微波辅助提取兴安落叶松木材中阿拉伯半乳聚糖的工艺研究

以兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr．)木材的加工剩余物为原料．以水为溶剂，微波辅助提取阿拉伯半乳聚糖。通过对影响提取率的主要因素微波作用时间、做波功率、料液比和木粉粒度等进行正交试验．分析得出微波辅助提取阿拉伯半乳聚糖的较佳工艺参数为10．0g兴安落叶松木粉。微波功率210W。微波作用时间35min。料液质量比1：35．木粉粒度0．2～0．3mm时．阿拉伯半乳聚糖提取率17．47％。比传统水浴浸提法高1．6％，时间仅为原来的1/10。用红外和紫外光谱分析两种方法所得产物的化学结构相同。微波辅助提取的粗糖中杂质含量比传统水浴法低。实验结果表明．对于兴安落叶松木材中阿拉伯半乳聚糖的提取．微波辅助提取优于传统水浴浸提法。     

微波辅助提取兴安落叶松木材中阿拉伯半乳聚糖的工艺研究

以兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)木材的加工剩余物为原料,以水为溶剂,微波辅助提取阿拉伯半乳聚糖.通过对影响提取率的主要因素微波作用时间、微波功率、料液比和木粉粒度等进行正交试验,分析得出微波辅助提取阿拉伯半乳聚糖的较佳工艺参数为10.0 g兴安落叶松木粉,微波功率210 W,微波作用时间35 min,料液质量比1∶35,木粉粒度0.2～0.3 mm时, 阿拉伯半乳聚糖提取率17.47 %,比传统水浴浸提法高1.6 %,时间仅为原来的1/10.用红外和紫外光谱分析两种方法所得产物的化学结构相同,微波辅助提取的粗糖中杂质含量比传统水浴法低.实验结果表明,对于兴安落叶松木材中阿拉伯半乳聚糖的提取,微波辅助提取优于传统水浴浸提法.     

超声波用于强化有机溶剂提取印楝素

研究了用超声波强化有机溶剂提取印楝素的工艺过程，分别考察溶剂、料液比、超声波作用时间、超声波功率对提取率的影响实验发现，较理想的提取条件为：13．3g印楝种仁粉，料液比1：2，超声波功率200W；超声波作用时间与溶剂有关。甲醇15min、乙醇20min、乙酸乙酯10min；3种溶剂较佳提取率分别为0．3786％、0．3658％、0．2462％提取样晶利用高效液相色谱仪采用外标法测定提取物中印楝素的含量。实验结果表明，超声波强化提取与搅拌提取相比，不仅缩短了提取时间，而且提取率有所提高。     

微波辅助提取柚皮精油的研究

进行了微波辅助提取柚皮精油的实验。结果表明,石油醚是微波辅助提取柚皮精油的最佳溶剂,液料质量比、物料含水率、粒度、微波功率等因素对微波辅助提取柚皮精油有较大影响。通过实验得到了柚皮精油提取的最佳工艺条件：物料粒度60目,物料含水率7．4％,总液料质量比14：1,微波功率300w,提取两次,每次微波辐射时间3min。提取液进行真空浓缩至不再有溶剂蒸出,得精油粗产品。往精油粗产品中加入乙醇溶解,放入～15℃冰箱中冷冻48h,离心分离去除树脂状物质,过滤,滤液进行真空浓缩后,即得精油,产率约2．09％,精油纯度99．0％。与传统的直接加热提取法相比,微波辅助提取法所用时间仅为直接加热提取法的1／20。     

应用微波技术提取紫荆花色素的研究

研究了应用微波技术从植物紫荆(Cercis chinensis Bunge)的花中提取色素的新工艺并确定了最佳工艺条件：原料0．2000g紫荆干花，提取剂95％乙醇，料液比1：50(g：mL)，微波功率648w，提取时间30s，提取次数2次。最佳工艺条件下色素的提取率为92．1％，产率为9．48％，色价E(1％，549nm)为22．3。与溶剂浸提法相比，微波法提取紫荆花色素的每次提取时间由24h减小为30s，提取率从90．2％增加到92．1％。     

微波协同提取柚皮果胶的条件优化研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验，对微波协同提取柚皮中果胶的提取工艺进行优化研究。重点考察液料质量比、pH值、微波辐射时间、微波功率、物料粒度等因素对柚皮中果胶提取效果的影响。通过试验，得到了微波协同提取10g60目柚皮粉中果胶的最佳工艺条件：总液料质量比28：1，提取液pH值2．0，微波功率450W，微波提取2次，每次60S。提取液经硫酸铝盐析，析出的沉淀用酸化醇处理脱盐、过滤，滤渣用乙醇反复洗涤，干燥即得果胶，产率17．4％。与直接加热提取法比较，微波协同提取能大大缩短提取时间，提高果胶产率和质量。     

微波辅助提取桔皮中天然抗氧化剂的研究

以桔皮为原料，乙醇为溶剂，在微波功率900W，提取温度75℃条件下，通过单因素试验探讨了乙醇体积分数、浸提时间、料液比对总黄酮提取率的影响，并通过正交试验对桔皮中黄酮类化合物提取工艺进行了研究。结果表明，用微波法从桔皮中提取总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数75％，浸提时间7min，料液比l：30。用此工艺提取的总黄酮得率为12．04％。通过1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）法测定不同工艺条件下桔皮提取物的抗氧化性能，表明不同工艺的桔皮提取物均有一定的清除DPPH自由基的能力，其清除率与总黄酮的含量有一定的量效关系。     

微波辅助法提取印楝素的研究

介绍了一种有效利用微波辅助从印楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss)种仁中提取印楝素的方法。通过考察辐射时间、溶剂、物料比以及辐射功率等因素对提取率的影响，得出结论为：预处理过的印楝种仁粉末6.65g(相当于印楝种仁10g)，以甲醇做溶剂、微波功率210w、物料比1：3(g／mL)、辐射时间为3min*3次，提取率最高。与传统的磁搅拌法相比，该方法不仅工艺简单，而且可以提高产率，缩短提取时间。用高压液相法定量地测定了所提取印楝素的含量，其提取率可达0．519％．     

微波法从虎杖中提取白藜芦醇工艺

研究了微波法提取虎杖中的白藜芦醇,通过正交实验初步确定微波功率、乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间4个因素对提取效果的影响并确立最佳的提取工艺条件为：微波功率700W ,乙醇浓度70％,料液比1∶20,微波时间20min。     

微波辅助提取红枣多糖工艺研究

以山西红枣为原料,用微波辅助技术提取红枣中的多糖,以提取时间、微波功率、液料比、提取次数4个因素为自变量,多糖提取率为因变量。在单因素试验的基础上,选择对多糖提取率影响比较显著的微波功率、提取时间、液料比3个因素进行3因素3水平响应面试验优化研究。用Design Expert 8.05软件对多糖提取率进行多元回归模型拟合分析。结果表明:提取红枣多糖的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间5.5 min,微波功率830 W,液料比37∶1,提取次数3次,多糖的提取率为6.78%.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.