不同农作措施对稻田甲烷排放通量的影响

通过网室小区试验，观测得到单施尿素处理的甲烷排放通量为０．６４ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ；农家肥＋尿素处理、农家肥＋硝铵处理、农家肥＋硫铵处理的甲烷排放通量分别为５７．１，４２．１，３０．７ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ；农家肥＋硫铵＋间歇灌溉处理和农家肥＋尿素＋间歇灌溉处理的甲烷排放通量分别为２２．０和１４．７ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ。结果表明，以农家肥为基肥的５个处理的甲烷排放通量大大高于单施尿素处理的甲烷排放通量，表明高量     

中国稻田甲烷排放研究进展

本文简要地介绍了我国稻田甲烷排放研究的最近进展。分析稻田甲烷排放观察结果表明，在我国冬季排水良好的稻田中，冬季降水量与稻田甲烷排放量存在极显著的指数关系。将我国稻田划分成冬季排水良好与冬季灌水二类，并分别估计其甲烷排放量为4.21和3.39TgCH4，面积占12%的冬灌田排放的四烷占总排放量（7.60TgCH4）的45%，文章提出了今后我国稻田甲烷排放研究应加强的几个问题。     

稻田甲烷排放的研究进展

稻田是甲烷的重要排放源之一。文章对稻田甲烷的最新研究进展作了较为详尽的综述，包括稻田甲烷和的机理，规律；重点分析了影响稻田甲烷排放的因素以及控制稻甲烷排放的措施。最后指出了今后的研究重点应以现有的田间数据为基础，建立稻田温室气体排放的综合模型，预测稻田温室气体排放变化。     

减缓稻田甲烷排放的技术研究

本文根据国内外研究，介绍了有关减少稻田甲烷排放的技术，其中包括稻田中的水分管理、肥科管理、品种选择及甲烷抑制剂。     

淹水稻田甲烷产生和排放的研究现状

大气中温室气体如ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ等增加，导致全球气候变暖。ＣＨ４虽浓度相对较低，但其捕获热量的效率却比ＣＯ２高２０－３０倍，并以每年１％的速度增加，本文阐述了淹水稻田ＣＨ４排放过程及数量，稻田土壤类型，栽培措施对ＣＨ４产生与排放的影响，ＣＨ４排放与水稻生长关系。同时讨论了控制和缓解稻田ＣＨ４排放的途径。     

不同施肥处理稻田甲烷排放研究进展

稻田是甲烷的重要排放源之一,而施肥是影响稻田甲烷排放的重要因素之一。本文对施肥稻田甲烷排放的最新研究进展作了较为详尽的综述,包括不同肥料类型、不同的施肥处理等对甲烷排放的影响,分析了导致这种影响的原因。最后指出了今后的研究重点应以现有的研究成果为基础,探索产量、环境与甲烷排放增减的相关研究,寻求最优的减排方法。     

长期施肥对湖南稻田甲烷排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对长期不同施肥处理的稻田甲烷排放进行了手动观测。结果表明，不同施肥处理的稻田甲烷排放具有一致的规律，混施有机肥的处理甲烷排放大于单施氮肥的处理，同施用稻草相比，发酵猪粪处理的甲烷排放较少。文章还对影响稻田甲烷排放的因素进行了讨论。     

规模化猪场甲烷排放通量测量与分析

畜禽粪便是温室气体甲烷排放的一个重要来源,养殖场蓄粪池的甲烷排放量受排入粪便性质、外界温度、风速以及诸多因素影响。为了研究中国北方规模化猪场蓄粪池的甲烷排放潜力,本研究通过对北京市北郊一个代表性猪场甲烷排量的连续监测,得出春夏交替期间蓄粪池甲烷排放的变化规律。     

中国稻田CH4排放量估算研究综述

稻田是大气CH4的重要排放源,对中国稻田CH4排放量做出准确估算是中国CH4研究的主要目的之一。估算稻田CH4排放的方法主要有四种:根据田间测定结果或特定的排放系数和该值代表的稻田面积外推计算;将水稻的净初级生产力(NPP)的折算系数与模型相结合进行估算;根据新投入到土壤的有机碳量或原有土壤有机质碳折算;机理模型计算。其次,还有模型与GIS技术、其他方法相结合估算。稻田CH4排放在空间和时间尺度上的变异性是估算结果不确定性的主要驱动因素。统计分析显示中国稻田CH4排放量为8.4(7.2～9.5)Tga-1。     

Effect of fertilizer application on methane emission/production in the paddy soils of Taiwan

Methane production in three types of rice paddy soil was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The amount of methane produced during the first crop season (March to July) was 2–6 times higher than that in the second crop season (August to December). Application of organic fertilizer hastened the drop in redox potential and increased methane production and emission. Methane production also increased with the depth of soil with high values in soil samples from 18 to 30cm depth. Methane production in the first crop season was 18.0, 54.3 and 49.4mgcm^–3 for 6tha^–1 straw application for Linkou, Tzawchyau and Jiaushi soils, respectively. The value was 33.4mgcm^–3 for the second crop season in Jiaushi soil. Methane emission was high during the flowering and maturity stages in the first crop season and the values were high during the tillering and flowering stages in the second crop season. Methane emission was high in Tzawchyau and Jiaushi soils in the first crop season. Methane emission rate reached a maximum from 12 noon to 3p.m. due to high temperature and a minimum at 3 to 6a.m. in both planted and unplanted soils. Received: 17 September 1996     

Effect of the herbicide butachlor on methane emission and ebullition flux from a direct-seeded flooded rice field

 Application of a commercial formulation of the herbicide butachlor (N-butoxymethyl-2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl acetanilide) at 1 kg a.i. ha^–1 to an alluvial soil planted with direct-seeded flooded rice (cv. Annada), significantly inhibited both crop-mediated emission and ebullition fluxes of methane (CH₄). Over a cropping period of 110 days, the crop-mediated cumulative emission flux of CH₄ was lowered by ∼20% in butachlor-treated field plots compared with that of an untreated control. Concurrently, ebollition flux of CH₄ was also retarded in butachlor-treated field plots by about 81% compared with that of control plots. Significant relationships existed between CH₄ emission and redox potential (E _h) and Fe²⁺ content of the flooded soil. Application of butachlor retarded a drop in soil redox potential as well as accumulation of Fe²⁺ in treated field plots. Methanogenic bacterial population, counted at the maturity stage of the crop, was also low in butachlor-treated plots, indicating both direct and indirect inhibitory effects of butachlor on methanogenic bacterial populations and their activity. Results indicate that butachlor, even at field-application level, can effectively abate CH₄ emission and ebollition from flooded soils planted to rice whilst maintaining grain yield. Received: 15 March 2000     

Methane emission from paddy fields in Taiwan

 In order to investigate the effect of environmental conditions on CH₄ emission from paddy fields in Taiwan, four locations, two cropping seasons and two irrigation systems were studied. CH₄ emission was high at the active tillering and the booting stages in the first cropping season, whereas it was low at the transplanting and the ripening stages with an intermittent irrigation system. CH₄ emission was high at the transplanting stage in the second cropping season, and decreased gradually during rice cultivation. Daily temperature and light intensity increased gradually during rice growth in the first cropping season (February–June), while it was reversed in the second cropping season (August–December). The seasonal CH₄ emission from paddy fields ranged from 1.73 to 11.70 g m^–2, and from 10.54 to 39.50 g m^–2 in the first and second cropping seasons, respectively. The seasonal CH₄ emission in the second cropping season was higher than that in the first cropping season in all test fields. The seasonal CH₄ emission was 32.65 mg m^–2 in the first cropping season of the National Taiwan University paddy field with continuous flooding, and it was 28.85 mg m^–2 in the second cropping season. The annual CH₄ emission ranged from 12.3 to 49.3 g m^–2 with an intermittent irrigation system, and the value was 61.5 g m^–2 with a continuous flooding treatment. The annual CH₄ emission from paddy fields was estimated to be 0.034 Tg in 1997 from 364,212 ha of paddy fields with an intermittent irrigation system, which was less than the 0.241 Tg calculated by the IPCC method with a continuous flooding treatment Received: 23 February 2000     

水稻植株特性对稻田甲烷排放的影响及其机制的研究进展

水稻是我国最主要的口粮作物,稻田是重要温室气体甲烷的主要排放源之一。水稻植株特性既是水稻产量形成的关键因子,也是稻田甲烷排放的主要影响因子。但是,至今关于水稻植株对稻田甲烷排放的调控效应及其机制仍存在许多不一致的认识。为此,本文从形态特征、生理生态特征、植株-环境互作等方面,对现有的相关研究进行了综合论述。水稻地上部形态特征如分蘖数、株高、叶面积等对稻田甲烷排放的影响的研究结果不尽相同,起关键作用的是地下系统。优化光合产物分配在持续淹水的情况下可以减少稻田甲烷排放。提高水稻生物量在低碳土壤增加稻田甲烷排放,但在高碳土壤下降低甲烷排放。本文还明确了相关研究现状和存在的问题。在此基础上,作者认为未来应加强水稻根系形态及其生理特征,以及水稻植株-土壤环境(尤其是水分管理和养分管理)互作对稻田甲烷产生、氧化和排放影响的研究,在方法上应加强微区试验和大田试验的结合,并开展植株和稻田的碳氮互作效应及其机制研究,为高产低碳排放的水稻品种选育和低碳稻作模式创新提供理论参考和技术指导。     

Influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane emissions from a straw-amended paddy soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane (CH₄) emissions from a paddy soil where rice straw was incorporated or was surface-applied. During the cultivation, half of the pots were covered with aluminum foil, except for the minimum space for rice plants, to prevent ambient light reaching the floodwater or the soil surface. Growth of oxygen-producing phototrophs was hardly observed in the unilluminated plots, whereas intensive growth of algae, duckweed and hydrophytes was found in the illuminated ones. Plant growth was not affected by the different treatments. Seasonal changes in CH₄ emission determined by a closed chamber method indicated that illumination had no or only minor effects on CH₄ emissions when rice straw was incorporated or was not applied, but significantly reduced CH₄ emissions when rice straw was surface-applied. Methanogenesis occurring in the soil-floodwater interface was further investigated in two lab-scale model experiments measuring methanogenic activity. As a result, more activated methanogenesis was found in the surface-applied rice straw and the soil around the straw compared with the soil incubated without rice straw. The magnitude of the methanogenic activity in the rice straw incubated under illuminated conditions was significantly lower than that incubated in the dark. Consequently, this study demonstrates that methanogenesis in paddy soil occurs even in the soil-floodwater interface if plant residues like rice straw exist, and such methanogenesis is likely to be suppressed by growth of indigenous phototrophs under illumination.     

Effect of silicate fertilizer on reducing methane emission during rice cultivation

Slag-type silicate fertilizer, which contains high amount of active iron oxide, a potential source of electron acceptor, was applied at the rate of 0, 2, 6, 10, and 20 Mg ha⁻¹ to reduce methane (CH₄) emission from rice planted in potted soils. Methane emission rates measured by closed chamber method decreased significantly with increasing levels of silicate fertilizer application during rice cultivation. Soil redox potential (Eh) decreased rapidly after flooding, but floodwater pH and soil pH increased significantly with increasing levels of silicate fertilizer application. Iron concentrations in potted soils and in percolated water significantly increased with the increasing levels of silicate fertilizer application, which acted as oxidizing agents and electron acceptors, and thereby suppressed CH₄ emissions. Silicate fertilization significantly decreased CH₄ production activity, while it increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) production activity. Rice plant growth, yield parameters, and grain yield were positively influenced by silicate application levels. The maximum increase in grain yield (17% yield increase over the control) was found with 10 Mg ha⁻¹ silicate application along with 28% reduction in total CH₄ flux during rice cultivation. It is, therefore, concluded that slag-type silicate fertilizer could be a suitable soil amendment for reducing CH₄ emissions as well as sustaining rice productivity and restoring the soil nutrient balance in rice paddy soil.     

水肥管理对稻田CH4排放及其全球增温潜势影响的评估

甲烷(CH_4)是主要温室气体之一,对全球增温的作用仅次于二氧化碳(CO_2)。稻田是CH_4的重要排放源,减少稻田CH_4排放对减缓气候变暖具有直接效应。为此,掌握稻田CH_4排放的规律和特征对控制和减少稻田CH_4排放尤为重要。为了解稻田温室气体排放的主要影响因子及影响程度,估算稻田温室气体全球增温潜势,寻求农田减排措施,我们通过收集已发表的文献建立了稻田CH_4排放的数据库,采用析因分析与回归分析方法对稻田CH_4日排放量和全球增温潜势特征和可能的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,稻田CH_4日排放量和增温潜势均随土壤有机质背景含量的升高而增加,不同类型稻田CH_4日排放量大小依次为:双季稻晚稻双季稻早稻单季稻稻麦轮作晚稻;晚稻田CH_4的增温潜势大于早稻田。不同肥料处理条件下,稻田CH_4日排放量表现为:秸秆还田配施有机肥化学氮肥≈生物炭。控制灌溉水量可降低稻田CH_4的综合增温潜势,表现为:持续淹水晒田干湿交替控制灌溉。研究结果说明,稻田CH_4的产生与排放过程受土壤有机质含量、肥料管理和水分管理以及轮作制度等多种因素的共同影响,应依据不同土壤条件和种植制度,适当调整肥水管理,以减少稻田温室气体排放,降低其增温潜势。     

稳定性碳同位素方法在稻田甲烷研究中的应用

稻田甲烷产生、氧化等过程不仅影响甲烷排放量,还影响其稳定性碳同位素组成;反之,稻田所排放甲烷的稳定性碳同位素组成也可用来定量研究甲烷的产生和氧化过程。20世纪80年代以来,国外已将稳定性碳同位素方法广泛应用在稻田甲烷的研究中。本文介绍了稳定性碳同位素方法的基本原理及其在稻田甲烷产生、氧化过程研究中的应用,指出了该方法在稻田甲烷研究中的不确定因素,为我国稻田甲烷的深入研究提供了新的有力手段。     

水稻油菜轮作稻田甲烷排放及其总量估算

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对川中丘陵区水稻油菜轮作稻田进行水稻全生长季CH4排放观测。结果表明,稻田CH4排放有明显的季节变化,呈“前低后高”的变化趋势,CH4排放峰出现在水稻抽穗扬花期;测定期内稻田CH4平均排放通量为6.20mg/m2.h。对影响稻田CH4排放的因素分析发现,淹水条件下水稻移栽到抽穗初期,水稻植株生长是影响稻田CH4排放的关键因素;水稻抽穗期到成熟期,温度是影响稻田CH4排放的关键因素。水稻油菜轮作稻田在水稻生长季中CH排放总量为173.96kg/hm2。