应用mtDNA Cytb基因全序列分析中国5个马鹿群体的遗传多样性和系统发育

为了在分子水平上探讨马鹿的遗传多样性和系统发育,对我国5个马鹿群体43头马鹿mtDNA Cytb基因全序列进行了分析。结果表明:5个马鹿群体mtDNA Cytb基因全序列中A、T、G、C含量没有明显差别;多态位点占分析位点的7.63%,天山马鹿和塔里木马鹿的单倍型比例分别为100%,50%,单倍型多样度(Hd)分别为(1.000±0.218),(0.700±0.096),核苷酸多样度(Pi)分别为0.00333,0.00544,平均核苷酸差异数值(K)分别为3.800,6.200,其遗传多样性较丰富。对13个马鹿单倍型序列的系统发生分析表明,我国马鹿有2个母系起源。从GenBank获得33个马鹿Cytb基因全序列与本研究的马鹿Cytb基因的单倍型进行网络关系分析,发现塔里木马鹿与西方马鹿群体具有较近的亲缘关系。     

东亚4个黑山羊群体mtDNA D-环遗传多样性及其起源

为了研究地方山羊品种的起源与分化，了解其遗传背景，为山羊资源的合理利用提供基础资料，利用PCR产物直接测序法对3个中国黑山羊群体和1个韩国黑山羊群体共39个个体的mtDNA D-环部分序列进行了测定和分析。测定的序列经排列比对后选取441bp分析，发现了55个多态位点，单一多态位点11个，简约信息位点44个，确定了29种单倍型，单倍型多样度为0.984。构建系统发育树将29种单倍型分成了明显的3个分支，角猾羊聚入A分支。同时利用群体间的单倍型的错配分布和遗传距离分析了各群体的亲缘关系。结果表明：4个黑山羊群体遗传多样性丰富，至少拥有3个不同的母系起源，角猾羊是家山羊的一个母系祖先。     

五个地方绵羊种群mtDNA D-loop区系统进化及遗传多样性分析

为探讨我国部分地方种群绵羊的起源进化及遗传多样性。对河北小尾寒羊、山东小尾寒羊、苏尼特羊、洼地绵羊、湖羊等5个地方绵羊种群mtDNA D-loop区全序列进行了测序和遗传变异分析,并利用生物信息学方法分析了种群间的亲缘关系以及母系起源。结果表明,5个绵羊种群mtDNA D-loop区序列共发现了135个多态位点,形成了108种单倍型。单倍型多样度为0.974 0~0.998 0;核苷酸多样度为0.017 20~0.022 22;全群平均核苷酸差异数K为20.795。NJ系统发育树表明,河北小尾寒羊与洼地绵羊先聚在一起,再与湖羊聚在一起,最后与苏尼特羊和山东小尾寒羊聚在一起。在所有的系统发育树及单倍型网络结构图中,均表明108种单倍型聚为3个单倍型群,单倍型群A包括70只绵羊个体,单倍型群B包括48只绵羊,单倍型群C包括13只绵羊。河北小尾寒羊与洼地绵羊遗传距离最近,其次为湖羊、苏尼特羊、山东小尾寒羊。该种群遗传多样性丰富,与山东小尾寒羊、苏尼特羊、湖羊、洼地绵羊等种群存在基因交流。     

瓦氏雅罗鱼群体基于 COⅠ序列的遗传多样性分析

利用mtDNA COⅠ基因片段（有效长度635 bp）对来自达里湖（DL）、岗更湖（GG）、呼伦湖（HL）、黑龙江（ HLJ）、松花江（ SHJ）和乌苏里江（ WSL）6个地理群体共72个样品进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。从碱基组成来看,6个地理群体在COⅠ区段上的A＋T含量（52．37％）明显高于G＋C含量（47．67％）,符合脊椎动物的碱基组成特点;从各项遗传参数来看,达里湖流域2个群体（ DL和GG）的遗传多样性低于黑龙江流域4个群体（ HL、HLJ、SHJ、WSL）;6个群体共检测到20个单倍型,并共享1个单倍型,达里湖流域群体共享1个单倍型,黑龙江流域群体共享1个单倍型。虽然达里湖流域和黑龙江流域各群体间遗传分化明显（ P＜0．05）,遗传结构存在差异,但AMOVA检验不支持这种遗传差异;另外,群体间频繁的基因交流进一步证实,6个地理群体亲缘关系近,有共同的起源,尚未达到分化为不同的种或亚种的水平。     

伏牛白山羊mtDNAD—loop序列多态性和系统进化分析

为研究河南省伏牛白山羊的遗传多样性和系统进化,试验测定了该品种8个个体的线粒体控制区全序列,结果表明,山羊控制区线粒体控制全序列长度为1212bp或1213bp,A T含量占60.1%,其中40个核苷酸位点存在变异(约占3.30%),核苷酸多样度为1.562%,这些差异共定义了7种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.964,表明中国山羊品种遗传多样性丰富。根据伏牛白山羊序列和GENBANK两条野山羊序列构建了NJ分子系统树,聚类表明,伏牛白山羊和角骨羊单独聚在一枝上,二者亲缘关系较近,伏牛白山羊可能起源于角骨羊。     

青海湖裸鲤线粒体DNA D-loop区的遗传多样性及其遗传分化研究

为了科学有效地保护青海湖裸鲤的种质资源,对青海湖裸鲤的遗传多样性及种群结构进行研究是尤为重要。本研究采用PCR技术对青海湖裸鲤的4个种群（青海湖、可鲁克湖、甘子河、草搭连）155个个体的mtDNA D-loop区部分序列进行扩增,得到了754 bp的核苷酸序列。采用MEGA 5.05和DnaSP 5.10.1软件对序列进行分析,结果显示：155个个体中共检测出34个单倍型,单倍型多样性（Hd）为0.906±0.013,核苷酸多样性（Pi）为0.00556±0.00034。其中可鲁克湖种群的单倍型多样性0.422±0.093和核苷酸多样性0.00272±0.00066均低于其他3个种群,且该种群内的平均遗传距离（0.00276）低于群体间的遗传距离0.00522~0.00709。通过群体分化指数（Fst）和基因流（Nm）分析显示,可鲁克湖种群与其他3个种群之间有着明显的遗传分化（Fst〉0.26327,Nm〈0.69959）,且与甘子河种群分化程度最显著（Fst=0.45854,P〈0.01;Nm=0.29521）。但是系统发育树并未显示出明显的单系群,可能是水系间地理隔离格局的形成时间较晚。研究结果表明：青海湖裸鲤具有较高的遗传多样性,种群间出现了一定程度的遗传分化,特别是可鲁克湖种群已经高度分化,但其遗传多样性水平很低,应优先对其进行保护。     

西藏特色牦牛mtDNA ND1遗传多样性及系统进化分析

旨在通过mtDNA ND1探究6个西藏特色牦牛群体的遗传多样性、系统进化及亲缘关系，为西藏牦牛的遗传多样性、历史演化以及遗传资源保护与利用等提供理论依据。利用PCR和直接测序法分别测定了西藏帕里牦牛、嘉黎牦牛、工布江达牦牛、斯布牦牛、江达牦牛、类乌齐牦牛6个群体共95头个体ND1基因蛋白质编码区(CDS)序列，利用DNAMAN、DNASP 5.1、Mega 7.0、Arlequin 3.5.2等软件分析其序列多态性、单倍型多样性、遗传距离等，并构建单倍型网络图及系统发育树。结果表明，西藏牦牛群体ND1基因CDS区序列长度均为956 bp,共检测获得78个变异位点和16种单倍型，平均单倍型多样性(Hd)及核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.670和0.004 21,Tajima′s D均为负值；根据群体遗传差异的分子方差分析可知，西藏牦牛群体内的变异程度大于群体间变异；斯布牦牛与嘉黎牦牛之间的分化程度较大，其余大部分群体间的分化程度为中等或较弱。此外，通过聚类分析发现，类乌齐牦牛单独聚为一类，而嘉黎牦牛、工布江达牦牛、斯布牦牛、江达牦牛先聚为一类，然后再与帕里牦牛聚为一大类；16种单倍型可分为...     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的皖南山区温州光唇鱼种群遗传结构

为探讨皖南山区温州光唇鱼的种群遗传结构,采用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)对该区5个野生种群(祁门、黟县、休宁、旌德和宁国)进行群体遗传变异分析。131个样本的Cyt b基因(1141 bp)中共检出38个变异位点(变异率3.33%)、14种单倍型。序列碱基的平均含量分别为A(28.2%)、C(29.7%)、T(27.0%)、G(15.1%),A+T含量(55.2%)明显大于G+C含量(44.8%)。5个地理种群的单倍型多样性(0.0000~0.6799)和核苷酸多样性(0.0000~0.00759)普遍较低。群体分化系数(FST:0.2916-0.9782)和AMOVA分析中高达52.74%的遗传变异来自地理种群间,说明温州光唇鱼地理种群间已产生显著遗传分化;但不同水系的种群间没有显著遗传差异。群体间系统进化树显示:5个群体聚为两大进化枝,祁门和旌德种群为一枝,其余种群为另一枝。温州光唇鱼的这种种群遗传结构与地理隔离及其生态习性相关。     

中国白菜型油菜种质资源的遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD标记和UPGMA聚类分析, 对我国23个省市的172份白菜型油菜资源进行了遗传多样性分析. 43个随机引物扩增出248条多态性带. 聚类分析表明, 我国白菜型油菜分为15个类群, 其中, 6个类群为北方小油菜, 8个类群为南方油白菜, 及1个混合类群. 我国白菜型油菜的遗传多样性是非常丰富的; 北方小油菜品种之间的遗传差异很大, 春     

长江下游铜鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）遗传多样性的PCR-RFLP分析

对长江下游铜鱼线粒体DNA控制区（D-Loop区）和细胞色素b（Cytb）基因进行PCR扩增,扩增片段用10种限制性内切酶酶切。PCR-RFLP研究结果表明,D-Loop区和Cytb基因均未表现出个体之间的长度变异现象。10种核酸内切限制酶中,有2种对Cytb基因有酶切位点,有3种对D-Loop区有酶切位点。有酶切位点的5种限制性内切酶共检测到3种线粒体DNA单倍型。在Cytb基因检测到铜鱼个体间的变异,在D-Loop区没有检测到铜鱼个体间的变异。长江下游铜鱼线粒体DNA单倍型多样性指数（h）为0.6071,线粒体DNA遗传多样性较低。     

Genetic diversity in apricot, Prunus armeniaca, aimed at improving resistance to plum pox virus

Plum Pox Virus, a non-persistent virus transmitted by aphids, causes serious damage to stone fruits. The apricot tree is very sensitive and in order to breed apricot cultivars resistant to Plum Pox Virus and establish breeding strategies, genetic diversity based on 10 enzymatic systems, six of which were polymorphic, has been studied. The plant material studied, 94 accessions, included the most important apricot cultivars grown in PPV-affected areas. Genetic diversity is high and showed important differences between the three geographical groups studied (North African, European and North American). The North American group was very diverse and allozymes can be used to identify three subgroups. Some North American PPV-resistant cultivars were very distant from the rest of the cultivars, mainly due to the presence of rare alleles found in an Asian apricot related species. These results support the hypothesis that Asian-related species might be the origin of PPV resistance within the North American cultivars. Three North American cultivars have been considered as putative donors of PPV resistance to the European cultivars because of their agronomic behaviour, chilling requirements and distance from European cultivars. However, to increase the genetic variability of the European group and thereby to favour recombination, the study of Asian apricot resources is also recommended.     

Genetic variation among cultivars of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) detected by RAPD markers amplified from bulk genomic DNA

Summary The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers obtained from bulked samples was investigated for cultivar identification in red clover. Pooled samples were examined in order to minimize variation within cultivars. To determine the appropriate number of individuals to include in the bulked samples representing each cultivar, DNA samples from two, three, four, five, ten and twenty individuals were pooled. Twenty was found to be an appropriate number of red clover individuals per bulk in order to amplify only the DNA sequences shared among most individuals in each cultivar. Fourteen 10-mer primers were used to amplify genomic DNA from combined leaf samples of 15 red clover cultivars from European, Japanese and North American origins. A total of 79 amplified products, of which 55 were polymorphic, was obtained. Cultivar-specific bands were observed with 13 primers. The amplification patterns obtained from two primers could distinguish all 15 red clover cultivars. Rogers' genetic distances for all 105 pairwise comparisons were calculated to evaluate relationships among these cultivars. Cluster analysis based on these genetic distances separated these 15 cultivars into three groups, with two of the groups consisting of a single Japanese cultivar each, while the third group included cultivars from European, North American, and Japanese origins.     

淡紫拟青霉种内RAPD多态性分析

100091 北京市颐和园后中国林科院森保所12信箱     

Genetic structure and differentiation in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) as inferred from microsatellites

A set of 67 wild and cultivated hop accessions, representative of hop diversity, was genotyped with 29 SSR markers in order to investigate the population structure and genetic diversity among hop genotypes. A total of 314 alleles was detected, with an average of 10.8 alleles per locus and an average PIC content of 0.607. Model-based clustering placed the accessions into five germplasm groups. A distance-based tree showed good agreement with five germplasm groups, and additionally assigned accessions omitted from model-based analysis into two additional germplasm groups. The 67 hop accessions were thus subdivided in seven germplasm groups, with three corresponding to major breeding groups and four to wild hops. This finding is in accordance with two biogeographically separated hop germplasms (European and North American origin) and with the known history of the accessions. North American hop germplasm was partitioned into native and cultivated germplasm groups. European germplasm was divided into two groups of hop cultivars representing distinguishable European germplasms and three new groups of native hops, which were differentiated for the first time by this analysis. Admixture analysis showed shares of various ancestries in hop cultivars, mostly congruent with pedigree data, and the introgression of various ancestries in some native hops. The above results have so far given the most detailed insight to date into the population structure of hop diversity, which is important for its effective use in hop breeding.     

Comparison of European with West Asian and North African winter barleys in tolerance to boron toxicity

Three plastic-house experiments were conducted to compare the tolerance of European with West Asian and North African (WANA) winter barleys to boron (B) toxicity. Experiment I screened 24 winter barley entries with diverse origins. Experiment III tested 420 random accessions from seven European and seven WANA countries. Plants were screened in a soil mixed with boric acid (50 mg B/kg) and foliar B-toxicity symptom scores were recorded. Lower scores indicated higher B-toxicity tolerance. In Experiment II, five lines/varieties from each of the European and WANA groups were grown in pots with two soil B levels (0 and 25 mg B/kg). The West Asian landrace barleys had a lower mean B-toxicity symptom score than the European ones. The Syrian landrace variety normally grown in drier areas had a lower score than the Syrian landrace variety grown in wetter areas. Dry weights of the European and WANA groups were not different without adding B, but dry weight under 25 mg B/kg was lower for the European group than the WANA group. European accessions had a higher mean B-toxicity symptom score than the WANA accessions. Iranian and Afghan accessions had the lowest mean scores among countries. These results support the hypothesis that European winter barley varieties and accessions are less tolerant to B toxicity than those WANA accessions and varieties developed from local landraces. The lower B-toxicity tolerance could be a factor adversely affecting the performance of European winter barley varieties in the highlands of WANA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国普通野生稻遗传多样性研究进展

普通野生稻是亚洲栽培稻的祖先,中国作为亚洲栽培稻的起源地之一,蕴藏着丰富的普通野生稻资源。为了揭示中国普通野生稻的遗传多样性分布状况,探索普通野生稻的遗传变异规律、居群遗传结构以及演化途径等,为亚洲栽培稻的起源进化研究、品种改良和普通野生稻保护提供科学依据,国内外学者对中国普通野生稻开展了大量的遗传多样性研究,获得了丰富的研究结果。本文分别从遗传多样性研究方法、普通野生稻与亚洲栽培稻遗传多样性的比较、普通野生稻遗传多样性与地理分布和生态环境的关系、保护措施和栽培稻基因渗入对遗传多样性的影响等几个方面的研究结果进行了综述,总结了中国普通野生稻遗传多样性的主要特征,提出了未来我国普通野生稻遗传多样性的研究方向。     

Assessment of genetic diversity of cultivated chickpea using microsatellite-derived RFLP markers: Implications for origin

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on 30 accessions of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) collected from 11 different countries representing the Near East, Central Asian and Hindustani regions. A synthetic digoxygenated oligonucleotide (GATA)₄ complementary to a microsatellite DNA sequence was used as a probe. The results revealed that simple repetitive sequences are abundant and polymorphic in the chickpea genome. The fragments detected were used lo estimate the genetic diversity within accessions and a similarity index between the genotypes of the accessions. The genetic distance data were used to construct a dendrogram depicting genetic relationships among the different accessions. The results indicate that the greatest genetic diversity occurs in Pakistan, Iraq, Afghanistan, south-east Russia, Turkey and Lebanon. Lower genetic diversity was found in Iran, India, Syria, Jordan and Palestine, Based on DNA markers, it is concluded that there are three centres of diversity for chickpea: Pakistan-Afghanistan. Iraq Turkey and Lebanon. India, which was previously considered as a secondary center of diversity for chickpea, showed lower diversity than the above regions.     

夜蛾科昆虫区系研究Ⅱ.中国各省区夜蛾的分布及相似性分析

中国夜蛾共有20亚科845属3 751个有效种.这些种类有4种区系成分,其中东亚成分占优势,占总数的51.35%,东洋成分占25.51%,古北成分18.45%,广布成分仅2.27%.夜蛾在全国各省区的分布与区系结构各不相同,台湾、云南、西藏、四川、湖北、河南、湖南、浙江、新疆等是夜蛾物种丰富的省区.东亚成分在除东北、西北、华南以外的省区都是优势类群.多元相似性聚类分析结果显示,台湾和华中关系密切于华南;内蒙古和东北区的关系密切于西北;河南、湖北、陕西、甘肃、安徽、江苏6省聚为一个"秦岭淮河区",这个新分布区的特点是,东亚成分占优势;古北成分和东洋成分相等;古北东洋两界的分界线横贯全区.