长白山区主要野生饮料植物资源

长白山区主要野生饮料植物共有14科、28属、54种。其中乔木类：3科、7属、17种；灌木类：4科、10属、20种；木质藤本类：3科、3属、5种；多年生草本类：7科、8属、11种；1，2年生草本类：1科、1属、1种。同时还介绍了主要野生饮料植物在5个不同景观带的分布情况，提出了开发利用和保护的具体建议。     

黔东南州野生草本观赏植物种质资源调查研究

调查研究表明:黔东南州野生草本观赏植物有74科195属363种,分别占贵州野生草本观赏植物科属种的65.49%、63.11%、53.94%。文中从原生境观赏、园林绿化、盆栽观赏、盆景配置和切花切叶5类观赏用途对黔东南州的野生草本观赏植物进行了分类描述。     

小陇山林区野生草本花卉资源及综合利用

小陇山林区植物资源丰富，通过多年对该区野生草本花卉资源种类、分布的调查研究，发现本区综合利用价值较高的野生草本花卉植物有33科60属69种。对本区主要野生草本花卉资源的利用价值进行了简要介绍，并对其综合利用提出了建议。     

大亮子河国家森林公园野生观赏植物资源调查

对大亮子河国家森林公园野生观赏植物的种类及应用价值进行调查研究。结果表明,公园内共有野生观赏植物共计67科,157属,218种(含2变种)。其中蕨类8科9属11种,裸子植物2科7属9种,被子植物57科141属198种。按观赏植物的园林用途将其分为园景树、庭荫树、行道树、绿篱植物、垂直绿化植物、盆栽和盆景植物、花坛和化境植物、切花植物、水体绿化植物、草坪及地被植物共10大类。同时对合理开发利用野生观赏植物资源的提出建议。     

临沂市野生草本花卉资源调查及综合利用评价

临沂市植物资源丰富，通过多年对该地区野生草本花卉资源种类、分布的调查研究，发现本地区利用价值较高的野生草本花卉43科，80属，150余种。对本地区主要的野生草本花卉资源的利用价值进行了简要介绍，并对其综合利用提出了建议。     

豫南大别山区野生草本花卉资源调查

大别山区地处我国北亚热带，属亚热带季风气候，兼有暖温带的气候特征，年平均气温15℃，最低月平均气温1－2℃，最高月平均气温28℃，日均温≥10℃，积温为4700－5000℃，无霜期220天以上，年降水量1000－1200mm，豫南大别山区特殊的地理位置和丰富的水热资源，为植物生长提供了十分有利的条件，全区有微管植物180多科，2000多种，1999年8月，作者对豫南大别山区的野生草本花卉资源进行了系统的调查，整理出本区有价值的观赏植物200多种，约占河南野生草本花卉75％。现将可利用的野生草本观察植物列举如下。     

云龙天池国家级自然保护区野生观赏植物资源调查研究

对云龙天池国家级自然保护区168科477属1 118种维管植物进行观赏性调查分析。结果表明,保护区内共有野生观赏植物94科208属342种,其中木本植物191种,草本植物151种。野生观赏植物中优势科包括杜鹃花科、蔷薇科,龙胆科、兰科和毛茛科。观花、观叶、观果和观姿态这几类植物分别占观赏植物总数的59.36%、22.22%、10.53%和7.89%。在园林应用上包括盆景类、花灌木类、花坛花镜和花丛类,分别占观赏植物总数的20.47%、16.96%、14.62%和12.87%。珍稀野生观赏植物5科7属9种,分别占区内野生珍稀濒危植物的55.56%、63.64%和64.29%。文中对保护区在野生植物资源的保护与利用前景方面进行了探讨。     

内蒙古都呼木柄扁桃自治区级自然保护区植物资源调查

文章对内蒙古都呼木柄扁桃自治区级自然保护区种子植物的组成特征、区系地理成分、生活型及水分生态型进行了分析。研究结果表明:保护区共有野生种子植物230种,隶属于146属48科,其中,裸子植物1科1属2种。在科级水平上,以只含1种的科和2～9的科为主,共42科,占保护区种子植物总科数的87.5%,含10种以上的大科只有6科,但所含种数达到131种,是保护区种子植物的主导成分。区系具有明显的温带性质,地理成分复杂、联系广泛。生活型以多年生草本为优势,占58.3%。水分生态型以中生植物为主,占55.2%。     

铜鼓岭野生园林植物资源及应用评价

通过实地调查表明,铜鼓岭有野生植物984种,隶属166科618属。从中筛选出有较高园林应用价值的植物435种,隶属118科298属,包括蕨类植物35种、种子植物400种。区系分析表明,该区园林植物以热带成分占主导地位。该区有海南特有野生园林植物35种、珍稀濒危野生园林植物10种。初步评价了该区园林植物在庭院栽培或行道树、盆栽和盆景、垂直绿化、湿地植物、地被植物中的应用,并对保护区野生园林植物的保护与开发提出建议。     

福建乡土野生绿化树种种质资源调查研究

通过对福建省各主要山脉乡土野生绿化树种种源分布状况调查,首次确定福建省观赏价值较高的乡土野生绿化树种有47科62属105种。并根据树种观赏价值划分为:观花植物、观果植物、垂直绿化植物、丛植观花植物、观叶植物、观形植物、盆景绿篱七大类。为充分开发利用当地资源和保护野生绿化树种种质提供科学理论依据。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.