丹江鹦鹉沟小流域土壤可蚀性空间分异特征研究

以丹江源区鹦鹉沟小流域为研究对象,采用EPIC模型计算了不同地类的土壤可蚀性,研究了土壤可蚀性空间变异特征和不同植被类型对土壤可蚀性K值的影响,结果表明:研究区土壤养分差异显著,变化范围为0.027~0.062[t·hm~2·h/(hm~2·MJ·mm)],均值为0.047[t·hm~2·h/(hm~2·MJ·mm)],变异系数为12.8%,说明K值变异程度属中等变异;随着土层深度的增加K值逐渐变大,说明土壤表层可蚀性最小,抗侵蚀能力最强,6种不同植被类型土壤表层0~10 cm K值的大小排序为栎树林花生地草地玉米地松林茶园;K值半方差函数理论模型为球状模型;K值从南至北、自东向西逐渐减小,条带状分布明显,反映了流域北部森林覆盖区土壤抗侵蚀能力较强,东南部及中东部耕作种植、居住生活区和未受关注的山体土壤抗侵蚀能力较弱。     

福建省主要土壤可蚀性特征初探

本以USLE中的土壤可蚀性因子K为指标，利用土壤普查资料对全省主要土壤类型的K值进行了计算分析，结果说明我省主要土壤表层K值为0＝17－0．28之间，属中等易蚀范围，坡耕地K值较高，平均K值为0．25，且因松耕，土壤抗侵蚀力仅为自然坡地的1／11，提出要注意坡耕地的保护，土壤B层K值明显高于A层K值，说明随土壤侵蚀的加剧，土壤抗侵蚀力减弱。     

北京市延庆县不同土地利用方式下的土壤可蚀性研究

以北京市延庆县上辛庄小流域为研究区域,选择区内农地、杏林、侧柏林、乔灌混交林这4种土地利用方式,通过对土壤水稳性团聚体特征、有机质含量变化以及土壤可蚀性K值进行计算和分析,研究了该区不同土地利用方式下的土壤可蚀性差异特征。结果表明,不同地类土壤团聚体破坏率表现为:农地>杏林>侧柏林>乔灌混交林,林地土壤团聚体结构破坏率显著低于农地(p < 0.05)。农地土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加呈现一定的上升趋势,林地的土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加而减小。不同土地利用方式的土壤可蚀性K值存在差异,表现为:乔灌混交林<侧柏林<杏林<农地。表层0-20cm土层土壤可蚀性K值小于20-40cm土层,表明其土壤抗侵蚀能力高于深层土壤,反映出保护表层土壤的重要性。对土壤可蚀性影响因子的分析结果表明,土壤黏粒含量、有机质含量和水稳性团聚体与土壤可蚀性K值的相关关系最为密切(p < 0.05)。     

贵州不同碳酸盐岩坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征研究

采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,通过样品分析、崩解试验及模拟冲刷试验,研究了贵州典型喀斯特地区4种碳酸盐岩发育形成坡耕地土壤的侵蚀特征。结果表明：不同碳酸盐岩对土壤冲刷模数与可蚀性K值产生极显著的影响,而对土壤紧实度及崩解速率影响不显著;4种碳酸盐岩发育坡耕地土壤的可蚀性K值表现为泥灰岩（0．304）＞泥质白云岩（0．299）＞纯灰岩（0．283）＞纯白云岩（0．272）,而冲刷模数的变化规律与之相反。碳酸盐岩发育土壤具有较高的黏聚力,土壤抗冲抗蚀性较强,土壤可蚀性低,可蚀性K值在0．25～0．30之间。碳酸盐岩地区土层较浅薄,平均厚度仅35 cm左右,其土壤侵蚀特征总体上表现为低流失、高危险,应引起足够的重视。在喀斯特地区开展水土流失治理、编制水土保持规划时应充分考虑岩性差异的影响。     

武夷山山地土壤可蚀性K值的垂直分异及成因分析

土壤可蚀性K值反映了土壤的抗蚀能力。对武夷山山地10个土壤剖面A层土壤可蚀性K值进行计算,结果表明:武夷山山地土壤以较低可蚀性为主,且呈现随海拔增高,土壤可蚀性K值逐渐递减的规律。一方面,垂直山地不同海拔有机碳的含量造成了土壤可蚀性K值的分异;另一方面,土壤可蚀性与土壤质地存在相互影响,土壤可蚀性K值与粘粒和粉粒含量均呈显著正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著负相关。     

不同沙生植被土壤微团聚体分形特征及抗蚀性

应用分形理论,以沙裸地为对照,不同沙生植被类型为研究对象,分析了不同沙生植被类型对土壤理化性质及抗蚀性的影响。结果表明,不同沙生植被中,踏郎土壤微团聚体组成和颗粒组成1～0.25 mm粒级含量较高;白柠条和踏郎的土壤微团聚体分形维数较低,且显著低于沙裸地。颗粒分形维数为沙蒿和踏郎较高,白柠条最低。沙裸地可蚀性K值最大,花棒和踏郎的可蚀性K值较小。综合分析表明沙裸地种植植被后,可以提高土壤质量和抗蚀性,其中踏郎较其它植被类型能更好地改善沙化土壤质量和提高土壤抗蚀性。     

中国亚热带地区土壤可蚀性的季节性变化研究

开展土壤可蚀性K值季节性变化规律的研究,对于精确预报土壤侵蚀及深入了解土壤可蚀性K值的机理具有重要意义.基于14个自然降雨条件下的田间小区实测数据.研究了中国亚热带有代表性的不同类型土壤可蚀性K值季节性变化规律,并对其季节性变化的原因作了初步分析.结果表明:各小区土壤可蚀性K值在不同季节间都存在动态变化,总体变化趋势是春、夏季高.而秋、冬季低,并且不同小区土壤其可蚀性K值的变动趋势和变动幅度不同,同一土壤可蚀性K值不同季节间最高和最低值之间相差最高达6倍.     

广东省土壤可蚀性现状及影响因素分析

土壤可蚀性是土壤侵蚀预报和土地利用规划的重要参数,本文采用EPIC(Erosion Productivity Im-pact Calculator)模型中土壤可蚀性因子K值为指标,利用第二次土壤普查资料,探讨广东省土壤可蚀性K值及分布特征,并绘制了广东省土壤可蚀性K值图,结果表明:广东土壤可蚀性K值为0.116~0.415,加权平均K值为0.25,主要分布在较低-中高可侵蚀性范围;以铁铝土为例,成土母质对土壤侵蚀影响是多因素的,由于母质的特性差异,母质所发育土壤可蚀性K值并不能完全代表其侵蚀危害性,从总体上看,土壤经过多年耕种,抗侵蚀能力明显下降。     

沂河流域土壤可蚀性空间变异研究

对土壤可蚀性K值进行研究有助于探索和分析沂河流域土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征。利用GIS空间分析和统计功能,探讨了土壤可蚀性K值的空间分布特征及其与土壤类型、土地利用、高程、坡度等影响因子之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)研究区K值范围在0.031 1～0.193 3之间,均值为0.099 5,以较低可蚀性和中等可蚀性土壤分布最广,上游河谷和下游平原地区土壤可蚀性明显高于沂山、蒙山等高海拔地区;(2)不同土壤类型的可蚀性K值存在差异,粗骨土、石质土、山地草甸土和棕壤的可蚀性值较低,红黏土、水稻土、砂姜黑土、新积土和潮土的可蚀性值较高,易受到侵蚀;(3)土地利用方式对K值有明显的影响作用,不同土地利用方式的可蚀性K值大小依次为:耕地未利用地草地林地;(4)随着海拔高度的上升,土壤可蚀性呈现逐渐降低的趋势;(5)不同坡度区间的K值存在差异,土壤可蚀性随坡度增加整体上呈现减小趋势。     

太湖流域苏皖汇流区土壤可蚀性K值及其应用的研究

利用土壤普查成果中的土壤图和理化分析等资料 ,采用公式计算法研究了该区土壤的可蚀性K值 ,改进和完善了K值图编制方法 ,并用微机首次制出具有准确几何位置、可与地形图配准的土壤可蚀性K值图。同时 ,还依据该区K值的分布特点讨论了它在水土保持、土壤年流失量监测、生态农业建设和防洪减灾中的应用。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.