生态足迹深度和广度:构建三维模型的新指标

追踪自然资本存量消耗与流量占用是当前可持续发展研究的核心议题.系统阐述了国际上新近提出的生态足迹三维模型的概念与计算方法,重点对足迹深度和足迹广度两个指标进行了探讨,总结了模型的主要优势,并通过引入资本流量占用率和存量流量利用比两个新指标对模型作进一步完善,在此基础上实证分析了1961-2006年的中国生态足迹.结果表明,中国自 1978年步人生态赤字时代以来,足迹深度增长了近2倍,足迹广度减少了11.84％,因自然资本流量不足导致资本存量大幅肖耗已成为社会发展常态.到2006年时,中国需要2.9倍的国土才能持续支撑其资源消费量.研究表明,三维模型分别从时空两方面表征了人类对资本存量的消耗(足迹深度)和对流量的占用(足迹广度),增强了生态足迹在不同区域、不同时期之间的可比性,并在一定程度上克服了经典模型的评估缺陷.最后指出了三维模型今后发展的主要方向.     

Mobile low-cost 3D camera maize crop height measurements under field conditions

To tackle global challenges such as food supply and renewable energy provision, the improvement of efficiency and productivity in agriculture is of high importance. Site-specific information about crop height plays an important role in reaching these goals. Crop height can be derived with a variety of approaches including the analysis of three-dimensional (3D) geodata. Crop height values derived from 3D geodata of maize (1.88 and 2.35 m average height) captured with a low-cost 3D camera were examined. Data were collected with a unique measurement setup including the mobile mounting of the 3D camera, and data acquisition under field conditions including wind and sunlight. Furthermore, the data were located in a global co-ordinate system with a straightforward approach, which can strongly reduce computational efforts and which can subsequently support near real-time data processing in the field. Based upon a comparison between crop height values derived from 3D geodata captured with the low-cost approach, and high-end terrestrial laser scanning reference data, minimum RMS and standard deviation values of 0.13 m (6.91% of average crop height), and maximum R² values of 0.79 were achieved. It can be concluded that the crop height measurements derived from data captured with the introduced setup can provide valuable input for tasks such as biomass estimation. Overall, the setup is considered to be a valuable extension for agricultural machines which will provide complementary crop height measurements for various agricultural applications.     

基于激光雷达和Kinect相机点云融合的单木三维重建

为了更好地建立单木三维彩色模型,获得准确表型参数,提出了一种基于Kinect v2相机和激光雷达的单木点云信息融合检测方法。首先由激光雷达采集樱树单木所在区域的完整环境点云,生成点云地图;由Kinect相机采集樱树单木多视角点云得到完整的三维彩色点云;然后以激光雷达点云位置为基准,通过选取对应同名点的方式对2种点云进行初始配准,使点云之间具有良好的初始位置关系,再使用最近点迭代（iterative closest point, ICP）算法对点云进行精配准;最后使用彩色点云对雷达点云进行点云着色融合处理,实现樱树单木的三维重建。结果显示：与只使用Kinect v2相机生成的樱树单木表型参数对比,融合后的樱树单木的株高、冠幅和胸径的平均相对误差分别降低了1.52、6.46和18.17个百分点。研究结果表明,Kinect v2深度彩色相机和激光雷达在单木三维重建上能实现优势互补,提升点云配准精度,同时,既能降低光照气候条件的影响,又能增加测量距离,单木表型参数更准确。     

三维建模软件在《机械制图》教学中的应用

《机械制图》是机械设计中应用性很强的课程,本课程的主要任务是培养学生的空间想象能力和空间分析能力,运用三维软件建立三维实体,有利于培养学生的空间想象能力。实践证明,它对机械课程的教学起到了极大的促进作用,教学效果明显提高。     

生物法生产25-羟基维生素D3条件优化

[目的]优化25-羟基维生素D3[25(OH)VD_3]的转化条件,提高25(OH)VD3产量。[方法]通过单因素试验和正交试验对菌株UV-FY-141转化生产25(OH)VD_3的条件进行优化。[结果]确定其最佳发酵培养基:葡萄糖15.00g,蛋白胨20.00g,NaCl5.00g,CaCO_32.00g,FeSO_4·7H-2O0.01g,去离子水1000mL。优化后转化条件:发酵初始pH6.5,发酵温度为28℃,发酵时摇床转速为200r/min,发酵时间为72h。在优化条件下,25(OH)VD3产量由原来的9.460mg/L提高到13.130mg/L,提高了38.79%。[结论]采用优化后的转化条件,可显著提高25(OH)VD_3的产量。     

基于无人机三维点云的玉米植株自动计数研究

植株计数是农民、育种专家等在整个作物生长季评估作物生长状况和管理实践的最常用方法之一,可用来进行合理的田间规划以及管理。针对高密度种植试验区高通量获取玉米自动株数方法匮乏的问题,本研究利用无人机遥感平台,获取田间314个不同基因型的玉米高密度育种小区的数码影像和激光雷达(light detection and ranging, LiDAR)点云数据,发展了一种结合玉米三维空间信息的固定窗口局部最大值算法,实现了高密度玉米育种小区成株数的自动检测,并对比了基于此两种不同数据源的检测精度。该方法以冠层高度模型(canopy height model, CHM)中包含的株高信息为基础,以玉米种植株距为固定窗口进行单株玉米种子点检测,并将检测到的种子点与目视解译的玉米位置进行空间匹配来进行精度的评估。结果表明,基于无人机数码影像构建3种空间分辨率CHM的综合检测精度分别为81.30%、83.11%和78.93%;基于无人机LiDAR的综合精度分别为82.33%、88.66%和81.46%;基于两种数据源构建的CHM,均在空间分辨率为0.05 m时,获得最佳的检测精度。此外,当空间分辨率相同时,...     

Lesser-known plants of potential use in agriculture and forestry

To help feed, clothe, and house an increasing population, to make marginal lands more productive, to meet challenging resource needs, and to reforest the devastated tropics, we need a revitalized worldwide investigation of little-known plant species. Such an effort would expand our agricultural resource base and ease our dangerous dependence on a relative handful of crops. It would build a more stable food supply for drought-stricken Africa and other parts of the Third World, and it would reclothe many of the barren lands where erosion now threatens disaster. Some plants that are now virtually unknown are likely to become mainstays of international agriculture and industry.     

松科3种植物抗寒性研究

通过对松科3种植物叶片的可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、自由水与束缚水以及叶绿素含量等指标的测定,结果表明:可溶性糖与脯氨酸含量均随温度的自然降低而不断增加;叶片总含水量较低,而束缚水/自由水较高,叶绿素含量则随着气温的自然降低而减少,但类胡萝卜素/叶绿素总含量的比值较高;综合各项指标,松科3种植物的抗寒性强弱顺序为:樟子松青海云杉油松。     

三维轮廓匹配的多尺度技术

采用多尺度分析技术实现三维轮廓曲线匹配.三维轮廓曲线通过不同尺度的Gaussian函数滤波和等距重采样,将曲率和挠率的乘积为局部极大值的点作为轮廓曲线的特征点,利用特征点将轮廓分段,对轮廓曲线进行Fourier变换得到Fourier描述符;选择Fourier描述符的低频分量构成三维轮廓曲线的特征矢量,通过比较特征矢量决定2条轮廓是否相似;在2条轮廓相似的基础上,实现三维物体轮廓曲线的匹配.结果表明本文提出的算法具有快速、准确、效果好等特点.     

Digital image analysis and chlorophyll metering for phenotyping the effects of nodulation in soybean

Leaf photosynthesis and rhizobial nitrogen fixation are the two metabolic processes of utmost importance to legume growth and development. As these processes are closely related to each other, measuring of leaf chlorophyll content can provide information on the nodulation and nitrogen fixation status of crop plants. In the present investigation, a number of soybean breeding lines consisting of near-isogenic families which are genetically segregating for the nodulation trait were utilized in field experiments carried out across three growing seasons at Vienna, Austria. For phenotyping leaf chlorophyll content, the Minolta SPAD spectrometer was applied in parallel to a simple leaf digital image analysis procedure based on a commercial digital still camera. The main objectives of the research included the comparison of SPAD metering and image analysis for determination of chlorophyll content, phenotyping of the soybean nodulation vs. non-nodulation characteristic with respect to leaf, agronomic and seed traits, and relating both chlorophyll and image analysis data to seed quality characteristics. Nodulating and non-nodulating soybean lines significantly differed in chlorophyll content from the V5 (five leaves fully developed) soybean developmental stage onwards. Apart from chlorophyll content, leaf size, plant height, number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed protein and oil content were also affected by nodulation type. The chlorophyll content of soybean leaves as determined by SPAD metering was significantly correlated (r = −0.937) to the green color value (RGB color model) of leaf image analysis at the R3 (beginning of pod growth) soybean developmental stage. Both chlorophyll content and leaf image analysis parameters were correlated to 1000-seed weight, seed protein and seed oil content. Thus, it appears that these leaf parameters related to photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation could be utilized to determine the nitrogen status of a soybean crop and subsequently in forecasting seed quality parameters of the harvest product.     

三维表面轮廓的测量技术

简要介绍了用于三维表面轮廓测量的接触式和非接触式两种测量方法的优缺点，重点阐述了实体光栅法、正弦波相位调制法和白先相移干涉法三种非接触式测量方法的原理。提出了用白光相移干涉法进行三维表面轮廓测量应采用的系统结构和算法。     

Structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor in complex with a D2/D3 selective antagonist

Dopamine modulates movement, cognition, and emotion through activation of dopamine G protein-coupled receptors in the brain. The crystal structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) in complex with the small molecule D2R/D3R-specific antagonist eticlopride reveals important features of the ligand binding pocket and extracellular loops. On the intracellular side of the receptor, a locked conformation of the ionic lock and two distinctly different conformations of intracellular loop 2 are observed. Docking of R-22, a D3R-selective antagonist, reveals an extracellular extension of the eticlopride binding site that comprises a second binding pocket for the aryl amide of R-22, which differs between the highly homologous D2R and D3R. This difference provides direction to the design of D3R-selective agents for treating drug abuse and other neuropsychiatric indications.     

基于添加剂使用的污泥堆肥厂经济效益分析

基于原位控制理念的外源添加剂可有效控制堆肥过程中污染气体的产生,同时提高堆肥产品养分含量,但其在工厂尺度应用的经济效益仍不明确。本文以内蒙古通辽市某污水处理厂为例,对不同堆肥模式情景以及外源添加剂使用进行系统的经济效益分析。结果表明:处理量较大的条垛式自然通风堆肥工艺(配套WT36型翻堆机)具有相对较低的基础设施投资费用和运行管理成本。不同堆肥工艺不添加外源材料的堆肥产品生产成本为314.93~349.85元·t^-1;使用磷石膏可使堆肥生产成本降低约6元·t^-1;磷石膏与双氰胺混合添加、仅使用过磷酸钙、过磷酸钙与双氰胺混合添加时生产成本升高5.0%~16.2%。堆肥产品销售可以补偿污泥堆肥处理成本,使污泥堆肥达到微利水平。采用大规模的条垛式自然通风且添加磷石膏的堆肥工艺经济效益最优,产投比达到3.22,投资回收期最短,可在3年2个月收回项目静态投资总额。因此,以磷石膏为外源添加剂并采用大规模条垛式自然通风工艺的污泥堆肥工厂化应用具有经济可行性。     

浅论乡土植物生产苗圃建设的必要性和可行性

通过一次工程实例,在分析了当前园林设计理念变化的基础上,指出乡土植物生产苗圃的建设势在必行,并对苗圃的建设提出了一些设想.     

面向犁体优化设计的三维CAD系统

研究开发了参数化犁体ＣＡＤ三维（３Ｄ）图形系统（ＰＳＣＡＤ），以辅助犁体优化设计，将３Ｄ概念引入ＣＡＤ，开发３Ｄ绘图与实体造型的三维图像模拟技术，保证了犁体研究与优化过程的直观和透明。该系统采用达到二阶参数连续的犁体曲面，样板曲线通用数学模型和参数造型，较传统建模方法光顺性有大幅度提高，可满足任意复杂及不同型式犁体的设计要求。     

Registration of multispectral 3D points for plant inspection

Machine vision technologies have shown advantages for efficient and accurate plant inspection in precision agriculture. Regarding the balance between accuracy of inspection and compactness for infield applications, multispectral imaging systems would be more suitable than RGB colour cameras or hyperspectral imaging systems. Multispectral image registration (MIR) is a key issue for multispectral imaging systems, however, this task is challenging. First of all, in many cases, two images needing registration do not have a one-to-one linear mapping in 2D space and therefore they cannot be aligned in 2D images. Furthermore, the general MIR algorithms are limited to images with uniform intensity and are incapable of registering images with rich features. This study developed a machine vision system (MVS) and a MIR method which replaces 2D-2D image registration by 3D-3D point cloud registration. The system can register 3D point clouds of ultraviolet (UV), blue, green, red and near-infrared (NIR) spectra in 3D space. It was found that the point clouds of general plants created by images of different spectral bands have a complementary property, and therefore a combined point cloud, called multispectral 3D point cloud, is denser than any cloud created by a single spectral band. Intensity information of each spectral band is available in a multispectral 3D point cloud and therefore image fusion and 3D morphological analysis can be conducted in the cloud. The MVS could be used as a sensor of a robotic system to fulfil on-the-go infield plant inspection tasks.     

玉米生长三维显示模型研究初探

动态显示玉米的生长、发育和产量形成过程,有利栽培管理。本研究主要目的是建立一个基于生长模拟模型的可视化系统,从而反映玉米生长、发育和产量形成的实时动态。有关玉米生长、发育和产量形成的基本算法与品种、环境和生产水平密切相关,其主要来自于现有文献和研究数据。基于生长模型的逐日输出,耦合玉米种子、根、茎、叶和穗等的形态建成和生长规则,从而建立了玉米形态变化的数学模型。通过计算机图形学、Visual C 和OpenGL,本文建立了基于生长模拟模型和三维动画技术的玉米可视化模型系统,其能基本反映玉米生长、发育和产量形成规律,并具有结构简单、界面友好和图像真实等优点。     

Stimulation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Vitamin D-deficient rats produce [(3)H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) from [(3)H]25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) regardless of dietary content of calcium or phosphate. A daily dose of 130 picomoles of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) for a period of 5 days reduces production of [(3)H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) to essentially zero and stimulates production of [(3)H]24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). A daily dose of 325 picomoles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) has a similar but less dramatic effect. On the other hand, 650 picomoles daily of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) given to vitamin D-deficient rats had no effect. Thus it appears that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is an important factor in the regulation of kidney metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3).     

日光温室二维及三维模拟对温度模拟结果的影响

数值模拟在温室环境研究中应用日趋广泛,正确选择温室模拟模型对模拟结果的准确性非常重要。本研究以温室夜间各表面的温度为边界条件,采用CFD软件对12m跨度温室温度环境进行二维及三维空间的稳态模拟求解。结果表明温室中间横剖面温度在三维模拟及二维模拟中空间变化趋势相同且与测试结果相近：在温室前部及温室后上部模拟值与测试值的绝对误差在5％以内,在温室中部尤其是近土壤表面误差偏大。由温室中间及距山墙1m远两个横剖面的1m高温度线分布对比结果可见,温室长度大于其跨度两倍以上时,山墙对室内中部温度环境的影响不明显,模拟温室中部横剖面的温度用二维模型可行。