细鳞鲑仔鱼开口饵料的研究

选取了6种不同饵料组合对孵化14d上浮开口细鳞鲑仔鱼进行开口饵料试验研究。在相同环境条件下,经10d投喂试验,结果表明:细鳞鲑仔鱼体长增长及成活率依次为轮虫+枝角类幼体组轮虫组颗粒饵料组螺旋藻组酵母及蛋黄组;经饲养10d后最高体长增加0.45cm,仔鱼成活率最高达98%。     

不同开口饵料对黑斑原鮡仔鱼成活率和生长的影响

分别采用浮游动物、蛋黄、水丝蚓、鳗鱼饲料对黑斑原鮡(Glyptosternum maculatum)仔鱼进行投喂,探讨这4种开口饵料对其成活率及生长的影响。试验开始时,黑斑原鮡仔鱼全长为(10.60±0.34)mm,体重为(0.025±0.003)g,试验周期共计21 d。结果显示:鳗鱼饲料组和浮游动物组成活率最高,仔鱼的平均全长体重增长率也均高于其他两组。水丝蚓组存活率上明显低于其他组,且生长速度也最低。结果表明,4种开口饵料效果比较,推荐浮游动物和鳗鱼饲料作为黑斑原鮡仔鱼最适宜的开口饵料。     

不同开口饵料对黑莓鲈仔鱼生长和成活率的影响

试验选用小型浮游动物、鱼浆、蛋黄和鳗鱼配合饲料等4种饵料作为黑莓鲈仔鱼的开口饵料,经20 d培育,结果显示,在不同饵料条件下,黑莓鲈仔鱼的开口摄食率、生长速度和成活率存在显著差异(P0.05)。小型浮游动物组开口摄食率最高,为94.44%,生长速度较快,平均日增全长为0.43 mm,最终存活率为56.03%;鱼浆、蛋黄和鳗鱼饲料组的生长速度和成活率均较低,平均日增全长分别为0.22、0.14、0.11mm,成活率分别为15.24%、12.80%、8.05%。4种开口饵料中,小型浮游动物是黑莓鲈仔鱼的适宜开口饵料。Logistic生长模型能较好地拟合不同开口饵料黑莓鲈仔鱼的生长曲线(R2≥0.96)。     

不同开口饵料对四川裂腹鱼仔鱼生长和成活率的影响

采用丰年虫、冰冻轮虫、水蚯蚓、人工配合饲料4种开口饵料投喂四川裂腹鱼（ Schizothorax kozlovi Nikol-sky）仔鱼30 d,研究其对四川裂腹鱼仔鱼生长和成活率的影响。结果显示：投喂水蚯蚓和丰年虫能保证四川裂腹鱼仔鱼具有较快的生长速度和较高的成活率。而人工配合饲料组生长速度明显低于其他组,且成活率最低。结果表明,4种开口饵料中,丰年虫是四川裂腹鱼仔鱼最适宜的开口饵料。     

不同开口饵料及转食策略对乌原鲤仔、稚鱼生长和存活的影响

为研究不同开口饵料、不同转食策略对乌原鲤(Procypris merus)仔、稚鱼生长和存活率的影响，实验选用蛋黄、微粒子饲料、丰年虫3种饵料投喂乌原鲤仔鱼15 d,记录仔鱼生长指标和存活率；并采用2种转食策略投喂初始体质量为(3.60±0.49) mg的乌原鲤仔鱼至45日龄(45DHA),分别在20、35日龄转食水蚯蚓和微粒子饲料，分组为T20水蚯蚓、T20微粒子、T35水蚯蚓、T35微粒子，研究其对乌原鲤仔鱼生长和存活率的影响。结果显示：投喂丰年虫能保证乌原鲤仔鱼有较快的生长速度和高存活率，与微粒子饲料、蛋黄组体长、体重、特定生长率和存活率有显著差异。在不同转食策略中，除T20微粒子组存活率为76.00%,其余三组均高于82%。相同转食起点，转食水蚯蚓效果比转食微粒子饲料好；相同转食种类，延后转食起点生长速度快，存活率高(35日龄转食效果优于20日龄)。结果表明，在3种开口饵料中，丰年虫是乌原鲤仔鱼最适宜的开口饵料；不同转食策略中，乌原鲤仔鱼以丰年虫开口，35日龄转食水蚯蚓效果最佳。     

不同开口饵料对黑斑原(鱼兆)仔鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响

在水温11～12℃下,将孵出15 d、体质量(0.0206±0.004)g、能平游的黑斑原(鱼兆)Glyptosternum maculatum仔鱼饲养在用网一分为三的平列槽中,投喂微粒子饲料(Ⅰ组)、冰冻摇蚊幼虫(Ⅱ组)、搅碎猪肝(Ⅲ组)、微粒子饲料+螺旋藻Spirulina(9∶1)(Ⅳ组)、摇蚊幼虫+螺旋藻(9∶1)(Ⅴ组)、猪肝+螺旋藻(9∶1)(Ⅵ组)、微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+摇蚊幼虫(4∶1∶5)(Ⅶ组)、微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+猪肝(4∶1∶5)(Ⅷ组)、微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+轮虫(4∶1∶5)(Ⅸ组)、微粒子饲料+苍蝇幼虫(1∶1)(Ⅹ组)和人工配合饲料(Ⅺ组)等开口饵料42 d,统计仔鱼生长、存活和消化酶活性,研究不同开口饵料对黑斑原(鱼兆)仔鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,投喂单一饵料摇蚊幼虫组仔鱼死亡率最低,与组合饵料(摇蚊幼虫+螺旋藻)差异不显著(P0.05),但显著低于其他各组(P0.05);猪肝组死亡率最高,显著高于其他各组(P0.05);微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+摇蚊幼虫组合饵料组仔鱼体质量和全长增长最快,与摇蚊幼虫组、摇蚊幼虫+螺旋藻组差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于其他各组(P0.05);不同开口饵料对黑斑原(鱼兆)仔鱼蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶变化均具有一定影响。结合死亡率、生长和消化酶变化总体分析,建议在标准化黑斑原(鱼兆)仔鱼苗饲养中,采用微粒子饲料+螺旋藻+摇蚊幼虫组合作开口饵料效果较好。     

两种不同活鲜饵料对鲟鱼仔鱼开口效果的比较研究

分别采用红线虫和大平二号蚯蚓两种活鲜饵料的碎屑对初孵的西伯利亚鲟仔鱼进行开口喂养试验,比较了二者对鲟鱼仔鱼开口期生长效果的影响。在相同水质条件下,分别等量、等次数地投喂两种饵料,喂食45 d后,测定其成活率和增重状况。结果显示,用红线虫开口和用大平二号蚯蚓开口的仔鱼成活率没有显著差异,说明可以用人工养殖的大平二号蚯蚓替代红线虫作为鲟鱼仔鱼的开口饵料。但在仔鱼身体增重和体长增长方面二者略有差异,用红线虫开口的仔鱼生长速度好于用大平二号蚯蚓的,这可能是蚯蚓的皮肌囊较厚,粉碎细度不够导致仔鱼摄食率低或消化率较低所造成的。     

不同开口饵料对半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼摄食、生长与成活的影响

在水温23～25℃下,将刚开口摄食的5日龄半刺厚唇鱼Acrossocheilius hemispinus仔鱼饲养在60cm×50cm×50cm玻璃缸中,密度为300尾/缸,投喂淡水轮虫(10ind./mL)、水蚯蚓浆(过150μm筛网)、蛋黄(250μm纱布揉洗)、鱼苗开口料和虾奶粉,以筛选半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼的适宜开口饵料。22d的饲养结果表明:摄食不同饵料的半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼的初次摄食率、生长速率和成活率差异显著(P0.05),其中淡水轮虫组初次摄食率最高(98.89%),生长速率最快(日增全长0.43mm),存活率97.33%;水蚯蚓浆组初次摄食率亦达到95.56%,平均日增全长为0.36mm,存活率为85.44%;蛋黄组虽然初次摄食率(90.00%)较高,但其生长速率(日增全长0.13mm)和成活率(57.00%)均较低,显著低于淡水轮虫组和水蚯蚓浆组(P0.05);而开口饲料组和虾奶粉组的初次摄食率和成活率均显著低于其他3组(P0.05)。总之,淡水轮虫是半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼的最适开口饵料;水蚯蚓浆为适宜开口饵料,缺乏淡水轮虫时可用其替代作为半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼的开口饵料。     

不同温度、饵料对金曼龙仔鱼生长和存活的影响

本文研究了温度和饵料对金曼龙仔鱼生长和存活的影响.结果表明:金曼龙仔鱼在不同温度下的生长速度和成活率存在着显著差异(p＜0.05),在水温为30℃下仔鱼生长速度最快,26℃下仔鱼存活率最高,32℃下仔鱼存活率最低.投喂不同的饵料金曼龙仔鱼的生长速度和成活率也有显著差异(p＜0.05),投喂轮虫和桡足类的仔鱼生长速度最快、成活率最高,投喂蛋黄饲料的仔鱼成活率最低,投喂人工饲料的仔鱼生长速度最慢.     

匙吻鲟仔鱼期饵料的研究

鱼类早期生长的细微差别对其存活以及整个生活史阶段的生长,有着不可估量的影响,而摄食是影响仔鱼期生长的最重要的外界影响因子之一。在水温19．5～20．5℃下,对匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathula）仔鱼的开口时间、适宜开口饵料和投饵率进行了研究。结果表明,匙吻鲟仔鱼在6日龄初次摄食,摄食率在7—8日龄迅速升高,9—10日龄达到100％,11-13日龄略有降低,14-15日龄迅速降低,不可逆点（PNR期）出现在15日龄;以轮虫作为开口饵料,仔鱼的存活率和生长优于丰年虫和颗粒饲料组;养殖水体中轮虫密度在120—150个／mL可满足仔鱼的生长需求。     

海星棘皮投喂仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)的效果

在饲料中添加海星棘皮,与两组商品饲料分别投喂体重为5.0–6.7 g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka),进行60 d养殖试验,研究其对仿刺参平均增重率(AWGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、摄食率(FR)和蛋白表观消化率(APD)的影响。结果显示,各组仿刺参生长良好,成活率无显著差异(P>0.05);60 d时,各组仿刺参的AWGR和SGR变化趋势相同,由高到低依次为市售2组、海星组、市售1组;海星饲料组仿刺参的FCR最低,与其他两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);海星饲料组与市售1组的FR间差异不显著(P>0.05),与市售2组FR间有显著差异(P<0.05);海星饲料组仿刺参的饲料转化率(FE)明显高于其他两组(P<0.05);海星饲料组仿刺参的APD最高,为67.28%,与市售1组的APD差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,添加海星棘皮可以较好地促进仿刺参的生长和提高饲料的利用,可添加到仿刺参幼参饲料中用作饲料源。     

延迟首次投喂对乌江中华倒刺鲃仔鱼的补偿生长、消化酶活性及饵料日转化率的影响

为探究延迟首次投喂对乌江中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)仔鱼补偿生长、消化酶活性及饵料日转化率的影响,对肠道贯通后的仔鱼进行了不同饥饿天数(H0、H1、H3、H5、H7、H9、H11)后补偿投喂17 d的实验。结果显示,全长和体重的损失率随饥饿时间的延长而增加。补偿投喂后,全长补偿率在H9组以后明显下降,体重补偿率在各实验组间无明显差异。各组全长和体重的特定生长率都呈波动性变化趋势,且实验后期各实验组都大于正常组都存在显著性差异。全长、体重及特定生长率的变化表明该饥饿仔鱼补偿投喂后能完成部分补偿生长。饥饿处理中,淀粉酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶随饥饿时间都呈下降趋势,脂肪酶呈先上升后下降趋势,补偿投喂后,除了淀粉酶呈先上升后下降外,其余三种酶都呈上升趋势。各组在饥饿处理下消化酶活性在实验后期与正常组存在显著差异,再投喂后与正常组差异不显著。各组在再投喂后的饵料日转化率随补偿时间呈不规则上升,但都无法恢复到正常投喂水平。综上,延迟首次投喂对中华倒刺鲃仔鱼补偿生长、消化酶活性及饵料转化都存在不同程度的影响。     

Development and evaluation of microparticulate diets for early weaning of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae

Early weaning trials were conducted with cod larvae to investigate the effectiveness of microparticulate diets (microbound and microcoated) with and without lipid-walled capsules (LWCs). The microparticulate diets were evaluated by measuring physical parameters of the diet in the water column (leaching and settling rate), palatability (intestinal fullness), performance of the diet (survival and growth), and examination of the diet in the larval intestine (histological analysis). A feeding trial was conducted using four experimental diets (carrageenan microbound diet, carrageenan microbound diet with LWCs, zein microcoated diet and zein microcoated diet with LWC), one commercial diet (BioKyowa: A-250) and a live feed control (rotifers and Artemia ). Survival of cod larvae to 39 days post-hatch ranged from 5 to 10% with the experimental diets, 22.9% with the BioKyowa diet, and 36.5% with live prey. There was evidence of food absorption with all diets in the form of lipid vacuoles in the midgut and supranuclear vacuoles in the hindgut. Large vacuoles in the midgut were more abundant in the enterocytes of larvae fed the experimental diets compared with larvae on the BioKyowa diet and the live feed control. Based on observations of intestinal fullness, the experimental diets appeared to be less palatable than the BioKyowa diet. As a result, it took longer to wean the larvae and higher mortality was experienced during weaning. Once successfully weaned, the experimental diets yielded growth rates equivalent to larvae feeding on the commercial diet for the remainder of the experiment.     

泥鳅鱼苗开口饵料及其投喂方式的初步研究

开口饵料种类及其投喂方式是影响泥鳅鱼苗生长发育的关键因素。试验选取了轮虫、蛋黄及单细胞藻类作为泥鳅幼鱼的开口饵料。通过不同组合实验结果得出初步结论:以轮虫为主要饵料并补充适当的蛋黄和小球藻,同时需要注意适合的充气条件和投喂方式,可以获得稳定的泥鳅苗种成活率和健康生长。     

不同饵料对海蜇幼体生长、消化酶、抗氧化和免疫酶活力的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同饵料对海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)幼体生长、消化酶、抗氧化酶和非特异性免疫酶活力的影响.实验设置4个饵料组:小球藻组、虾片(对虾开口饵料)组、卤虫无节幼体组和混合组(卤虫无节幼体和虾片等比例混合),养殖实验持续进行30 d.结果显示:混合组和卤虫无节幼体组海蜇的增重率(WGR)和特...     

Nutrition and feeding research in the spotted rose snapper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lutjanus guttatus</Emphasis>) and bullseye puffer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphoeroides annulatus</Emphasis>), new species for marine aquaculture

The spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) and bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) are fish species from the tropical Eastern Pacific for which controlled production of larvae and juveniles has been accomplished in recent years. Diverse topics relating to their biology and aquaculture production are currently under study, in particular the nutrition and feeding aspects required to formulate practical feeds and rearing protocols. Improvements in larval growth and survival are possible by feeding live food organisms with natural or enhanced essential fatty acids content and highly digestible artificial microdiets. The ontogeny of the digestive tract and the expression and activity of digestive enzymes have been described for S. annulatus larvae. The effect of various protein and lipid levels on growth and feed utilization has been studied in juvenile and on-growing fish. Both species have carnivorous feeding habits and require high levels of protein in their diets, from 40% to 45% (dry weight) in spotted rose snapper and above 50% in bullseye puffer, with the younger stages requiring the highest protein levels. Encouraging results have been obtained in feeding experiments with different sources of dietary protein from animal and plant origin to evaluate their suitability as feed ingredients in practical diets. Optimization of fish culture practices through feeding management has also been investigated. Trials with various fish densities and feeding frequencies in intensive culture systems are providing information to improve feed utilization and growth in on-growing fish. Further research is underway to evaluate factors in broodstock nutrition which have an impact on egg and larval quality, and into the use of various commercially available oil sources in on-growing diets. In this paper, the results on nutrition and feeding research with both species are reviewed and research needs to support their commercial production in the region are discussed.     

延迟投饵对奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响

在盐度为5‰,水温(28±0.5)℃的条件下,对延迟投饵0~7d的奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)仔鱼摄食、生长与存活进行了研究,并确定了仔鱼的饥饿不可逆点(PNR)。试验于仔鱼开口的当天开始试验。结果显示:仔鱼于3日龄开口;延迟投饵0~7 d组,投饵2 h后仔鱼摄食发生率分别为20%、100%、83.3%、36.7%、13.3%、6.7%、3.3%和0%,各组之间差异显著(P<0.05);延迟投饵在2 d以内,10日龄仔鱼体长和体重与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),延迟投饵超过2 d,体长和体重显著低于对照组(P<0.05);奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼存活率随延迟投饵天数增加而降低,延迟0~2 d的10日龄仔鱼的存活率相差不大,介于78.6%~79.3%,各组差异不显著(P>0.05),延迟投饵超过2 d的仔鱼存活率较低,介于0%~33.3%;奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼的不可逆点出现在仔鱼开口后第4 d,开始投喂的最佳时间在仔鱼开口后的3 d之内。     

First feeding of freshwater fish larvae with live feed versus compound diets: a meta-analysis

A meta-analysis of published results was used to quantify differences in mortality and growth of freshwater fish larvae when live feed was replaced by compound diets at first feeding. A mean relative risk of 2.4560 (95% confidence interval = 2.0879–2.8891), calculated with 75 observations from 47 studies conducted with 27 freshwater fish species according to a random effects model, indicated that larvae fed on compound diets have a 2.5 times higher chance to die than those fed on live feed. Compared to Artemia nauplii as sole live feed, compound diets were more effective (causing a lower mortality) when replacing zooplankton other than Artemia nauplii. A mean effect size (Hedges’ d) of −3.1813 (95% confidence interval = −3.8099 to −2.5527), calculated (random effects model) from 51 values determined in 33 studies with 21 fish species, represents the size of the negative effect that compound diets would have on growth of larvae. Numerical differences obtained in this study could be use to monitor future development of larval diets.     

延迟投饵对泥鳅仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响

试验分延迟0d、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d、6d、7d投饵和完全饥饿9个试验组,研究了延迟投饵对泥鳅仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响。结果显示：水温27℃±1℃时,泥鳅仔鱼3日龄开口,混合营养期2d,4日龄卵黄囊消失。开口当日初次摄食率为36%,最高初次摄食率出现在5日龄,达98%,饥饿不可逆点（PNR）在8～9日龄。延迟0d（正常投饵）和1d投饵组仔鱼体长一直呈增长趋势,至11日龄,两组仔鱼体长没有显著差异（P>0.05）;随延迟投饵天数的增加,仔鱼体长生长速度明显降低;完全饥饿组仔鱼3～5日龄呈正增长,随后转为负增长。延迟0d和1d投饵组,11日龄时仔鱼存活率分别为82.67%和89.33%,且两者无显著差异（P>0.05）;随延迟投饵天数的增加,11日龄时仔鱼存活率明显降低;完全饥饿组,11日龄时仔鱼全部死亡。     

A balanced amino acid diet improves Diplodus sargus larval quality and reduces nitrogen excretion

Fish larvae present high amino acid requirements due to their high growth rate. Maximizing this growth rate depends on providing a balanced amino acid diet which can fulfil larval amino acid nutritional needs. In this study, two experimental microencapsulated casein diets were tested: one presenting a balanced amino acid profile and another presenting an unbalanced amino acid profile. A control diet, live feed based, was also tested. Trials were performed with larvae from 1 to 25 days after hatching (DAH). Microencapsulated diets were introduced at 8 DAH in co-feeding with live feed and at 15 DAH larvae were fed the microencapsulated diets alone. Results showed a higher survival for the control group (8.6 ± 1.3% versus 4.2 ± 0.6% and 3.2 ± 1.8%) although dry weight and growth were similar in all treatments. The proportion of deformed larvae as well as the ammonia excretion was lower in the group fed a balanced diet than in the unbalanced or control groups (38.3% deformed larvae in control, 30% in larvae fed unbalanced diet and 20% on balanced diet group). Furthermore, larvae fed the microencapsulated diets presented higher docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid levels. This study demonstrates that dietary amino acid profile may play an important role in larval quality. It also shows that balanced microencapsulated diets may improve some of the performance criteria, such as skeletal deformities, compared to live feeds.