蚕丝和蜘蛛丝蛋白基因结构及其表达

综述了家蚕丝和蜘蛛丝基因结构及其表达调控的研究概况,并介绍了应用基因工程生产丝蛋白的现状。     

蜘蛛丝蛋白基因工程的研究进展

蜘蛛丝是一种天然蛋白纤维。由于蜘蛛丝蛋白特殊的序列结构,使其具有独特的理化性能、力学性能及超收缩性能和优良的生物学性能。随着蜘蛛丝在多领域功能性材料应用价值的发掘,蜘蛛丝蛋白基因工程研究不断深入。简要介绍了蜘蛛丝的性能,重点综述蜘蛛丝蛋白序列基本结构和外源表达的研究,以及重组蜘蛛丝蛋白在多种宿主(包括细菌、酵母、植物、动物细胞及家蚕)中表达的研究进展,希冀通过基因工程的手段获得蛛丝蛋白并进行规模化开发生产得到更深入的研究与关注。     

家蚕丝和蜘蛛丝纤维的性能比较和应用研究概况

通过对家蚕丝和蜘蛛丝进行成分、结构、性能的比较,分析两种纤维在力学等方面的差异,论述目前应用方面现状、蜘蛛丝研究方面的进展以及所遇到的问题,提出新的解决的方法。     

蜘蛛丝蛋白的基因结构及其表达研究进展

蜘蛛丝的本质是蛋白质。由于蜘蛛牵引丝集合较高的抗张强度与弹性于一体，因此被许多研究人员看好．认为是一种难得的“生物钢”，并预言其在工农业生产及军事装备等领域具有广阔的应用前号。本文详细介绍了近年来蜘蛛丝蛋白的基因结构及其表达的研究进展。     

丝蛋白在生物材料领域的最新研究进展

丝蛋白是一类性能独特的天然高分子,因其具有优良的物理化学特性且来源丰富,逐渐在生物材料领域引人关注,越来越多的科学工作者尝试将丝蛋白作为生物材料应用于生物医学研究,并取得了重要进展。本文综述丝蛋白种类及特点、丝蛋白支架的制备加工方法,总结国内外在该领域的相关课题组的最新研究进展,阐述丝蛋白基生物材料的发展历史及在组织工程领域的应用现状,并展望蚕丝蛋白支架材料的发展前景与趋势,为提高丝蛋白产业的附加值以及促进丝蛋白材料在生物医学及临床上的应用提供有益参考,希冀有着几千年历史的蚕丝纤维的应用空间和范围不断拓展。     

多酚氧化酶对蚕丝及丝蛋白生物材料的改性与应用研究进展

多酚氧化酶能催化氧化酚类结构生成醌类活性中间体,引发酚类单体之间聚合。家蚕丝素蛋白和丝胶蛋白大分子肽链上均含一定数量的酪氨酸残基,酪氨酸的酚羟基能被多酚氧化酶催化氧化,生成醌类活性基,不仅可促成丝蛋白大分子交联,而且可与外源氨基功能化合物发生迈克尔加成或席夫碱反应,实现底物分子改造。本文讨论了多酚氧化酶的催化氧化机制,侧重阐述了近年来国内外应用多酚氧化酶(漆酶和酪氨酸酶)进行丝蛋白生物材料加工的研究,包括丝纤维制品酶法抗菌和防皱整理、丝素或丝胶酶促交联与接枝改性、再生丝蛋白膜及功能性生物材料制备等,为蚕丝及丝蛋白基材料的生物改性研究及开发利用提供参考。     

蚕丝蛋白在非绢丝领域的研究进展

介绍了蚕丝蛋白的组成,概述了蚕丝蛋白在食品、医药医疗、化妆护肤品、生物工程、环保、轻工业领域的研究进展。     

超级纤维蜘蛛丝的研究动向

蜘蛛丝纤维是自然界力学性能最优良的天然纤维蛋白, 所具有的强固性和柔韧性是其他人造纤维材料无法同时比拟的.仿蜘蛛丝研究一直是生物学界的热点,但到目前为止,这项研究还没有获得真正的成功.本文针对仿蜘蛛丝的难点问题,综述蜘蛛丝的机械性能、蜘蛛丝蛋白的一级结构、蜘蛛的吐丝机制研究、仿蜘蛛丝研究的进展和展望了蜘蛛丝的应用前景,以期能为仿蜘蛛丝研究提供有用信息.最后简单介绍了我们仿蜘蛛丝研究的一种新奇的思路.     

蚕丝蛋白生物高分子材料的应用研究新进展

本文综述了浙江大学应用生物资源研究所生物资源高分子材料实验室近5年来在蚕丝蛋白（丝素和丝胶）高分子材料在高吸水材料、支架材料、医用生物材料等领域的应用研究成果。     

Sustainable materials: a trend we need to focus on. Colombian organic silk,an option

The silk,important in the history and development of many cultures and countries,a fiber well developed in China,has been spread along the globe.In that process,even Colombia,a country in South America has been part of it.And since around 50 years ago,they started cultivating it.Nowadays,there is a region called Cauca,where peasants cultivate and process the fiber to convert it in fashion elements with a seal of sustainability behind.As the processes are artisanal,natural dyes,small quantities of pesticides,and good work conditions,it becomes to be a ecological product with high value.     

Black widow spider envenomation

Black widow spiders are found throughout the continental United States and north into the southern Canadian provinces. Male black widow spiders are of little medical importance. Female black widow spiders can be 20 times larger than males. The female can be identified by the hourglass pattern, red or orange in color, on the ventral aspect of her shiny, globose black abdomen. Black widow spiders control the amount of venom they inject; an estimated 15% of bites to humans are non-envenomating. Cats are very sensitive to the venom and deaths are common. Dogs have severe clinical signs but are considered more resistant than cats. A single bite is capable of delivering a lethal dose of venom to companion animals. There are several toxic components consisting of five or six biologically active proteins. These include a potent mammalian neurotoxin called alpha-latrotoxin, which induces neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals. Acetylcholine, noradrenalin, dopamine, glutamate, and enkephalin systems are all susceptible to the toxin. Onset of clinical signs usually occurs during the first 8 hours post envenomation. The condition is extremely painful in moderate to severe envenomations. Abdominal rigidity without tenderness is a hallmark sign of Latrodectus envenomation. In cats, paralytic signs may occur early and are particularly marked. Hypertension is a significant threat. First aid is of no value in the treatment. The primary treatment for black widow spider envenomation is the administration of specific antivenin, which provides the most permanent and quickest relief of the envenomation syndrome, usually within 30 minutes of infusion. The prognosis of Latrodectus envenomation is uncertain of several days, and complete recovery may take weeks.     

栗蚕手纺纱荧光反射率初步分析

采用测色仪测定栗蚕手纺纱的荧光反射率。结果表明,栗蚕手纺纱的荧光反射率显著高于柞蚕手纺纱1.10~8.83个百分点,且光谱数据图显示其荧光在可见光全波段内。初步推论产生荧光的物质可能是金属矿物质。     

樗蚕茧丝特性及丝绵加工的研究

樗蚕茧解舒困难,缫丝易落绪,不好缫丝,以目前的技术条件,樗蚕茧只可做绢纺原料。利用本研究制订的煮茧和解舒工艺,缫得的茧丝长平均在300~400m左右,人工室内育茧的丝长最长409.5m;人工室外育茧的丝长最长478.13m。人工室外育樗蚕茧丝胶含量为25.29%,略高于人工室内樗蚕茧;茧层练减率为33.89%,略高于人工室内育樗蚕茧。用樗蚕茧加工制成的绵片疏松而有弹性。     

巴西蚕丝生产和贸易的分析

以巴西茧丝生产和贸易的统计及相关资料为依据，简要分析了巴西蚕丝生产条件，经营规模，技术体系，蚕茧和生丝的供求关系及其出口市场。巴西蚕丝业是以出口创汇为目的的市场导向型产业．巴西蚕丝业的发展主要取决于世界茧丝绸市场的需求。     

Studies on the Psammolittoral Meiofauna of Algoa Bay

The meiofauna communities at three tide levels on a sheltered and an exposed beach have been analysed and compared. Twenty-nine nematode, eight harpacticoid and two mystacocarid species and species groups have been used. A similarity analysis indicated three distinct communities, one occurring in sand that dries out during low tide, one occurring in fine sand that remains saturated during low tide and one occurring in coarser sand that remains saturated during low tide. Diversities decreased from high to low tide levels on both beaches regardless of meiofauna numbers. The distribution of nematode feeding types is discussed.