河南北部稻蛀茎夜蛾的发生规律研究初报

随着全球气候变暖,昆虫分布及越冬地域也在发生变化。稻蛀茎夜蛾Sesamia inferens(Walker)的越冬北限在20世纪80年代被认为不过北纬34°线,近年发现该虫在更北的黄淮海夏玉米-小麦轮作种植区新乡市(北纬35°)发生为害,为该种植模式下发生的新害虫。为了准确监测,科学、有效地制定该害虫的防治对策,本研究对河南北部地区稻蛀茎夜蛾的发生为害规律及生活史进行了初步调查。结果表明:稻蛀茎夜蛾可以在小麦-玉米轮作的条件下顺利完成生活史,其中在河南新乡该虫为害穗期玉米并顺利越冬的事实是首次报道。应用灯光监测并结合田间幼虫调查发现,当地稻蛀茎夜蛾一年发生3代。越冬代幼虫化蛹后在4月中下旬开始羽化,羽化的成虫在小麦或早春玉米上产卵,第1代幼虫主要为害春玉米和小麦,6月中旬第1代成虫开始羽化飞往夏玉米田内产卵,幼虫主要为害夏玉米幼苗。第2代幼虫化蛹后于8月初开始羽化形成第2代成虫,产卵孵化后的幼虫主要钻蛀夏玉米穗和茎秆,9月下旬幼虫陆续沿茎秆钻入玉米残桩基部越冬。综合调查结果,绘制了河南北部地区稻蛀茎夜蛾的年生活史表。     

稻茎毛眼水蝇生物学特性研究

稻茎毛眼水蝇是一种水稻害虫。为阐明该虫的发生特点,为防治提供依据,作者采用室内饲养观察和田间定期调查相结合的方法,对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:稻茎毛眼水蝇在江西1年发生7代,以幼虫越冬。成虫羽化、交配、产卵均在白天进行。羽化高峰在7:30~10:00之间。1对成虫一生平均交配7.83次,交配持续时间平均4分48秒,经过交配的成虫比未交配的成虫每雌产卵量多10.77粒,产卵前期和寿命分别缩短68.2小时和42小时。成虫产卵喜选择矮秆品种。卵大多数产在叶片下部,单粒产,卵全天24小时均可孵化,孵化盛期在22:00至次日4:00。幼虫取食叶肉和幼穗,在叶鞘内化蛹。     

稻茎毛眼水蝇生物学特性研究

稻茎毛眼水蝇是一种水稻害虫。为阐明该虫的发生特点,为防治提供依据,作者采用室内饲养观察和田间定期调查相结合的方法,对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:稻茎毛眼水蝇在江西1年发生7代,以幼虫越冬。成虫羽化、交配、产卵均在白天进行。羽化高峰在7:30～10:00之间。1对成虫一生平均交配7.83次,交配持续时间平均4分48秒,经过交配的成虫比未交配的成虫每雌产卵量多10.77粒,产卵前期和寿命分别缩短68.2小时和42小时。成虫产卵喜选择矮秆品种。卵大多数产在叶片下部,单粒产,卵全天24小时均可孵化,孵化盛期在22:00至次日4:00。幼虫取食叶肉和幼穗,在叶鞘内化蛹。     

食用菌害虫大黑伪步甲的生物学及防治

大黑伪步甲Setenis valgipes是香菇、黑木耳段木上常见的害虫,其幼虫在段木内钻蛀为害,成虫取食子实体。段木被害后提前腐烂报废。该虫在湖北段木食用菌产区一年发生一代,以幼虫和当年羽化的成虫越冬。当年羽化的成虫第二年才产卵繁殖后代。防治此虫可:1.捕杀成虫;2.清洁栽培场的环境,控制好段木的光照和湿度;3.害虫发生时,药剂喷雾或用药液浸泡带虫段木或将段木集中,用磷化铝薰杀害虫。     

高温干旱稻田无水层条件下十种药剂防治二代二化螟药效试验

水稻二化螟为钻蛀性害虫,初孵幼虫（蚁螟）吐丝下垂或爬行至稻株基部叶鞘,通过叶鞘缝隙或蛀孔侵入叶鞘,在叶鞘内侧蛀食组织,4d～5d后叶鞘开始受害发黄形成枯鞘。幼虫进入3龄后开始蛀食稻茎,水稻进一步受害后,在分蘖期形成枯心,孕穗期形成枯孕穗,抽穗扬花期形成白穗,乳熟期形成虫伤株。枯鞘对水稻危害较小,在防治上一般在枯鞘激增期开始药剂防治,适当推迟防治时间,在幼虫开始钻蛀茎秆前施药集中杀灭,可以前后兼顾。     

桃象虫的初步观察

桃象虫在福建闽侯一年发生一代,以成虫和幼虫在土中越冬。越冬成虫于2月间开始出土活动;以幼虫越冬者,其成虫出土约迟两个月左右;4月份为成虫出现的高峰期。成虫于3月下旬开始产卵,4月下旬为产卵盛期,6月上旬为产卵终期。成虫也在6月上旬绝迹。4月上旬果中幼虫始见,6月上旬发生最多。2月至6月是桃象虫一年中主要的为害时期。成虫为害花、叶及果实,以蛀害果实为主,因此引致相当数量的幼果脱落。4月上旬幼果期,成虫盛发之后落果最甚,虫害落果数占总落果数80%。3月下旬至4月中旬连续喷药2—3次除治成虫,对于保果有很大作用。6月上旬为幼虫脱果始期,老熟幼虫从树上蛀果或地面落果中脱出而入土。8月下旬以前大都潜居土下3寸之内,此后逐渐钻入土层深处,部分幼虫当年化蛹并羽化为成虫越冬。故5月下旬检拾落果和摘毁树上虫蛀果,以及在8月中、下旬结合桃树中耕除草,都是消灭幼虫的有效方法。0.1%敌百虫液剂,25?T 乳剂200—400倍液,可湿性6%γ666200—300倍液,或25?T 乳剂、可湿性6%γ666 1∶1∶400—600倍液,喷射防治成虫,药效达92.7—100%。     

沈阳地区韭菜蛾生物学特性的研究

１９９５～１９９７年,通过对韭菜蛾室内外观察研究,发现韭菜蛾在沈阳一年发生４～５代,世代重叠严重。无滞育虫态,以成虫和蛹越冬,翌年４月中旬越冬成虫开始活动,第１代成虫发生在６月中旬。以幼虫在田间危害,幼虫发育最适温度为１９～２３℃,种群消长周年出现两个高峰。防治该虫应以初夏、秋季防治为主,重点防治秋季第４、５代;每代防治关键时期为幼虫孵化盛期,在幼虫未蛀入茎内危害之前,选用菊酯类杀虫剂喷雾防治。     

茭白新害虫——茭白锹额夜蛾

茭白锹额夜蛾是舟山市 1 997年初次查见的主害茭白新害虫。经鉴定为杂夜蛾亚科 ,锹额夜蛾属Archanara SP.。 3月中旬左右为冬后成虫盛发产卵期 ,卵产于叶鞘内侧或叶鞘 ,卵成堆或散产。 4月上旬幼虫开始发生并主害茭白。幼虫孵化后蛀食茭白茎鞘新叶 ,蛀入孔比三化螟虫大得多。初次蛀入孔离地面平均 4.5cm,后期高 7.5～ 34.0 cm,平均 1 9.2 7cm。一般虫龄越大 ,蛀入孔越高。幼虫粪多排泄于叶鞘内 ,被害茭白先造成形似三化螟害的枯鞘 ,后成枯心 ,但从不钻入茭白肉内。幼虫一生平均危害茭白 8株左右。该虫幼虫除主害茭白外 ,还能取食玉米、高…     

麦茎蜂幼虫休眠越冬期间环境条件对其生存的影响

麦茎蜂(Cephus sp.)是春小麦的主要蛀茎害虫。本世纪以来,国内外已有大量有关麦茎蜂发生与为害的报道。麦茎蜂的生活周期为1年1代,除成虫羽化出土进行交尾产卵的3～5d外,其余时间均在小麦茎腔内生活。以老熟幼虫在小麦根茬内结茧休眠越冬,幼虫休眠期为300余d。本文着重研究麦茎蜂幼虫在休眠越冬期间,环境条件对其生存的影响,探讨有效的生态及耕作防治措施。     

麦秆蝇的研究(一)发生规律

麦秆蝇在内蒙一年发生两代。以幼虫在禾本科宿根杂草中越冬,在中滩地区现己肯定的越冬寄主共有五种,而以披硷草(Clinelymus dahuricus(Turcz.)Nevski)中越冬虫口密度最大。翌年春越冬幼虫化蛹,越冬代成虫于5月下旬至6月初开始盛发,此时是开始药剂防治适期。盛发期的早晚与4月及5月份月平均气温具有强负相关,试以4月1日起至成虫开始盛发前一日止,日平均温度总和至760日度,预测越冬代成虫开始盛发,有相当的准确性。越冬代蛹期平均为15.33天。成虫羽化以上午6至8时最多。羽化后至开始产卵的历时平均为5.35天。每雌虫产卵量平均为11.8粒,最多41粒。产卵期间平均为11.1天,最长22天。越冬代雌成虫寿命平均为16.24天,雄虫为12.28天。越冬代成虫在麦苗上产卵,卵散产,大多产于麦叶正面近基部4毫米范围内。成虫对产卵地位具有明显的选择性,以第三及第四叶片上着卵最多,成虫喜产卵于具有4至6个叶片(拔节到孕穗期)尤其是拔节期的麦茎上。由于小麦生育期的不同,不仅着卵密度不同,幼虫入茎为害率也有差别,麦茎生育期愈近老熟,着卵愈少,幼虫入茎为害率愈低。第一代卵盛期在6月上、中旬,孵化盛期在6月中、下旬,至6月末己全部孵化。卵期平均为5天。幼虫孵化后从小麦叶基叶鞘与茎间蛀入为害。第一代幼虫于6月下旬后半期开始化蛹,化蛹盛期在7月上旬至7月中旬初期,7月中旬末基本上己全部化蛹,蛹期平均为9.9天。7月下旬为羽化盛期,麦收愈早,麦秆中遗留麦秆蝇蛹愈多,但内蒙西部地区大部分在7月下旬进行麦收,此时第一代成虫已大部羽化飞出,部分转向田间落粒自生麦苗上产卵,大部分第一代成虫转移到附近杂草、糜子、马铃薯、蔬菜或其他茂密的作物田中,除杂草外,未发现卵粒,仅系暂时潜藏处所。第一代成虫在越冬寄主上产卵,卵期平均为6.38天。幼虫孵化后入茎寄生生长发育直至越冬。     

红树林植物无瓣海桑主要害虫迹斑绿刺蛾生物学特性研究

为了明确无瓣海桑主要害虫迹斑绿刺蛾的生活史和各虫态生活习性,通过室内饲养、林间套笼观察和野外调查相结合的方法对迹斑绿刺蛾的生物学特性进行了系统研究。该虫在广西钦州红树林自然保护区1年发生4代,有世代重叠现象;以蛹在茧内越冬,翌年4月中旬成虫开始羽化,第1代幼虫为害期发生在4月下旬到6月下旬;第4代幼虫11月上旬开始结茧化蛹越冬。成虫具有较强趋光性,成虫夜间羽化率达到98.6%,以晚上24:00前居多。成虫羽化后第2天交尾,雌虫产卵量为35～183粒,雄虫平均寿命6.7d,雌虫平均寿命8.1d。本研究明确了迹斑绿刺蛾生物学特性,为该虫的预测防治工作提供基础。     

尖翅小卷蛾的生物学特性

尖翅小卷蛾［Bactra lanceolana (Hübner)］是席草上的重要害虫,2004-2007年对浙南地区尖翅小卷蛾的生物学特性进行了系统研究。结果表明,尖翅小卷蛾越冬代成虫初见4月中旬初前后,全年发生7~8代,本田期发生4代,以第2代虫量最高,危害损失最重,其次是第3代和第1代,世代重叠,以幼虫在席草苗内越冬。成虫多在夜晚活动,有较强趋光性,但飞翔能力弱;停在草茎上,多数头朝下,尾朝上;雌雄性比1∶1.2,寿命长短与温度、湿度、雌雄性别等关系密切;成虫一般在原田活动,羽化、产卵多在晚上,以夜晚24:00前居多;羽化后当晚交尾,产卵前期多数1 d;卵粒大多产在粗壮植株中下部位、席草茎的凹槽上,自上而下产卵,亦有产在叶鞘上;卵一般在上午孵化,其孵化时间、孵化率高低、卵历期长短与温度、湿度有关。幼虫侵入、化蛹部位多在地面茎基部,中高龄幼虫还有转株为害的习性。     

黄杨绢野螟的生物学研究

黄杨绢野螟（Diaphania perspectalis(Walker)是园林中多种黄杨Buxus spp．的食叶害虫，暴发时可吃光叶片，甚至造成大量植株死亡。此虫体色有黑白和全黑二型。一年发生4代(局部个体一年发生1～3代)，以幼虫缀合叶片成果越冬，次年春暖后恢复取食，4月下旬越冬代成虫开始出现。第1、2、3代成虫分别于6月上旬、7月下旬、9月上旬开始出现。幼虫6～8龄，有兼性滞育现象，1～3代均有部分个体滞育。与4代幼虫一起越冬。此虫各虫态有多种天敌：幼虫期育出甲腹茧蜂Chelonus sp．、绢野螟长绒茧蜂Dolichogenidea stantoni(Ashmead)，蛹期育出广大腿小蜂Brachymeria lasus(Walker)，并采到捕食卵粒的纹蓟马Aeolothrips sp．和多种捕食幼虫和成虫的游猎性蜘蛛(种属待查)。保护天敌对控制黄杨绢野螟的为害有重要意义。     

Biology and integrated pest management for the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) is the most important insect pest of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.). The larvae bore in the corm, reducing nutrient uptake and weakening the stability of the plant. Attack in newly planted banana stands can lead to crop failure. In established fields, weevil damage can result in reduced bunch weights, mat die-out and shortened stand life. Damage and yield losses tend to increase with time. This paper reviews the research on the taxonomy, distribution, biology, pest status, sampling methods, and integrated pest management (IPM) of banana weevil. Salient features of the weevil's biology include nocturnal activity, long life span, limited mobility, low fecundity, and slow population growth. The adults are free living and most often associated with banana mats and cut residues. They are attracted to their hosts by volatiles, especially following damage to the plant corm. Males produce an aggregation pheromone that is attractive to both sexes. Eggs are laid in the corm or lower pseudostem. The immature stages are all passed within the host plant, mostly in the corm. The weevil's biology creates sampling problems and makes its control difficult. Most commonly, weevils are monitored by trapping adults, mark and recapture methods and damage assessment to harvested or dead plants. Weevil pest status and control options reflect the type of banana being grown and the production system. Plantains and highland bananas are more susceptible to the weevil than dessert or brewing bananas. Banana production systems range from kitchen gardens and small, low-input stands to large-scale export plantations. IPM options for banana weevils include habitat management (cultural controls), biological control, host plant resistance, botanicals, and (in some cases) chemical control. Cultural controls have been widely recommended but data demonstrating their efficacy are limited. The most important are clean planting material in new stands, crop sanitation (especially destruction of residues), agronomic methods to improve plant vigour and tolerance to weevil attack and, possibly, trapping. Tissue culture plantlets, where available, assure the farmer with weevil-free material. Suckers may be cleaned by paring, hot water treatment and/or the applications of entomopathogens, neem, or pesticides. None of these methods assure elimination of weevils. Adult weevils may also invade from nearby plantations. As a result, the benefits of clean planting material may be limited to a few crop cycles. Field surveys suggest that reduced weevil populations may be associated with high levels of crop sanitation, yet definitive studies on residue management and weevil pest status are wanting. Trapping of adult weevils with pseudostem or corm traps can reduce weevil populations, but material and labour requirements may be beyond the resources of many farmers. The use of enhanced trapping with pheromones and kairomones is currently under study. A combination of clean planting material, sanitation, and trapping is likely to provide at least partial control of banana weevil.Classical biological control of banana weevil, using natural enemies from Asia, has so far been unsuccessful. Most known arthropod natural enemies are opportunistic, generalist predators with limited efficacy. Myrmicine ants have been reported to help control the weevil in Cuba, but their effects elsewhere are unknown. Microbial control, using entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes tend to be more promising. Effective strains of microbial agents are known but economic mass production and delivery systems need further development.     

Tuta absoluta,a South American pest of tomato now in the EPPO region: biology,distribution and damage

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is an invasive pest of tomato native to South America, where it is responsible for extensive damage. It rapidly spread into several European countries, becoming a key pest. Knowledge of its main biological traits can be used to develop effective plant protection management strategies. It is a multivoltine species with a homodynamous behaviour, and the length of its life cycle depends on environmental conditions, particularly temperature. The larvae feed and develop inside tomato leaves, stems and fruits throughout the entire growing cycle. The adults have crepuscular habits, and in Mediterranean conditions they can be easily detected throughout the year. Damage is directly related to the reduction of plants' photosynthetic capacity and of production levels in both protected and open‐field tomato crops; indirect damage can be also caused by secondary infections, with pathogens developing on the infested plant and fruit tissues.     

核桃瘤蛾(Nola distributa Walker)生物学观察及防治方法探讨

核桃瘤蛾是北京市郊区核桃树的主要害虫之一。在北京地区一年发生两代。以蛹在梯田石填墙縫及地面石块下结茧越冬。翌年5月下旬开始羽化至7月中旬結束。第一代幼虫发生于6月上旬至7月下旬,第二代幼虫发生于8月上旬至9月下旬。室内药效测定結果表明,6％可湿性666(200倍液),50％可湿性DDT粉剂(300倍液),25％DDT乳剂(300倍液),砷酸鉛(200倍液),50％乐果乳剂(2000倍液),50％敌百虫乳剂(500倍液)对各龄幼虫的杀虫效果都很好。試驗表明,树干束革及树干周围开溝誘集丁树化蛹的幼虫效果更好,特别是在喷药有困难的山区,可以采用。     

肉桂后半啮的生物学特性及其防治

肉桂后半啮是桂皮产品的主要仓储害虫,在广东１ａ发生３～４代,世代重叠。以成虫在土壤缝隙中越冬,翌年３月下旬开始产卵,完成一代约４５～５５ｄ。每年６～７月是肉桂后半啮发生危害的高峰期,采用常规清洁措施结合药物防治效果较好。     

茶黄蓟马的生物学特性

茶黄蓟马(Scirtothrips dorsalis Hoods)是江西茶园茶树(Camellia sinensis)叶片上的重要刺吸性害虫。通过室内饲养和野外调查该虫在南昌地区的生物学特性。调查结果表明:该虫在江西黄马茶园1年发生8~10代,主要以成虫和少数若虫越冬。以若虫越冬的个体3月中旬开始羽化;以成虫越冬的个体4月上旬开始产卵。4月中旬茶园始见初孵若虫。11月出现的成虫和少数若虫进入越冬。成若虫喜食嫩芽和幼叶,导致叶片组织坏死。在22~30℃条件下,温度对茶黄蓟马发育历期有显著影响,随着温度升高,卵期、若虫期和成虫寿命都逐渐缩短,卵期8~3.83 d,若虫期15~7.4 d,成虫寿命26.92~16.9 d。     

土沉香黄野螟生物学特性研究

黄野螟(Heortia vitessoides Moore)是土沉香的主要害虫.通过室内、外的观察,结果表明,土沉香黄野螟1年可以发生6代.11月下旬以老熟幼虫入土化蛹越冬.翌年4月初羽化.成虫趋光性弱.26℃条件下,卵期6.6 d,幼虫期14.1 d,预蛹期2.9 d,蛹期9.8 d,雌、雄成虫寿命分别为8.7和8.6 d.幼虫共5龄,1～4龄具群集性,5龄的取食量占幼虫期的70.24％.卵主要分布于寄主树冠下层嫩叶端部的背面.     

Management of crop residues to reduce the aestivating population of stemborers in maize

Abstract

Stubble and old stems of maize and sorghum constitute an important reservoir for infestation of lepidopterous stemborers. Therefore, a number of experiments were conducted to assess the feasibility of managing crop residues in order to reduce aestivating populations within a complex consisting of two pyralids, Chilo partellus and C. orichalcociliellus and one noctuid, Sesamia calamistis. The survival of stemborer larvae and pupae in old stems placed horizontally on the ground was compared with survival in stems left in their vertical position after harvest. In those experiments where the post‐harvest weather was dry and hot, a significantly higher proportion of larvae and pupae died in horizontal stalks compared with stalks left in their vertical position. It is concluded that managing crop residues by placing the old stems horizontally on the ground, exposing them to the sun and heat, is suitable for both commercial and subsistence farmers because of the low input of labour and money.