棉花三系杂交种不同生态区遗传效应及优势表现

选用3个核背景不同的恢复系材料和7个不同的哈克尼西棉胞质不育材料作为亲本,根据NCⅡ遗传交配设计,配置了21个杂交组合,分别在黄河流域棉区河南安阳、黄淮流域棉区河南西华和长江流域棉区安徽无为3个生态区试点种植,通过性状调查与室内考种,采用朱军的ADE模型,进行数据分析。结果表明,子棉和皮棉产量主要受到加性、显性、加性与环境互作效应的影响,衣分和铃数主要受加性、加性与环境互作效应的影响,而铃重则只受加性与环境互作效应的影响;对于纤维品质性状,纤维长度、马克隆值、比强度和整齐度受到加性效应的影响,同时,纤维长度和马克隆值还与加性与环境互作效应相关;遗传率分析与遗传方差分量分析表现一致;产量及产量性状之间有一定的遗传相关,而纤维品质性状之间的遗传相关则较小,产量和纤维品质性状之间也存在着较少的遗传相关;杂交组合的产量竞争优势表现为安阳试点西华试点无为试点,说明与生态环境有关。在3个不同的生态区,研究了21个杂交组合的遗传效应及优势表现,研究结果对三系杂交组合选配有一定的指导意义。     

不同遗传来源甘蓝型油菜开花期的基因型差异和遗传效应分析

应用作物数量性状QTL体系检测的主位点组方法对不同地理来源的甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)12个品种双列杂交组合的开花期(播种-初花日数)性状的遗传差异进行了研究. 结果表明, 12个甘蓝型油菜品种开花期的遗传受4个主基因控制, 其加性效应分别为-17.22**, 2.71*, 6.09**和-1.05, 显性效应分别为-3.67*, 1.07*, 4.52*和-2.7     

甘蓝型油菜DH系在不同生态区SPAD值的差异分析

以甘蓝型油菜纯合双单倍体(DH)为材料,研究不同生态环境下油菜叶绿素SPAD值的变化状况,揭示叶绿素含量遗传表现规律,创制更高叶绿素含量种质资源,以期为油菜高光效育种奠定方法和理论基础。选取了170份甘蓝型油菜DH系,连续3年分别种植在冬油菜区(陕西大荔)和春油菜区(甘肃张掖)。结果表明:无论是不同遗传背景的DH系、还是同一亲本下的不同DH系材料,油菜DH系叶绿素含量在田间既表现出遗传稳定性,又容易受到外界环境影响,即在相似的生态条件下,同一区域即便不同年份的各DH系材料,叶绿素SPAD值的表现基本一致,但在不同生态区,油菜DH系的SPAD值差异很大。通过对油菜DH系亲本和DH系叶绿素SPAD值频数分布分析,叶绿素含量连续3年在2个生态环境具有广泛的连续分布,并且服从正态或者近似于正态分布,以及超亲分离的特点。这些都表明油菜叶绿素含量是一个典型的数量性状,受到多对基因的控制。     

甘蓝型油菜遗传多样性及其与杂种表现的关系

以3个双低甘蓝型油菜自交不亲和系、 22个不同来源的父本品种及其按NCⅡ法配制的66个杂种为材料, 应用AFLP及RAPD标记技术研究亲本的遗传多样性及遗传距离与杂种产量、含油量的关系. 结果表明, 根据遗传距离可将3个自交不亲和系分为2组, SI-1300和SI-1310为一组, SI-1320单独为一组; 父本品种分为5组, 中国品种为1组, 国外品     

刺槐Genomic-SSR与EST-SSR遗传差异性分析

[目的]对刺槐Genomic-SSR与EST-SSR的遗传差异性进行研究,为今后刺槐遗传多样性分析等育种相关研究中合理选用不同来源的SSR分子标记奠定基础。[方法]选取来自美国四个不同采集地的种子育出的12个刺槐个体,试剂盒提取DNA后分别利用9对Genomic-SSR引物和9对EST-SSR引物进行扩增,并采取毛细管电泳检测扩增产物。利用所得条带信息及相关软件对两种SSR分子标记进行多态性、遗传相似系数相关性以及聚类等方面的比较分析。[结果]刺槐Genomic-SSR平均检测到的条带数为6.0、Shannon多样性指数为1.3833、观测杂合度为0.5749、期望杂合度为0.6832;EST-SSR平均检测到的条带数为5.1、Shannon多样性指数为1.2711、观测杂合度为0.5648、期望杂合度为0.6526。由Genomic-SSR计算得到的个体间的遗传相似系数以及聚类结果与两种SSR标记综合计算得到的遗传相似系数和聚类结果更为相似。[结论]刺槐Genomic-SSR与EST-SSR存在一定的遗传差异性,但差异并不显著;刺槐Genomic-SSR能更加准确地揭示基因型之间的遗传关系;刺槐EST-SSR具有相对较强的保守性。     

甘蓝型油菜紧凑型和松散型杂种一代分枝性状的遗传效应

以分枝性状为研究对象,以紧凑型和松散型两类品种为杂交亲本进行正反交,试验结果表明紧凑型×松散型、松散型×紧凑型F1所考察的9个农艺性状均表现出显著的平均优势和一定的超亲优势;超亲优势中分枝的有效角果数、角粒数、千粒重等产量因素差异显著;同时还现分枝角果数的增加首先是分枝长度的增加,其次才是分枝数的增多.在分枝角度上组合正反交无差异,且F1表现双亲平均值并趋向紧凑型,这不仅有利于开展紧凑型优良株型的杂种优势育种,而且为其研究利用提供了理论依据.     

甘蓝型油菜显性核不育遗传研究及育种利用

甘蓝型油菜是世界重要的油料作物,具有很强的杂种优势,细胞核雄性不育是油菜杂种优势利用的重要途径.近年来,甘蓝型油菜显性核不育研究已取得了一系列进展.为促进甘蓝型油菜显性核不育研究的深入及其杂种优势的利用,本研究基于国内外甘蓝型油菜显性核不育遗传研究基础,主要从甘蓝型油菜显性核不育遗传方式、相关基因定位、分子标记开发及其...     

甘蓝型油菜两类同核异质杂交种遗传效应的比较分析

探究甘蓝型油菜化学诱导型雄性不育(CIMS)和细胞质雄性不育(CMS)杂交种间遗传效应的差异,为利用CIMS和CMS途径进行油菜超高产育种提供依据。以3个甘蓝型油菜CMS和同核CIMS与4个恢复系按照ACII不完全双列杂交(3×4)配制2套同核异质杂交种及其亲本为试验材料,进行了连续2年的田间试验,将29个性状指标划分为农艺、产量、品质3类性状,利用QGA Station Microsoft分析软件中的加-显性(AD)模型进行了统计分析,结果表明:与同核CIMS杂种比较,CMS杂种农艺、产量和品质性状的加性方差分别高21.85%,72.11%,13.48%,显性方差分别高3.58%,94.44%,56.90%,加性方差比率分别高39.29%,8.94%,-7.05%;显性方差比率分别高15.83%,4.30%,89.97%。CIMS杂种与同核CMS杂种间在F1的差异大小为农艺性状产量性状品质性状,在F2为产量性状农艺性状品质性状;在F1、F2,与同核CIMS杂种比较,CMS杂种的群体平均优势农艺性状分别低31.61%,32.74%,产量性状高72.82%,76.95%,品质性状指标则低58.81%,22.63%;在F1、F2,CMS杂种的群体超亲优势为农艺性状分别低75.35%,76.33%,产量性状低47.53%,32.90%,品质性状高14.09%,20.53%。CMS杂种的农艺性状、产量性状的狭义遗传率则分别比CIMS杂种高47.77%,54.31%。CMS不育细胞质对油菜杂种的性状产生了影响,且不同性状受到的影响程度不同;即CMS杂种的性状受亲本基因型的控制程度高于CIMS杂种;对CMS杂种的亲本应在早期世代加强选择,主要利用亲本的一般配合力(加性效应)进行选择,而CIMS杂种的亲本则应在高世代加强选择;亲本的性状和亲本的特殊配合力(显性效应)对2类杂交种的表现都有较大影响,因而亲本的选配对杂种的表现有很大的决定性。     

甘蓝型油菜胞质雄性不育系22A的遗传研究

甘蓝型双低油菜CMS22A是河南省农科院棉油所利用384A中的雄性不育源、采用单株成对连续回交的方法育成的新型双低油菜细胞质雄性不育系。其突出表现为雄性不育彻底且遗传稳定,配合力高,抗病抗倒,品质优良。对CMS22A育性遗传规律研究表明,该不育系属典型的败药型雄性不育系,其雄性不育的遗传受不育细胞质(S)和一对隐性核不育主效基因(rr)的共同控制,属孢子体不育,基因型为S(rr)。     

甘蓝型油菜硫苷组分的胚、细胞质和母体遗传效应分析

利用甘蓝型油菜4个显性纯合两用系与7个恢复系配制不完全双列杂交组合，采用广义种子遗传模型分析甘蓝型油菜硫苷组分的胚、细胞质和母体植株3套遗传体系的基因主效应和基因型×环境效应。结果表明硫苷组分性状受制于基因主效应，基因型×环境互作效应作用较小。2-羟-3-丁烯基、3-丁烯基以胚主效应为主，分别占75.21%和58.25%。4-羟-3-吲哚甲基、苯乙基以细胞质效应为主，分别占74.19%和69.54%。4-戊烯基由胚主效应和细胞质效应共同控制，分别占50.29%和38.12%。在基因型×环境互作方差中，4-羟-3-吲哚甲基仅受制于细胞质互作效应，其余硫苷组分均以显著的胚互作效应和细胞质互作效应为主。5个硫苷组分均以普通狭义遗传率为主，互作狭义遗传率较低。在普通狭义遗传率中，2-羟-3-丁烯基、3-丁烯基以胚遗传率为主，分别为71.61%和53.76%。4-羟-3-吲哚甲基和苯乙基以细胞质遗传率为主，分别为68.21%和68.47%。4-戊烯基以胚遗传率和细胞质遗传率为主，分别为47.81%和36.24%。在互作狭义遗传率中，5个硫苷组分以细胞质互作遗传率为主，均达到了显著水平。亲本遗传效应值预测表明，选用D3AB、D21R作为硫苷品质改良亲本有利于降低杂种后代油菜籽中2-羟-3-丁烯基和3-丁烯基的含量。     

棉花三系杂交种不同生态区遗传效应及优势表 现简

 选用3个核背景不同的恢复系材料和7个不同的哈克尼西棉胞质不育材料作为亲本,根据NCⅡ遗传交配设计,配置了21个杂交组合,分别在黄河流域棉区河南安阳、黄淮流域棉区河南西华和长江流域棉区安徽无为3个生态区试点种植,通过性状调查与室内考种,采用朱军的ADE模型,进行数据分析。结果表明,子棉和皮棉产量主要受到加性、显性、加性与环境互作效应的影响,衣分和铃数主要受加性、加性与环境互作效应的影响,而铃重则只受加性与环境互作效应的影响;对于纤维品质性状,纤维长度、马克隆值、比强度和整齐度受到加性效应的影响,同时,纤维长度和马克隆值还与加性与环境互作效应相关;遗传率分析与遗传方差分量分析表现一致;产量及产量性状之间有一定的遗传相关,而纤维品质性状之间的遗传相关则较小,产量和纤维品质性状之间也存在着较少的遗传相关;杂交组合的产量竞争优势表现为安阳试点>西华试点>无为试点,说明与生态环境有关。在3个不同的生态区,研究了21个杂交组合的遗传效应及优势表现,研究结果对三系杂交组合选配有一定的指导意义。     

Genetic effects on biomass yield in interspecific hybrids between Brassica napus and B. rapa

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic effects on biomass yield in the interspecific hybrids between Brassica napus and B. rapa, and to evaluate the relationship between parental genetic diversity and its effect on biomass yield of interspecific hybrids. Six cultivars and lines of oilseed B. napus and 20 cultivars of oilseed B. rapa from different regions of the world were chosen to produce interspecific hybrids using NC design II. Obvious genetic differences between B. rapa and B. napus were detected by RFLP. In addition, Chinese B. rapa and European B. rapa were shown genetically differences. Plant biomass yield from these interspecific hybrids were measured at the end of flowering period. Significant differences were detected among general combining ability (GCA) effects over two years and specific combining ability (SCA) effects differences were detected in 2000. The ratios of mean squares, (σ² _GCA(f) + σ² _GCA(m)) / (σ² _GCA(f) + σ² _GCA(m) + σ² _SCA), were 89% and 88% in 1999 and 2000, respectively. This indicates that both additive effects and non-additive effects contributed to the biomass yield of interspecific hybrids and the former played more important role. Some European B. rapa had significant negative GCA effects while many of Chinese B. rapa had significant positive GCA effects, indicating that Chinese B. rapa may be a valuable source for transferring favorable genes of biomass yield to B. napus. Significant positive correlation between parental genetic distance and biomass yield of interspecific hybrids implies that larger genetic distance results in higher biomass yield for the interspecific hybrids. A way to utilize interspecific heterosis for seed yield was discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

模拟干旱胁迫下不同甘蓝型油菜品种发芽能力的配合力与遗传效应分析

选择7个干旱胁迫下发芽能力不同的甘蓝型油菜品种进行完全双列杂交, 将亲本及F₁代种子在10% PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下发芽, 测定相对单株鲜重、相对茎长、相对成苗率、相对发芽率、相对发芽势和相对活力指数, 用Griffing I方法对发芽性状进行一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)遗传分析。结果表明, 一般配合力方差在42个组合间各性状达到了极显著水平, 特殊配合力方差在42个组合间除了相对活力指数外的各性状也达到了极显著水平。其中, 中双9号上述6性状的一般配合力效应值最高分别为0.0656、0.0708、0.1185、0.1048、0.1096和0.0861; 中双6号一般配合力效应虽然不高, 但其组合中双6号×西农长角和中双6号×中双10号的特殊配合力效应较高, 是耐旱性较强的组合。     

Heterosis and inbreeding depression in forage rape (Brassica napus L.)

Summary Heterosis and inbreeding depression for total fresh and dry weights were studied over two seasons in 15 crosses of six cultivars of forage rape (Brassica napus L.). Some of the hybrids exhibited considerable heterosis over both mid-parent and better parent; followed by depression in the F₂. The cross Windal × Canard had 62% and 25% greater dry matter yield over the best cultivar used in this experiment in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Possibilities of the utilization of this hybrid superiority are discussed.     

甘蓝型油菜分枝角度主基因+多基因混合遗传模型及遗传效应

分枝角度是油菜株型重要性状,是油菜品种高产及适合机械化收获理想株型的基本组成之一。为明确油菜分枝角度的遗传,本研究选用油菜分枝角度大的松散型材料6098B和分枝角度小的紧凑型材料Purler配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对该组合6世代(P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、BCP₁和BCP₂)的分枝角度进行了遗传分析。结果表明,上部第一分枝(顶枝)和基部第一分枝(基枝)角度的最适合遗传模型均为D-0 (1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因)。顶枝角的主基因加性效应值为4.939º,显性效应值为–4.156º,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是34.08%、1.40%和14.99%,多基因遗传率分别为24.43%、61.72%和63.98%;而基枝角的主基因加性效应值为2.217º,显性效应值为–1.941º,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是7.86%、1.24%和4.84%,多基因遗传率分别为66.46%、58.49%和73.96%。结果发现油菜分枝角度明显存在主效基因,为油菜分枝角度的遗传改良奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜角果长度的主+多基因混合遗传模型

角果是油菜产量构成要素中重要的组成部分。本文以长角果品种中双11和短角果材料10D130为亲本配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对该组合6世代遗传群体(P₁、P₂、F₁、BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂)的果身长、角果长和果喙长进行遗传分析。结果表明,该组合的3个角果性状均呈连续分布,其中,果身长最适遗传模型为E-0 (2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是1.75和–0.06,显性效应值分别是–0.59和–0.86,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是51.10%、74.23%和66.93%,多基因遗传率分别为29.16%、17.11%和23.96%。角果长的最适遗传模型为E-1 (2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型),其中,第1对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.81,第2对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.47,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是47.63%、68.51%和79.45%,多基因遗传率分别为29.40%、20.89%和12.47%。果喙长的最适遗传模型为E-3模型(2对加性主基因+加-显多基因遗传模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是0.2和–0.2,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是33.71%、72.75%和52.25%,多基因遗传率分别为40.08%、5.37%和27.60%。     

Genetic and genotype × environment interaction effects analysis for erucic acid content in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Genetic main effects and genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects for erucic acid content (EAC) in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) were analyzed for two year data by using the genetic models and corresponding statistical approaches for quantitative traits of diploid plant seeds. Eight parents were included in adiallel mating design in two environments. It was found that the embryo, cytoplasmic and maternal main effects and their GE interaction effects could simultaneously affect the performance of EAC, especially for the cytoplasmic and maternal effects. Since the amount of genetic main effects from the expression of genes in different genetic systems accounted for about 64.1%of the total genetic effects, EAC of rapeseed was mainly controlled by genetic main effects. The total narrow-sense heritability for EAC was 83.6% with the general heritability being 51.9% and the interaction heritability being 31.7%. It was suggested by the predicted genetic effects, that Tower and Youcai 601 were better than other parents for reducing EAC in rapeseed quality breeding. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic analyses of agronomic and seed quality traits of doubled haploid population in Brassica napus through microspore culture

Summary The results showed that the F1 genotype from the cross (Brassica napus cv. Zheshuang 758 × cv. Z-4115) had good response to embryogenesis, and their embryo yield and rate of plant regeneration reached 69.8 embryo/bud and 46.9%, respectively. Characters from the doubled haploid (DH) populations in B. napus were analyzed and it was showed that the means of each agronomic trait were between their parents, but they were nearer to the paternal in 6 agronomic traits (plant height, branch position, number of pods in the main raceme, length of pod, number of pods/plant and number of seeds/pod). The number of genes controlling each agronomic trait was analyzed based on the DH populations. The results showed that the number of genes controlling number of pods in the main raceme was the highest (15.6), and the least number of genes was involved for stem width (only 7.9). According to estimated coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the traits tested, gene interaction was found to be absent for stem width, plant height, length of main raceme, number of primary and secondary branches, pod density in the main raceme and seed weight/plant. Complementary interaction was also observed in five agronomic traits (number of pods in the main raceme, length of pod, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod and 1000-seed weight). A significantly positive correlation was observed between seed yield/plant and four agronomic traits (length of main raceme, length of pod, number of pods/plant and 1000-seed weight). The experiment also showed that the erucic acid, glucosinolate, oil and protein contents of DH populations were 34.23%, 87.09 μmol/g, 44.09% and 42.67%, respectively. The numbers of genes controlling each quality trait were 7.8, 9.7, 9.4 and 8.7, respectively. Partial correlations between the seed quality traits and the agronomic characters of DH populations were analyzed. In this experiment, the partial correlations among seed quality traits were also analyzed and it was found that the oil content had a negative correlation with the other three seed quality traits.     

Genetic diversity of Brassica napus L. Germplasm from China and Europe assessed by some agronomically important characters

Summary The genetic diversity and relationships among 63 rapeseed accessions, including 34 Chinese, 22 Czech, 2 Swedish, 2 German, one French and 2 Canadian accessions, were evaluated by nine agronomically important characters in the field at Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Significant differences between Chinese and European group in plant height, setting position of the first primary branch, number of siliques of the terminal raceme, thousand seed weight and seed yield per plant were detected. There were significant variations in nine agronomic characters among the tested rapeseed accessions. Ward’s minimum variance cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis distances on the raw data of nine agronomic characters clearly separated the European accessions from the Chinese ones. However, the Chinese accessions with erucic acid free and/or low glucosinolates could not be separated from those Chinese accessions with both high erucic acid and glucosinolates. In general, cluster analysis of the 63 accessions based on the selected agronomic characters was consistent with known pedigree information and geographic origin, as well as the previous RAPD results of these accessions. The European rapeseed could be important germplasm resources for enriching the genetic background of Chinese rapeseed, and vice versa.