m3·hm~(-2))处理增产20%左右,比高灌水量(6600 m3·hm~(-2))处理增产5%左右。低、中、高灌水量下,分别以低、中、高剂量DPC+的产量最高,一般较人工打顶提高5%~10%。低灌水量下低剂量DPC+处理主要依靠较大的群体生物量获得相对较高的产量,高灌水量下高剂量DPC+处理主要依靠较高的产量器官干物质分配率获得相对较高的产量,而中等灌水量下中等剂量DPC+处理的产量在所有处理中最高,得益于比较适宜的冠层生产能力和合理的干物质分配能力。【结论】灌水量需要与DPC+剂量互相配合,在增加群体物质生产能力的同时保障营养生长和生殖生长协调,这是提高棉花DPC+化学封顶技术成功率的关键途径之一。     

灌溉定额和施氮量对机采棉田水分运移及硝态氮残留的影响

水资源短缺和土壤环境污染严重是制约农业可持续健康发展的瓶颈,迫使农民开发和采用可持续的农业生产技术。水分运动机理和氮肥残留行为是评价干旱地区农业水肥管理水平的依据,提高水氮利用效率是降低环境污染这一重要科学问题的重要途径。本研究采用裂区试验设计,以灌溉量为主区,设2250(低灌溉量,W1)、3450(传统灌溉量,W2)和4650 m~3 hm–2 (高灌溉量, W3) 3个灌溉量;设0 (空白, N1)、300 (传统施肥量, N2)和600 kg hm–2 (高施氮量, N3) 3个纯氮投入量,在干旱的中国西北内陆棉区开展2年的田间试验,评估灌溉和施氮策略对水氮运移、籽棉产量、水氮生产效率的影响。结果表明,灌溉量及水氮耦合效应是影响籽棉产量及灌溉水生产力的影响因素,其中灌溉量是主效应。2年均值表明,灌溉量为W1时,施肥量由N1增加至N3,生育期0～80 cm平均土壤含水量呈先显著上升后显著下降的趋势, N2和N3处理较N1处理籽棉产量分别提高13.8%和7.6%,水分利用效率分别提高13.6%和6.8%;灌溉量为W2和W3时,施肥量由N1增加至N3,生育期0～80 cm土层平均含水量...     

滴施缩节胺与氮肥对棉花生长发育及产量的影响

为探明缩节胺与氮肥对棉花农艺性状的互作效应,试验采用双因素随机区组设计,设置150 (N1)、300 (N2)、450 kg hm–2 (N3) 3个施氮(纯N)水平, 525 (D1)、1050 (D2)、2100 g hm–2 (D3) 3个缩节胺水平,交互共9个处理。研究滴施不同剂量氮肥与缩节胺对棉花农艺性状、棉铃时空分布、干物质积累及分配、产量及纤维品质的影响。结果表明,缩节胺与氮肥互作效应对棉花农艺性状影响显著,在低氮状态下缩节胺对棉花生长的延缓作用减弱甚至消失。N1处理下, D3处理相比D1处理棉株的株高、果枝始节高、第4果枝长、第7果枝长分别增加12.07、1.54、1.28和1.20cm。在正常或高氮状态下缩节胺对棉花生长产生一定的延缓作用,其控制效果并不随缩节胺剂量增加而增强,N3处理下,D3处理相比D1处理棉株的株高、第1果枝长、第2果节间平均长度分别降低1.05、1.68和1.52cm。棉株的株高、茎粗与果枝数随施氮量增加而增加, N3处理相比N1处理分别增加3.30 cm、0.75 mm与0.29台;其果枝长与果节间长在不同施氮量间无明显差异。D2处理相比D1与...     

Effect of Drip Irrigation under Film on Soil Water and Salt Movement in a Residual Film Cotton Field

[Objective] This study explores the effect of mulching film residue on the spatial and temporal distribution of soil water and salt in a cotton field under drip irrigation. [Method] Three treatments of 0 kg·hm^-2, 225 kg·hm^-2 and 450 kg·hm^-2 residual mulching film were applied. Soil salt content was measured and the difference between the mulching treatments was analyzed using a soil drilling method to delaminate 0–40 cm soil before cotton sowing, after harvesting and on days 1, 3 and 5 after watering during the blooming period. [Result] The results showed that residual mulching film reduced soil moisture uniformity in the drip irrigated cotton field. An uneven distribution of salt in different soil layers was also observed after irrigation. The soil salinity of the 0 kg·hm^-2 residual film treatment decreased in each soil layer over time, while the soil salinity of the 225 kg·hm^-2 and 450 kg·hm^-2 treatments decreased 1 and 3 days after irrigation, but then increased 5 days after irrigation (non-significant difference). With respect to distribution of soil salinity following irrigation, uniformity in the 0 kg·hm^-2 residual film treatment was best, followed by the 450 kg·^hm-2 treatment and the 225 kg·hm^-2 treatment. The effect of residual mulching film on soil salinity balance before and after sowing of cotton was as follows: 250 kg·hm^-2 > 450 kg·hm^-2 > 0 kg·hm^-2. As the depth of the residual film increased, the enrichment of soil salts in the topsoil was more likely to occur. [Conclusion] It can be concluded that residual mulching film hinders the downward migration of soil salinity. Under conditions of elevated residual mulching film, the soil salinity migration is disrupted to the degree that soil salt enrichment occurs at the soil surface.     

灌溉制度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统叶片水分状况和水分利用效率的影响

为优化甜瓜/向日葵间作模式节水灌溉关键技术,提高绿洲灌区灌溉水分利用效率.试验以甜瓜和向日葵为试材,研究9种灌溉制度下甜瓜/向日葵间作系统和2种作物单作的叶片水分状况和水分利用效率.结果 表明,甜瓜/向日葵间作系统的水分效率显著高于甜瓜单作和向日葵单作,分别提高30.3％和107.8％,间作显著提高了甜瓜成熟期叶片的水...     

灌水量和种植密度的配置对干热河谷紫甘蓝生物量分配、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了揭示灌水量和种植密度配置下干热河谷紫甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.capitata rubra)产量形成机理,研究了不同灌水量5800 m3/hm2(I₁)、4900 m3/hm2(I₂)、4600 m3/hm2(I₃)和不同种植密度79200株/hm2(D₁)、52800株/hm2(D₂)、39600株/hm2(D₃)配置对紫甘蓝生物量特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：灌水量对紫甘蓝植株外叶鲜重、茎鲜重和茎比例有显著影响,灌水量减少降低了外叶-地上生物量的异速生长指数,紫甘蓝将更多的生物量分配到外叶中。随着种植密度的降低,紫甘蓝外叶鲜重、茎鲜重、叶球鲜重、外叶生物量、茎生物量、叶球生物量和总生物量均显著增加,外叶比例显著降低,叶球比例增加,生物量异速生长关系变化不明显。影响紫甘蓝生物量特性的主要因素是种植密度,灌水量影响较小,其交互作用不显著。I₂D₃处理的生物量特性主成分分析得分最高,灌溉水利用效率最高,经济产量较高。这表明,I₂D₃处理为紫甘蓝最佳灌水量和种植密度。本研究结果可为干热河谷紫甘蓝高产高效生产提供理论依据。     

水氮减量对地膜玉米免耕轮作小麦主要光合生理参数的影响

地膜玉米免耕结合水氮减量对小麦稳产增产的作用已经验证,但其形成的光合生理机制研究仍比较薄弱。2018—2020年,采用裂区设计,设置地膜玉米免耕(NT)和传统耕作(CT)两种耕作方式,传统灌水(I2, 2400 m3 hm–2)和传统灌水减量20%(I1, 1920 m3 hm–2) 2个灌水水平和施纯N 225 kg hm–2 (N3)、180 kg hm–2 (N2)和135 kg hm–2 (N1) 3个施氮水平。结果表明,耕作措施、施氮水平对小麦叶面积指数、光合势、SPAD值、光合速率均有显著影响;灌水水平对光合速率影响显著。全生育期平均来看, NT较CT显著提高了小麦叶面积指数、光合势、SPAD值、光合速率,分别提高14.5%～44.1%、 13.2%～16.3%、 7.4%～9.0%、14.5%～24.2%;与I2相比,I1小麦光合速率显著降低了6.5%～13.6%。N1较N3叶面积指数、光合势、SPAD值、光合速率分别显著降低了6.4%～13.6%、7.5%～12.7%、6.0%～10.2%、7.5%～17.5%, N2与N3无显著差异。耕作措施、施氮水平、灌水水平三者均...     

全膜覆土种植和施肥对旱地苦荞耗水特征及产量的影响

探究全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对半干旱区旱地苦荞土壤耗水特征和产量的影响,于2015—2017年连续3年进行定位试验,全膜覆土种植方式下,设置高量(N 120 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅90 kg hm^-2+K2O 60 kg hm^-2,HF)、中量(N 80 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅60 kg hm^-2+K2O 40 kg hm^-2,MF)、低量(N 40 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅30 kg hm^-2+K2O 20 kg hm^-2,LF)和零施肥(ZF),以传统露地种植不施肥为CK,共5个处理,以明确全膜覆土种植和施肥对半干旱区苦荞的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,苦荞全膜覆土种植后集雨保墒效果明显,能够改善土壤水分环境,增加花前贮水,LF能够根据不同降水年型和土壤水分状况调控苦荞花前花后土壤耗水,在干旱年LF较ZF、MF、HF、CK能够提高苦荞花后土壤贮水量2.8~23.5 mm,增加花前0~100 cm土层土壤剖面水分耗散量26.3~32.4 mm,增加生育期总耗水量44.5 mm,提高耗水模系数、耗水强度,显著增加成熟期干物质量1.2%~58.8%、灌浆期叶面积指数4.1%~68.5%,增加单株粒重1.6%~61.6%,提高籽粒饱满率0.6%~29.2%,增加生物量1.1%~182.5%,提高产量1.1%~130.4%,提高水分利用效率0.3%~102.7%。可见,旱地苦荞全膜覆土种植低量施肥处理贮水效果明显,能够达到水肥耦合作用,且能够根据降水等环境条件调控植株生育期耗水,显著提高苦荞生物产量、产量和水分利用效率,是适宜于半干旱区苦荞增产增效的栽培模式。     

不同咸水利用方式对棉花叶绿素荧光参数及土壤盐分的影响

【目的】本研究旨在科学合理地利用浅层咸水资源。【方法】依托短期定位试验开展了在第3年和第4年不同咸水利用方式下(CK:造墒和蕾期灌淡水;T1:造墒和蕾期灌咸淡混配矿化度3 g·L^-1的微咸水;T2:淡水造墒蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T3:造墒和蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T4:淡水造墒蕾期不灌水)棉花长势、叶绿素荧光参数、土壤盐分累积及其运移的变化。【结果】T1和T2处理的齐苗率、株高、干物质质量、叶面积指数、叶绿素荧光参数、产量及霜前花率与CK无显著差异,土壤盐分含量较CK有所增加,但未对棉花生长产生明显抑制。T3处理的棉花长势指标、叶绿素荧光参数较CK显著降低,0~100 cm土壤盐分含量较CK明显增加。【结论】从土壤质量安全和咸水高效利用的角度考虑,连续4年用3 g·L^-1的咸淡混合水灌溉或用淡水与5 g·L^-1的咸水轮灌不仅能节约淡水,且不影响棉花产量。本研究结果为当地在棉花生产中安全利用咸水提供技术参考。     

水肥一体化条件下不同灌水量对甜菜产质量的影响

通过对甜菜在苗期、叶丛繁茂期、块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期的生理所需进行控水灌溉,研究不同灌水量对甜菜产质量的影响,确定少水、多糖、高产的最佳灌水方案,为甜菜节水灌溉提供理论依据,指导甜菜生产科学灌溉。试验设置3312.75、4005.30、4697.85、5390.40、6082.95、6775.50 m³/hm²等6个灌水梯度,在苗期、叶丛繁茂期、块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期分别按各生长期需水比例灌入不同水量,收获时测定甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量,分析水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)。结果表明,灌水量对甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量影响明显,全生育期灌水量为3312.80 m³/hm²时甜菜的产质量处于较低水平,随着灌水量的逐渐增加,甜菜的含糖率、产量和产糖量呈现上升趋势,全生育期灌水量为4697.90 m³/hm²时甜菜的含糖率、块根产量和产糖量均为最高,但当灌水量高于4697.90 m³/hm²时甜菜的含糖率、块根产量和产糖量开始下降,在灌水量为6775.55 m³/hm²时,甜菜的含糖率、块根产量和产糖量均为最低。因此在新疆石河子地区甜菜全生育期灌水7次时,总灌水量在4697.90 m³/hm²,可以使甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量达到最佳。     

拔节期氮肥运筹对不同滴灌量下冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为探明拔节期氮肥运筹对不同滴灌量下冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响,在大田滴灌技术条件下,以‘新冬41号’为试验材料,研究4种拔节期氮肥运筹处理[N0(0 kg/hm²)、N1(90 kg/hm²)、N2(180 kg/hm²)、N3(270 kg/hm²)]对3种不同滴灌量[W1(1500 m³/hm²)、W2(3000 m³/hm²)、W3(3450 m³/hm²)]下冬小麦叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,在3种滴灌量下各氮肥处理冬小麦拔节至乳熟期叶片SPAD值均呈“先增后降”的变化规律,最大值均在灌浆期;LAI呈现“先增后降”的变化规律,在孕穗期达最大。在同一施氮水平下,滴灌量增加,叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均增加,而胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)则降低。滴灌量较低时（W1处理）,增加拔节期施氮量能有效提高滴灌冬小麦的有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量和收获系数;水分充足时（W2、W3处理）,增加拔节期施氮量反而不利于产量的提高。综合考虑各项产量指标及氮肥利用效率得出,在滴灌量3000 m³/hm²条件下,拔节期施氮量180 kg/hm²时,滴灌冬小麦籽粒产量较高,氮肥利用率最大,可供生产参考。     

不同水分条件下缓/控释氮肥对水稻干物质量和氮素吸收、运转及分配的影响

为探究缓/控释肥在不同水分条件下提高氮素利用率及增产机制。本研究以杂交中稻F优498为试验材料,在180 kg hm^-2施氮量基础上,采用两因素裂区设计: 主区设控灌、干湿交替灌溉、传统灌水灌溉3种水分管理方式,副区设尿素一道清、尿素常规运筹、硫包膜缓释肥、树脂包膜控释肥4种氮肥种类,研究缓/控释肥和水分管理方式对水稻干物质量和氮素吸收、运转、分配和产量的影响及其互作效应。结果表明, 缓/控释肥和水分管理方式对水稻主要生育期干物质量和氮吸收、转运、分配及产量具显著影响及互作效应,产量构成因素与氮素在结实期转运总量及其分配呈显著正相关。干湿交替灌溉和缓/控释肥均能提高干物质量、氮素吸收及产量并表现出显著互作效应,施用缓/控释肥氮素表观利用率达42%~53%,相较于尿素一道清和传统的尿素常规运筹,氮肥偏生产力提高6%~23%,氮素农学利用率提高26%~71%,增产8%~19%。控灌条件下,缓/控释肥处理氮素有效性高,保证足穗、促进重穗;干湿交替灌溉条件下缓/控释肥处理能保持氮素的高效释放,有利于高产群体的形成,从而提高稻株氮素积累、协调氮素分配;淹水灌溉条件下,缓/控释肥处理无效分蘖减少,氮素入渗、淋溶降低,成穗率提高。综合产量与氮素吸收、运转的表现,干湿交替灌溉条件下施用缓控释肥为本试验最佳处理,能有效提高氮素利用率,促进高产形成。     

Effects of Deficit Drip Irrigation Ratios on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Yield and Fibre Quality

Increasing irrigation costs and declining water availability compel producers to adapt irrigation strategies for maximum crop yield and water use efficiency. A field trial was conducted to observe the effects of various drip irrigation ratios (IR-0, IR-25, IR-50, IR-75 and IR-100) on water use efficiency (WUE), the irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), lint yield, yield components and fibre quality at two upland cotton varieties during 2004 and 2005. WUE was found to increase from 0.62 to 0.71 kg m⁻³ as the irrigation water applied was reduced from 100 % to 75 % of soil water depletion. Deficit irrigation of cotton with drip irrigation at 75 % treatment level (IR-75) did not decrease seed cotton yield and yield components during 2 years, with the exception of the number of bolls in 2005. Among fibre quality parameters, no significant differences in fibre length, fineness, uniformity index and elongation were detected between the 100 % and 75 % irrigation levels in 2005. The results revealed that irrigation of cotton with a drip irrigation method at 75 % level had significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water without reducing yield, and high WUE indicated a definitive advantage of employing deficit irrigation under limited water supply conditions.     

黄河流域棉区秸秆还田下机采棉的氮肥用量和利用率研究

提高种植密度、优化缩节胺(1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride,DPC)化控技术是黄河流域棉区机采棉田的基本管理措施,秸秆还田则是实现农作物化肥零增长的技术途径之一。于2013―2014年在河北省河间市秸秆还田地块,研究了密度、DPC化控和氮(Nitrogen,N)肥用量对棉花产量及其构成因素、干物质和N的积累与分配以及N肥利用率的影响,其中2013年蕾期和花铃期降水量大,2014年比较干旱。研究结果表明,与低密度(6.75×10~4株·hm~(-2))相比,高密度处理(11.25×10~4株·hm~(-2))在干旱年份的籽棉产量和N肥偏生产力分别显著提高8.1%和7.4%,N回收率也显著增加25.5百分点,达到41.6%。与清水对照相比,DPC化控的籽棉产量、N肥偏生产力和农学效率在多雨年份分别显著提高39.2%、43.3%和212.8%,N回收率略增加但差异不显著。提高密度促进了干物质积累,但降低了多雨年份的收获指数;DPC化控的生物量较低,但在多雨和干旱年份均可提高收获指数。N肥用量对棉花产量的影响不显著,但表现出低N处理(105 kg·hm~(-2))的产量高于中N处理(210 kg·hm~(-2))和高N处理(315 kg·hm~(-2))的趋势。低N处理2年的N肥偏生产力分别为24.5 kg·kg~(-1)和54.4kg·kg~(-1),回收率分别为45.2%和41.0%,显著高于中N处理和高N处理。综上所述,增密和DPC化控相结合,有利于机采棉田干物质的积累及向产量器官的分配,有利于维持产量的稳定性;在秸秆还田条件下,棉田的适宜施N量可降至105 kg·hm~(-2)。     

灌水对节水小麦“衡观35”产量、蛋白质含量及光合性能的影响

水分是限制小麦产量和品质提高的关键因素。为探究不同时期灌水对冬小麦产量、农艺性状、籽粒品质及光合性能的影响，在自动防雨水肥控制池中设置4个春季水分处理：不灌水(对照，W1)、仅拔节期灌水1050m³/hm²(W2)、仅开花期灌水1050m³/hm²(W3)和拔节期525m³/hm²⁺开花期525m³/hm²(W4)。结果表明，W1处理籽粒蛋白质含量最高，W2处理蛋白质产量最高，W3处理籽粒产量最高，W4处理光合性能最稳定。与W1处理相比，灌水影响小麦旗叶的光合性能，使其净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率增大；拔节期灌水可增加叶片叶绿素含量，促进植株干物质积累，提高籽粒蛋白质产量，通过增加单位面积穗数和穗粒数而增加生物产量；开花期灌水促进籽粒长、宽增大，增大库容量，通过增加粒重而提高籽粒产量。通过比较拔节期灌水后至开花期未灌水前W1、W4和W2处理发现，灌水使最大净光合速率和光饱和...     

水分亏缺下化肥减量配施有机肥对棉花光合特性与产量的影响

Fixed position experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018, and split plot arrangement with the main treatment for full irrigation (W₁) with irrigation amount was 4800 cubic meters per hectare and deficit irrigation (W₂) was 2400 cubic meters per hectare, and the secondary treatment including treatments without fertilization (CK), single application of chemical fertilizer (CF), 75% chemical fertilizer with 25% organic fertilizer (M₁), 50% chemical fertilizer with 50% organic fertilizer (M₂), and 25% chemical fertilizer with 75% organic fertilizer (M₃). The effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer application on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of cotton were studied to provide theoretical basis for rational utilization of organic fertilizer and reduction of chemical fertilizer input under water deficit. Under deficit irrigation, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), above-ground dry matter accumulation and seed yield of cotton were all lower than that under full irrigation, while irrigation water productivity (IWP) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) were higher. The chemical fertilizer reduction combined with application of organic fertilizer could effectively improve the LAI after the full squaring stage, improve P_n and G_s of cotton in all stage, promote the accumulation of vegetative and reproductive organs dry matter, improve its transfer to the reproductive organs, improve the IWP and seed yield, and also increase the moisture content of soil surface in the period of full boll stage and boll opening stage. The effects among different organic fertilizer treatments on LAI, P_n and seed yield were all presented as M₁ > M₂ > M₃, and under the treatment of M₁, the average seed cotton yield of two years increased compared with CF and CK by 6.9% and 62.1% respectively. Whereas, the effects under deficit irrigation were presented as M₂ > M₁ > M₃, and the two years’ average seed yield increased by 19.9% and 79.3% respectively compared with CF and CK under M₂. Chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer application were beneficial to increase the yield of seed cotton under water deficit, and alleviate the influence of water deficit on cotton growth and development, M₂ (50% fertilizer +50% organic fertilizer) was the best treatment.     

Effect of Moderate Drought in the Early Stage on Cotton Yield,Fiber Quality and Water Use Efficiency

[Objective] A 2-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of a moderate drought regime in the early-stage on cotton yield, fiber quality and water use efficiency. [Method] An experiment was set up in 2015 and 2016 on the Qingyuan Experimental Plot of Hebei Agricultural University based on a split plot design with two main plots: (1) conventional irrigation (W1) and (2) drought (limited irrigation before sowing with no irrigation during the growing period, W2). Three sub-plots with different cotton cultivars were established: CCRI 50 (early maturity), Nongdamian 601 (ND 601, moderate earliness), and Jimian 958 (JM 958, intermediate maturity). [Result] (1) Drought stress affected the ratio of seasonal bolls. Under drought stress, the ratio of summer bolls decreased and that of autumn bolls increased. Because the precipitation peak in 2016 was higher than normal and mainly concentrated in July, which was later than in 2015, the ratio of autumn bolls increased in 2016. (2) Drought stress affected cotton yield but had no significant effect on fiber quality. Under moderate drought, the boll number per plant and boll weight of ND 601 and JM 958 decreased, the ratio of boll setting increased (P < 0.05), the boll weight of CCRI 50 increased, and the yields of all three cultivars decreased. Because CCRI 50 is an early-maturing cultivar and sensitive to water, its yield decreased significantly (41.0%). (3) Reducing irrigation by an appropriate amount was able to improve water use efficiency. The water use efficiencies of ND 601 and JM 958 averagely increased significantly, by 15.75% and 10.05%, respectively, between 2015 and 2016 under drought stress. The water use efficiency of CCRI 50 decreased significantly, by 15.9%, because of its early maturity and sensitivity to water stress. [Conclusion] Moderate irrigation has a significant effect on yield, fiber quality, and water use efficiency. Cotton yield losses caused by water stress can be ameliorated by making the best use of natural precipitation and by increasing planting density.     

河北省棉花生产碳足迹分析

基于农业碳足迹理论及生命周期评价法,采用问卷调查方式,定量研究河北省棉花生产碳足迹,分析其构成因素,解析河北省棉花生产肥料和灌溉投入与产量的关系。研究结果表明:1)河北省棉花生产单位面积、单位产量、单位生物量、单位产值碳足迹(以CO_2当量计)分别为3272.71 kg·hm~(-2),1.04 kg·kg~(-1),0.40 kg·kg~(-1)和0.34 kg·$-1,低于前人研究结果中华北平原作物生产平均碳足迹和冬小麦碳足迹;2)化肥、灌溉、地膜为河北省棉花生产碳排放主要来源,分别占棉花生产碳足迹的34.53%、25.98%和18.44%;3)在调研的棉田中,25.63%的地块肥料投入过量,21.11%的地块灌溉投入过量,且产量较低,存在着较大的节能减排潜力。逐步扩大棉花种植面积,并发展棉花节肥、节水、免覆膜技术,必将成为未来河北省作物生产应对气候变化,发展低碳农业的重要举措。