赛里木湖移植的高白鲑(Coregonus peled)生长发育

自1998年5月27日至6月3日连续向赛里木湖移植从俄罗斯引进的高白鲑发眼卵孵化的鱼苗505万尾（体长10mm),经17个月（510天）高白鲑平均体重540g,最大达820g,雄体96．1％达性成熟,雌体18．1％成熟,本文就高白鱼在赛里木湖的生长,发育等生物学特性进行描述。     

凹目白鲑在赛里木湖生长的初步研究

1998～2000年从俄罗斯引进凹目白鲑发眼卵600万粒，经孵化后将体长20mm左右的202．5万尾鱼苗投放赛里木湖。2001年9月至2002年9月采集68尾凹目白鲑，对其年龄与生长进行了初步研究。结果表明：在赛里木湖凹目白鲑1龄理论体长112mm、2龄173mm、3龄232mm、4龄321mm。     

高白鲑在赛里木湖的生长发育观测

赛里木湖是新疆最大的一个高山封闭湖泊,总面积453ｋｍ2,海拔2072ｍ,最大水深91ｍ;年平均气温05℃,水温在5℃以上有7个月,10℃以上有4个月,最高水温为19℃,湖区封冻期为12月至第二年5月初。水体透明度8～13ｍ,平均ｐＨ为90,溶解氧79～82ｍｇ/Ｌ,离子总量平均为2967ｍｇ/Ｌ,为ＳｍｇⅡ型水。六十年代以前该湖无任何鱼类,六十年代以后先后移植了高体雅罗鱼、贝加尔雅罗鱼、东方欧鳊、湖拟鲤等鱼类,因水温终年较低,抑制了上述鱼类性腺发育,致繁殖能力低弱,至今无商业生产。为了充分利用这一冷水资源,1998年开始进行移植冷水性高白鲑的尝试。高…     

水温影响虹鳟红细胞数量变化的初步研究

采用显微记数法,在不同温度条件下计数虹鳟和鳙鱼的血红细胞并进行分析,旨在为南方低海拔温水环境开展虹鳟养殖提供相关的技术资料。结果表明:在一定水温范围内,虹鳟的红细胞数量随着水温的上升呈急剧下降的趋势,而温水性鱼类鳙鱼的红细胞数量随着水温的上升呈平缓上升的趋势。     

虹鳟膨化饲料饲喂效果试验

虹鳟是世界名贵淡水鱼类之一，属冷水肉食性鱼，原产于美国，后传入朝鲜。1978年，在山西试养成功。现在，虹鳟鱼在全国，尤其是有冷水资源的地区广泛养殖，取得了非常好的经济效益。     

虹鳟染色体C显带技术的初步研究

采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素,肾细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的染色体.对其肾细胞染色体数目统计分析表明,虹鳟染色体组有60条染色体,核型公式为2n=34m+10sm+16st,t,其染色体总臂数(NF)为104.虹鳟的染色体C带类型为着丝粒C带,多数染色体的着丝点区均显示出一个深浅不同的C带.     

水温对虹鳟血清无机微量元素含量影响的初步研究

使用日立7170A全自动生化分析仪和贝克曼CX-3电解质分析仪,检测不同水温虹鳟血清中无机微量元素含量.结果表明,水温14～23℃,虹鳟血清中铜元素含量比鳙鱼随水温变化显著,钾、磷、钙、钠、氯元素含量变化不显著.分析了虹鳟在温水环境中血清无机微量元素含量的变化规律.     

虹鳟性腺分化的研究

对新安江人工养殖虹鳟性腺的自然分化进行了系统组织学研究。刚孵化出膜仔鱼的生殖嵴巳形成,原始生殖细胞成单行排列于生殖嵴上,并正在进行有丝分裂。水温10—11℃时,孵出后6—8周仔鱼的性腺出现解剖学分化。紧接着卵巢中的卵原细胞开始向初级卵母细胞过渡。精巢中的精原细胞向初级精母细胞过渡的时间比卵巢约晚2—3周。性腺的细胞学分化时间,雌雄鱼表现不一致。     

美国金鳟池塘养殖及生物学初步研究

2001年3月由美国缅因州引进美国金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)发眼卵10万粒。孵化水温为2～8℃,流水中进行,孵出仔鱼在3～17℃水温条件下进行人工养殖,培育出3龄鱼,对其生长发育、摄食、形态、生物学以及养殖环境等因素进行了初步的观察和研究。     

虹鳟生长性状的随机回归分析

生长和抗逆是水产动物遗传育种工作中最重要的农艺性状,虹鳟的生长性状关乎虹鳟规模化养殖的生产经济效益,为了从遗传上精细解析虹鳟的生长性状,我们从渤海、丹麦、挪威、唐纳森和加利福尼亚5个虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)种系间的双列杂交开始,进行了连续4代的继代选育。本研究测量了第4代总共4368个实验个体在516日龄、608日龄、668日龄、883日龄和1036日龄5个时间点的生长数据。采用随机回归测定日模型,对虹鳟生长性状进行了动态遗传分析。根据贝叶斯信息准则,确定3阶勒让德多项式为拟合体重和体长的加性遗传效应和永久环境效应变化的最优子模型。利用双变量随机回归模型同时分析体重和体长两个生长性状。它们的遗传力在400～1000日龄之间呈现递减趋势,分别从0.288下降到0.164和从0.469下降到0.186,并且在该生长区间内体长的遗传力始终高于体重的遗传力。无论体重还是体长性状,在不同日龄之间的遗传相关都随着生长间隔的增大而降低,但是两个性状在生长初期和后期之间的遗传相关较高(遗传相关系数0.75以上),尤其是体重(遗传相关系数0.85以上),该研究结果为虹鳟早期的遗传选育提供了理论支撑。两个性状之间在相同日龄之间的遗传相关均在0.75以上,在不同日龄之间的遗传相关随着生长间隔的增大由0.83下降到0.63。以上的研究结论为虹鳟生长性状(主要是体长和体重)的遗传选育提供了理论基础,同时也为虹鳟的体长和体重两个性状的联合选育提供了精确的遗传分析结果,由于两性状在前期有较高的遗传相关,因此建议在虹鳟生长前期(400日龄)进行联合选择。     

Edwardsiellosis in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from naturally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in raceway culture on a commercial fish farm where the fish were kept at a density of 110 kg m^?3 and at a water temperature of 14°C and with a photoperiod of 13 h light:11 h dark. The clinical signs of diseased fish (150 ± 20 mm standard length) were anorexia and lethargy. The most striking lesions in the fish were in the liver. There were hyperaemia and haemorrhages; on histopathological examination, the liver displayed inflammatory infiltrate in portal area, focal necrosis, dilatation of blood sinus and activation of sinusoidal cells. Infection experiments, performed 2 years after isolation of the original culture of E. tarda, were carried out under laboratory conditions at water temperatures of 15, 18 or 24°C. All experimental fish (common carp, Prussian carp, tench), intraperitoneally injected with 8 × 10⁶ cells, demonstrated a total resistance to E. tarda.     

Relationships between growth and disease resistance in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Rainbow trout from 23 families were evaluated for growth and resistance to the bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum and infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) caused by IHN virus. Average family weights were between 161 and 263 g with an average of 225 g at 213 days post‐fertilization with specific growth rates ranging from 2.37 to 2.88. Per cent survival of fish challenged with F. psychrophilum was between 18% and 100%, while for those challenged with IHNV, the range was between 12% and 93%. Significant positive correlations were found for end body weight and resistance to IHN (P < 0.05) and for early body weight and resistance to BCWD (P < 0.1). However, no significant correlations were detected between resistance to both pathogens or disease resistance and overall genetic diversity or diversity within the major histocompatibility locus.     

虾青素在虹鳟体内的沉积与降解研究

为研究着色虹鳟在摄食状态和饥饿状态下的虾青素降解规律,实验选用平均体质量为(101.9±1.3)g的未着色虹鳟和已着色虹鳟,对未着色虹鳟饲喂含虾青素(100 mg/kg)饲料以研究虾青素在机体的沉积规律(虾青素沉积组);对着色虹鳟,饲喂含虾青素(100 mg/kg)饲料(正对照)、不含虾青素饲料(摄食降解组)或予以饥饿处理(饥饿降解组),实验共设4个处理组,每个处理组3个重复.实验共持续4周,每周采样一次,测定肌肉、肝脏和全鱼虾青素含量,血清类胡萝卜素含量,肌肉色差值(L*,a*,b*)和肌肉罗氏比色卡得分.结果表明,虾青素沉积组的虹鳟肌肉、肝脏虾青素含量、肌肉红度值和罗氏比色卡得分随饲养时间延长而增加(P＜0.05),在第3周时达到基本稳定,与第4周测定值无显著差异(P＞0.05);在4周养殖期内,全鱼虾青素含量呈增加趋势,而全鱼虾青素沉积率则呈下降趋势,第1周、第4周时的全鱼虾青素含量和全鱼虾青素沉积率分别为3.71 mg/kg、8.59 mg/kg和21.31％、15.26％;饥饿降解组和摄食降解组虹鳟的全鱼、肌肉、肝脏虾青素含量、肌肉红度值和罗氏比色卡得分随养殖时间延长逐渐降低(P＜0.05),其中饥饿降解组的下降趋势更为明显,第3周后,这种降低趋势减缓.上述研究表明,在虹鳟饲料中添加100 mg/kg虾青素,经过3周饲养即可使肌肉达到着色要求,虾青素的沉积率随时间延长而下降;饥饿和投喂不含虾青素的饲料均可使已着色虹鳟肌肉虾青素含量和红色度显著下降,饥饿使虾青素的减少更加迅速,虾青素在鱼体内的减少量随时间的延长而降低.     

Metabolism of exogenous histamine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Information on the metabolism of exogenous histamine in fish is of much concern regarding the effect of dietary histamine on fish. Histamine catabolic enzymes, diamine oxidase and histamine N-methyl transferase were measured in the tissues of rainbow trout. Diamine oxidase was detected in the stomach, pylorus caeca and intestine. Histamine N-methyl transferase was detected only in the liver.A change in the contents of histamine and its metabolites was observed in the tissues of rainbow trout after oral administration of histamine. A large amount of imidazole acetic acid was observed in the serum, kidney, liver and muscle. On the other hand, 1-methyl histamine was detected only in the liver. Histamine and its metabolites, imidazole acetic acid and 1-methyl histamine were metabolized and diminished within 48 hr in all tissues.These results showed that histamine was metabolized by two metabolic routes in rainbow trout. One is the main pathway producing imidazole acetic acid by intestinal diamine oxidase and the other is the complementary pathway producing 1-methyl histamine by liver N-methyl-transferase.     

Androgen metabolism in the skin of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Pieces of skin of male and female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were incubated with testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone as substrates. In immature fish the conversion rate was low. In non-spawning adult males 11-ketotestosterone was reduced to 5α-11KDHT (up to 5.2%). In the fish in spawning condition the 5α-reduction rate was only about 1 to 2%. In the same specimens incubated with testosterone a high 11β-hydroxylase activity (23.8-25% in the male and 13% in the female skin) was found. Similar sex specific differences were observed for the occurence of 5α-reduced metabolites (about 20% in the male and 13% in the female tissue).

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Résumé Des fragments de peau de truites arc en ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss, males ou femelles, ont été incubés avec de la testostérone ou de la 11-cétotestostérone, utilisées comme substrats. Chez les poissons immatures, les taux de conversion restent faibles. Chez les males adultes ne donnant pas de sperme, la 11-cétotestostérone est réduite en 5α-androstane-17β-ol-3,11-dione (jusqu'à 5.2%). Chezles poissons en conditions de fraie, le taux de 5α-réduction est seulement de l'ordre de 1 à 2%. Pour ce derniers individus, les incubations de peau en présence de testostérone montrent l'existence d'une forte activité 11β-hydroxylase (23.8-25% pour le male, et 13% pour la femelle). Des différences liées au sexe sont observées de la même manière dans la production de métabolites 5α-réduits (environ 20% avec le tissu male et 13% avect le tissu femelle).

     

Biochemical characterization of growth hormone receptor in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) before and after purification

The aim of this work was to verify if, compared to mammals, the lower molecular weight of GH-R previously reported in salmonid is real or due to the experimental process. For this purpose, we compared the apparent molecular weight of GH-R, obtained by SDS-PAGE after cross-linking with ⁵⁰ I-rtGH, obtained from rainbow trout crude liver membrane preparation, incubated in different buffers with those obtained after purification with affinity chromatography.Using crude liver membrane preparation, two specific bands of ⁵⁰ I-rtGH-protein complex were observed: the major one corresponds to a MW of 70 kDa and the minor one to 45 kDa. However, the pattern of electrophoresis varied according to the different incubation buffers tested. Digestion of the cross-linked complex with -galactosidase and phospholipase did not significantly modify the position of bands, whilst N-glycosidase F induced a large smear including 4 more pronounced bands (50, 65, 97 and > 130 kDa), the heavier band corresponding to the most intensive signal.GH receptors were purified using solubilisation and affinity chromatography. The yield of the liver GH-R from crude liver membrane preparation by the solubilization technique was optimized (48%) using Triton 1% for 1 h (12°C ). Specific binding sites in the solubilized membrane proteins were saturable when incubated with increasing ⁵⁰ I-rtGH concentrations, and revealed a high affinity constant (Ka=0.7×10⁹ M^–1). After affinity chromatography, specific binding activity was increased 64,000 fold. However, the purity of the preparation was partial and the purification yield was very low (about 0.3%). This enriched fraction, analysed by SDS-PAGE after cross-linking, showed a very intense band (about 63 kDa) which disappeared with an excess of cold rtGH.These results suggest that the lower molecular weight observed in salmonid (41 kDa), compared to mamals, is not due to the experimental process. The significance of GH-R size difference between salmonids and mammals is discussed.     

Epidermal growth factor receptor-protein kinase interactions in hepatic membranes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The association between the presence of EGF binding and its associated tyrosine kinase activity was investigated in the hepatic membranes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Time course experiments indicted that the binding of EGF to hepatic membranes was temperature dependent and resulted in increased phosphorylation of membrane components. The phosphorylation reaction was dependent on the presence of divalent ions (Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺) but not monovalent ions (Na⁺ and K⁺) or calcium. Western blot analysis of phosphorylated trout membranes indicated protein bands at 150 and 180 kDa which is similar to that observed in mammals. Use of specific substrates and protein kinase inhibitors also indicated that the increase in EGF stimulated phosphorylation was related to an increase in tyrosine kinase activity. These data support the hypothesis that trout have an EGF-like receptor that has binding and biological activities similar to that observed in mammalian species.