钙离了与肌细胞代谢的关系

钙离子（Ｃａ＾２＋）具有多种生理功能，近年来随着实验技术的改进与发展，人们对Ｃａ＾２＋的作用有了进一步了解。Ｃａ＾２＋作为第二信使参与肌细胞活动的调节，开始引起广泛的重视。肌细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度的变化，可能是肌细胞增殖的启动因子，它启动“早期应答基因”和细胞膜受体（如ＣａＭ，β－受体）的高表达，引起肌细胞有丝分裂，最终实现蛋白质在细胞内沉积，导致肌细胞肥大和增生。     

共轭亚油酸对C2C12肌细胞生脂和生肌分化的影响

本研究分析了共轭亚油酸(CLA)对C2C12肌细胞生脂转分化和生肌分化的影响。分别培养并诱导C2C12鼠源肌细胞生脂转分化和正常的生肌分化,同时分别使用终浓度为50μmol/L的c9,t11-CLA和t10,c12-CLA处理细胞,并设对照组,取生脂转分化第10天和生肌分化第8天的细胞用于实时定量PCR检测,观察c9,t11-CLA和t10,c12-CLA对C2C12肌细胞不同分化的影响。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,c9,t11-CLA促进了C2C12肌细胞的生脂转分化,显著增加了细胞内甘油三酯(TG)含量(P0.05),显著上调了细胞内脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)、过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体γ(PPARγ)和脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)基因的表达水平(P0.05);与对照组相比,t10,c12-CLA则抑制了C2C12肌细胞的生脂转分化,显著减少了细胞内TG含量(P0.05),显著下调了细胞内C/EBPα、PPARγ和FA BP4基因的表达水平(P0.05)。免疫印迹杂交结果显示FAS和FABP4的蛋白质表达水平也发生了与基因表达相一致的变化。2)与对照组相比,t10,c12-CLA抑制了C2C12肌细胞的生肌分化,显著减少了细胞内肌管数/细胞数(P0.05),显著下调了细胞内肌细胞生成素(MYOG)和成肌分化抗原(MYOD)基因的表达水平(P0.05);与对照组相比,c9,t11-CLA则显著上调了细胞内MYOG基因的表达水平(P0.05),对C2C12肌细胞的生肌分化有一定程度的促进作用。免疫印迹杂交结果显示MYOG和MYOD的蛋白质表达水平也发生了与基因表达相一致的变化。以上结果表明,CLA对动物骨骼肌细胞的正常生肌分化和生脂转分化都具有重要的调节作用。     

血小板与钙离子信号的研究进展

激动剂诱导细胞内钙离子浓度升高是血小板活化止血和血栓形成的必要条件,它是通过细胞内钙离子释放和质膜内钙离子进入而发生的。Ca2+库释放是一种行之有效的过程,首先磷脂酶(PL)C产生肌醇-1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇(IP3),进而通过IP3通道受体释放细胞内储存的Ca2+,从而完成Ca2+释放。在血小板活化过程中钙离子浓度明显升高有助于活化的各个步骤。钙离子作为细胞的第二信使,参与大多数的生物活动过程,尤其在细胞内钙池引发的钙离子的进入(store-operated Ca2+entry,SOCE)在血小板激活过程中发挥着重要的作用。血小板在血管内激活极易引起血栓,因此研究血小板活化机理可能会对某些疾病的治疗起到关键作用。     

黄芪多糖对肉鸡脾淋巴细胞转化及信息分子的影响

本实验研究了黄芪多糖对肉鸡脾淋巴细胞转化率及细胞内信息分子 -一氧化氮 (NO)、Ca2 + 及 c AMP、c GMP的影响。发现黄芪多糖能剂量依赖性促进脾淋巴细胞转化率及细胞内 NO、Ca2 + 浓度 ;当作用时间为 2 0 min时 ,4 0 μg/ ml黄芪多糖能增加 c AMP浓度 ,降低 c GMP浓度 (P<0 .0 1) ;而当作用时间为 6 0 m in,对 c AMP和 c GMP浓度无显著影响。以上结果提示 ,黄芪多糖能显著提高脾淋巴细胞免疫功能 ,其作用是通过改变细胞内信息传导实现的。     

家蚕血细胞系BmHc对脂多糖(LPS)和20-羟蜕皮酮(20E)的敏感性

为研究家蚕的细胞信号转导及外源基因在家蚕血细胞中的表达,用TC-199培养基建立起一个血细胞系BmHc。BmHc细胞系由原血球、小球细胞、颗粒细胞和浆细胞等血细胞组成,细胞倍增时间约30 h。脂多糖(LPS)刺激血细胞合成抗菌蛋白和多肽,启动细胞吸收Ca2+参与细胞的增殖。用Flu-3 AM处理细胞30 min并结合TCS-SP2激光共聚焦扫描显微镜技术对Ca2+的分布、定位进行研究的结果表明,Ca2+主要分布在原血球和颗粒细胞的膜表面,但有部分荧光分布深入到原血细胞核,显示细胞核参与了钙信号的转导途径。同等条件下,用20羟蜕皮酮(20E)处理仅可见轻微的荧光反应。LPS激发并打开了细胞膜上的Ca2+通道,引起细胞内Ca2+浓度的变化。在培养基内加入20E引起的Ca2+浓度变化相对较小,因此,20E不是细胞膜上Ca2+通道的有效激发剂。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗与活疫苗体外介导鸡淋巴细胞NF-κB表达的调节通路研究

为研究鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)免疫复合物疫苗与活疫苗体外刺激对鸡淋巴细胞NF-κB表达的影响,以及IBD免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗引起淋巴细胞NF-κB的表达是否与PKC通路、PTK通路、Ca2+通道的调节有关,以及对细胞内Ca2+浓度的影响,试验选取28日龄SPF鸡脾脏,分离脾脏淋巴细胞,分别用IBD免疫复合物疫苗和BX株活疫苗刺激,另外设立分别加入PKC抑制剂、PTK抑制剂、Ca2+抑制剂、NF-κB抑制剂的对照组,加LPS的阳性组,加PBS的空白组。体外分别培养21h和45h后,ELISA方法测定细胞培养上清中NF-κB浓度,激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞内NF-κB核移位情况,流式细胞仪测定细胞内Ca2+浓度。结果表明,IBD免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗体外刺激均能够引起NF-κB、Ca2+浓度升高,使NF-κB发生核移位,但免疫复合物疫苗引起细胞内Ca2+浓度的升高与对照组无显著性差异,活疫苗与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。提示IBD免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗体外刺激能够激活淋巴细胞内NF-κB,引起Ca2+浓度的升高,但两种疫苗引起NF-κB表达的上调与PKC、PTK通路无相关性,与Ca2+通道的调节有关。     

MyoD、Myf6和Mef2c慢病毒过表达载体构建及诱导猪MSC成肌向分化的研究

骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSC)是重要的成体干细胞,具有多向分化的能力,其成肌分化能力在医学上有广泛的应用,可用于多种疾病的治疗。成肌决定因子(MyoD)和成肌调节因子6(Myf6)同属生肌决定因子基因家族,控制着肌细胞的增殖分化,肌细胞增强因子(Mef2c)是一个具有重要功能的转录因子,可以作为心肌分化过程中的特异性标志。本试验通过构建猪MyoD、Myf6和Mef2c慢病毒表达载体,并在体外感染猪间充质干细胞(pMSC),成功在pMSC中过表达MyoD、Myf6和Mef2c三种调节因子,并且诱导MSC表达肌细胞生成素(MyoG)、肌肉特异型肌酸激酶(CKM)等重要的成肌相关因子。本研究为利用慢病毒过表达成肌相关因子诱导MSC细胞向成肌细胞分化奠定基础,为进一步探明MSC向成肌细胞分化的分子机制提供发新思路。     

肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)对肌肉调控的分子作用机制

肌肉生长抑制素(Myostatin,MSTN)是肌肉生长的负调控因子,抑制成肌细胞的增殖和分化.MSTN作为胞外信号分子可与成肌细胞膜上的受体结合引起受体自身的磷酸化,启动细胞内一系列信号传导过程,作用于生肌决定因子(MyoD)靶基因的调控区,调节肌肉组成蛋白和蛋白基因的表达.     

肌肉生长抑制素在动物生产中的应用

肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)属于TGF-β超家族成员,是骨骼肌生长发育的负调节因子。MSTN作为胞外信号分子可与成肌细胞膜上的受体结合引起受体自身的磷酸化,启动细胞内一系列信号传导途径,作用于生肌决定因子(MyoD)靶基因的调控区,调节肌肉组成蛋白基因的表达,从而对骨骼肌的生长发育进行调控。     

镉对体外培养大鼠大脑皮质神经元钙稳态的影响

选用原代培养大鼠大脑皮质神经元为模型,用神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)抗体经免疫组织化学染色技术鉴定神经元.用不同浓度(0、5、10、20 μmol/L)醋酸镉染毒大鼠大脑皮质神经元12h,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞内[Ca2-]i,ATPase酶试剂盒测定Na-K+ ATPase和Ca2-Mg2--ATPase活性的变化,荧光定量PCR法测定钙调蛋白(CaM) mRNA转录水平.结果表明,免疫组化染色证实培养细胞呈现NSE阳性染色,证明是神经元.与对照组相比,各镉染毒组细胞内[Ca2+]i显著或极显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),Na--K--ATPase和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活性显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),20 μmol/L组CaM mRNA转录水平极显著降低(P＜0.01).说明镉可能通过影响CaM的转录水平与维持钙稳态相关的酶(Na+-K-ATPase和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase)活性,干扰神经元细胞内钙稳态,进而造成神经元细胞损伤.     

Sensitivity of skeletal muscle to pro-apoptotic factors

In mononuclear cells, apoptosis leads to DNA fragmentation and cell destruction, regardless of the activated pathway. As regards multinuclear cells, e.g. skeletal muscle fibers, apoptosis rarely induces the death of the entire cell, and it generally affects single nuclei. This process, referred to as nuclear apoptosis, has a negative effect on the expression of genes in the myonuclear domain. Apoptosis may be initiated in muscle cells by external stimuli which activate cell membrane death receptors as well as by internal stimuli which stimulate the mitochondrial release of pro-apoptotic proteins. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the initiation of apoptosis. In muscle cells, ROS are produced in response to extracellular reactions or by cell mitochondria. It is, therefore, believed that mitochondria play a central role in apoptosis within skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles have a well-developed system that protects them against oxidative damage. Myogenic stem cells are an integral part of multinucleated myofibers, and they are critically important for the maintenance of normal muscle mass, muscle growth, regeneration and hypertrophy. The latest research results indicate that myogenic cells are more sensitive to oxidative stress and pro-apoptotic factors than well-differentiated cells, such as myotubes. The complex structure and activity of skeletal muscle prompted research into the role of apoptosis and its intensity under various physiological and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the results of research investigating control mechanisms and the apoptosis process in skeletal muscle fibers, and indicates unresearched areas where further work is required.     

Mechano-biology of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and regeneration: Possible mechanism of stretch-induced activation of resident myogenic stem cells

In undamaged postnatal muscle fibers with normal contraction and relaxation activities, quiescent satellite cells of resident myogenic stem cells are interposed between the overlying external lamina and the sarcolemma of a subjacent mature muscle fiber. When muscle is injured, exercised, overused or mechanically stretched, these cells are activated to enter the cell proliferation cycle, divide, differentiate, and fuse with the adjacent muscle fiber, and are responsible for regeneration and work-induced hypertrophy of muscle fibers. Therefore, a mechanism must exist to translate mechanical changes in muscle tissue into chemical signals that can activate satellite cells. Recent studies of satellite cells or single muscle fibers in culture and in vivo demonstrated the essential role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and nitric oxide (NO) radical in the activation pathway. These experiments have also reported that mechanically stretching satellite cells or living skeletal muscles triggers the activation by rapid release of HGF from its extracellular tethering and the subsequent presentation to the receptor c-met. HGF release has been shown to rely on calcium-calmodulin formation and NO radical production in satellite cells and/or muscle fibers in response to the mechanical perturbation, and depend on the subsequent up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. These results indicate that the activation mechanism is a cascade of events including calcium ion influx, calcium-calmodulin formation, NO synthase activation, NO radical production, MMP activation, HGF release and binding to c-met. Better understanding of 'mechano-biology' on the satellite cell activation is essential for designing procedures that could enhance muscle growth and repair activities in meat-animal agriculture and also in neuromuscular disease and aging in humans.     

骨骼肌卫星细胞的研究进展

目前已证实骨骼肌是具有多向分化潜能的成体干细胞的一个储存库。研究者认为骨骼肌中至少有两种干细胞:肌肉卫星细胞(muscle satellite cells)和肌源干细胞(muscle-derived stem cells),由于骨骼肌卫星细胞占了绝大部分,因此肌肉干细胞主要指骨骼肌卫星细胞。作者主要对肌肉卫星细胞的分离、培养、纯化、鉴定及影响其增殖与分化的机制做了简要概述。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞向骨骼肌细胞分化的研究进展

近年来,胚胎干细胞的应用越来越广泛,在体外将小鼠胚胎干细胞诱导分化为肌肉细胞,并且利用这些分化得来的肌肉细胞治疗肌肉退行性疾病,一直是胚胎干细胞研究领域的热点,而胚胎干细胞的分化机制更是其中的难点。目前,用于诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为骨骼肌细胞的方法很多,但分化的效率并不是很高,所以研究胚胎干细胞向骨骼肌细胞方向分化的机制显得尤为重要。文章仅就最近几年对小鼠胚胎干细胞向骨骼肌细胞方向分化的一些方法及其机制作一综述。     

A method to establish co-cultures of myotubes and preadipocytes from collagenase digested neonatal pig semitendinosus muscles

The relationships between adipocyte and muscle cell development within muscle are important in the study of factors or agents that may improve meat quality. Neonatal porcine muscle has the potential to yield both cell types for cell culture because it contains developing adipocytes and a high number of muscle satellite cells. Therefore, we modified a conventional collagenase-based procedure to digest neonatal porcine muscle and subsequently cultured the resultant muscle stromal-vascular (SV) cells on several substrata in basal and dexamethasone (DEX)-containing media. Developing myotubes and preadipocytes were present in muscle SV cell cultures on laminin substrata following seeding and plating with fetal bovine serum (FBS) with or without DEX. Myotube number was much higher (P < 0.05) on laminin substrata compared with all other substrata, whereas preadipocyte number in muscle SV cell cultures was independent of substrata, as we have shown previously. This approach can be used to establish co-cultures of differentiating adipocytes and myotubes from collagenase-digested neonatal pig muscle. Because the comparison is within the same culture dish, this method allows for a direct comparison of the responses of adipogenic and myogenic cells to growth and differentiation factors. For example, DEX did not alter myogenesis (i.e., 11 +/- 3 vs. 11 +/- 4 myotubes per unit area for control and DEX-treated cultures, respectively), but it has been shown to markedly increase preadipocyte number in muscle SV cell cultures.     

Meat Science and Muscle Biology Symposium: stem cell niche and postnatal muscle growth

Stem cell niche plays a critical role in regulating the behavior and function of adult stem cells that underlie tissue growth, maintenance, and regeneration. In the skeletal muscle, stem cells, called satellite cells, contribute to postnatal muscle growth and hypertrophy, and thus, meat production in agricultural animals. Satellite cells are located adjacent to mature muscle fibers underneath a sheath of basal lamina. Microenvironmental signals from extracellular matrix mediated by the basal lamina and from the host myofiber both impinge on satellite cells to regulate their activity. Furthermore, several types of muscle interstitial cells, including intramuscular preadipocytes and connective tissue fibroblasts, have recently been shown to interact with satellite cells and actively regulate the growth and regeneration of postnatal skeletal muscles. From this regard, interstitial adipogenic cells are not only important for marbling and meat quality, but also represent an additional cellular component of the satellite cell niche. At the molecular level, these interstitial cells may interact with satellite cells through cell surface ligands, such as delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1) protein whose overexpression is thought to be responsible for muscle hypertrophy in callipyge sheep. In fact, extracellular Dlk1 protein has been shown to promote the myogenic differentiation of satellite cells. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms within the stem cell niche that regulate satellite cell differentiation and maintain muscle homeostasis may lead to promising approaches to optimizing muscle growth and composition, thus improving meat production and quality.     

Mechano-biology of resident myogenic stem cells: Molecular mechanism of stretch-induced activation of satellite cells

Satellite cells, resident myogenic stem cells found between the basement membrane and the sarcolemma in postnatal skeletal muscle, are normally quiescent in adult muscles. But when muscle is injured, exercised, overused or mechanically stretched, these cells are activated to enter the cell cycle, divide, differentiate, and fuse with the adjacent muscle fiber. In this way, satellite cells are responsible for regeneration and work-induced hypertrophy of muscle fibers. Therefore, a mechanism must exist to translate mechanical changes in muscle tissue into chemical signals that can activate satellite cells. This mechanism has not been clearly delineated. Recent in vivo studies and studies of satellite cells and single muscle fibers in culture demonstrated the essential role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and nitric oxide (NO) radical in the activation pathway. These experiments also showed that mechanically stretching cultured satellite cells or living skeletal muscles stimulates satellite cell activation. This is achieved by rapid release of HGF from its tethering in the extracellular matrix and its presentation to the c-met receptor. HGF release has been shown to depend on NO radical production by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in satellite cells and/or muscle fibers, and relies on the subsequent upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity (possibly achieved by its nitrosylation). These results suggest that the activation mechanism is a cascade of molecular events including calcium-calmodulin formation, NOS activation, NO radical production, MMP activation, HGF release and HGF binding to c-met. An understanding the 'mechano-biology' of satellite cell activation is essential when planning procedures that could enhance muscle growth and repair. This is particularly important for meat-animal agriculture and in human health, disease and aging.     

Über die postnatale Entwicklung der Skelettmuskelzellen beim Schwein

On the postnatal development of the skeletal muscle cells in the pig Skeletal muscle cells of pigs up to ten years old were examined histologically and histometrically for age-related changes. Also examined was the relationship between the changes of the average muscle cell diameter and the age-related weight changes of the muscles. It was found that, during the entire postnatal period, skeletal muscle cells, despite their high differentiation, continued to develop and developed anew. The two muscle celltypes, red and white, could be differentiated by the end of the first month. The white cells formed the periphery of the muscle cell bundle. They developed from the red muscle cells and can be regarded as more highly differentiated than the latter. The red muscle cells, which retained many postnatal reatures, after the first month formed a group of cells in the center of a muscle cell bundle. Growth of muscle therefore does not only occur by enlargement of the muscle cells (hypertrophy) buy also by their increase in numbre (hyperplasia). The average diameter of the muscle cells in thus related in addition to age, breed, sex, diet and husbandry, also to mitotic intensity and the formation of new muscle cells.     

Akt 基因对肌肉细胞发育的表观调控

 
Akt是真核细胞中非常重要的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在细胞生长、增殖、分化、代谢和细胞运动方面都有重要作用。论文从Akt结构与功能、Akt调控成肌细胞增殖与分化、Akt调控表观修饰、肌细胞分化与组蛋白甲基化、Akt调控成肌细胞基因表达、问题与展望等方面论述了Akt基因对肌肉细胞发育的表观调控,以期为畜禽肌肉发育和分化研究提供依据。     

Intestinal smooth muscle cells locally enhance stem cell factor (SCF) production against gastrointestinal nematode infections

Smooth muscle cells can produce stem cell factor (SCF) in the normal state for the preservation of mast cells, but it is still unknown whether smooth muscle cells can enhance SCF production in response to the pathological stimuli. The present study showed that smooth muscle cells in mast cell-increased regions around worm cysts of intestinal nematodes significantly enhanced SCF gene expression compared with mast cell non-increased regions in same sample. SCF gene expression in mast cell non-increased regions in nematode-infected mice showed almost the same level as in non-infected control groups. These results indicate that smooth muscle cells can locally enhance SCF gene expression, and may have a role in local immunological reactions as growth factor-producing cells.