大豆育种进展与前景展望

通过对国内外大豆的生产现状、大豆育种常用方法及优缺点、未来发展方向及前景展望的分析,指出今后我国大豆育种目标是主攻单产,兼顾高蛋白和高油,同时选取具有更广适应性、更高抗病虫性的品种。同时要广泛引入国外优异资源,采用常规鉴定技术和生物技术挖掘资源的遗传潜力,为育种提供优秀的亲本和优良基因;在育种方法上应采用生物技术与常规育种相结合的方法,构建和识别优异的变异个体,变传统育种为现代育种,使大豆品种在培育方面迈上新台阶。     

旅大红骨种质的改良和利用

20世纪80年代至今,我国育成的玉米新品种杂种优势并没有显著提高,在由基因型决定的玉米单产达到一定阈值水平之后,进一步提高单产必须在杂种优势和抗性水平上突破。扩增、改良和创新种质是玉米育种的发展方向。培育高产、优质、多抗、广适和高配合力自交系是玉米育种的目标。旅大红骨种质对育种和生产做出了很大贡献。为更好利用其抗性好的特点,研究其遗传改良和利用的依据、目标、途径、材料及方法,为继续利用原有的典型杂种优势模式和创建新的杂种优势模式奠定基础。     

广东超甜玉米新组合主要性状分析与评价

对1999～2000年广东省超甜玉米新组合区域试验资料的分析结果表明:近年我省选育的超甜玉米新组合鲜苞单产水平有较大提高,抗病性与适应性较强,但品质的改良进展较缓慢;要选育优质、高产和多抗的超甜玉米新品种,在不断引进国外优异品种资源的同时,应加强种质创新研究,以拓宽育种亲本的遗传基础;利用现代生物技术与传统育种技术有机结合,加快品质育种进程,培育出具有突破性的优良品种是当务之急。     

我国玉米育种科技创新问题的几点思考

总结了60年来我国玉米育种成功的主要经验,指出玉米育种水平的提高对玉米生产的发展做出了巨大贡献。从玉米消费量的增长、资源环境的制约和气候的变化以及国际竞争对玉米育种的挑战,分析了我国玉米育种科技存在的问题,提出依靠科技进步,提高我国玉米育种水平和育种创新能力的举措。     

玉米太空诱变新材料选育的理论与实践

利用太空特殊的环境条件,选取具有不同遗传基础的玉米种质进行卫星搭载处理,根据搭载种子后代不同世代的变异特点对突变性状进行选择,及早进行双列杂交和配合力分析,确定太空诱变后代在育种上的应用价值。采用太空诱变与常规育种技术有机结合的方法,选育优良玉米自交系和其他特异新材料。通过创新玉米育种技术与方法,培育适应西南地区特别是四川特殊生态、生产条件的高配合力、高产、高抗多种病害、适应性广的玉米自交系,进而选育高产、稳产、优质、广适玉米优良杂交种。从诱变处理后代选育出一批优异的遗传变异材料,丰富了玉米育种的种质资源,扩大遗传变异范围。通过实践,集成创新了一套玉米太空诱变育种的技术体系。     

玉米雄性不育材料的研究和利用进展

玉米雄性不育材料是玉米遗传育种研究中一个极其重要的种质资源,本文全面概述了玉米胞质雄性不育材料和基因雄性不育材料自发现以来的研究和利用情况.随着生物技术的迅速发展,玉米雄性不育材料在玉米育种和制种中将得到更为广泛的利用。     

玉米高产育种研究

论述吉林省玉米单产对全省乃至全国玉米及粮食产量的影响,分析了我国玉米产量水平低下的原因和东北春玉米尚有较大的增产潜力,并比较了中、美国家玉米品种的差异,提出了高产超高产育种计划:即高产超高产育种方向、目标和选系方法。认为稳产育种与高产育种应同步进行;中低产田以Lan.类群与塘四平头类群为杂优模式对,向适应性强、稳产杂交种方向选育;高产田以Reid类群与旅大红骨类群为杂优模式对,向超高产杂交种方向选育。     

优质蛋白玉米育种研究进展

普通玉米蛋白质品质差,以改良玉米蛋白质品质为目标的优质蛋白玉米(QPM)育种一直是玉米研究的重要课题。本文简要回顾了利用o2基因改善玉米蛋白质品质的育种历程,重点介绍了QPM的营养价值、遗传基础、种质选育和应用以及分子标记应用于QPM辅助育种,分析了目前QPM种质遗传基础狭窄、杂种优势研究滞后和QPM品种抗逆性差、适应性窄等问题,提出了针对这些问题的解决策略,并展望了QPM的重大应用前景。     

优质玉米杂交种吉东49号

根据我国东北玉米主产区现阶段生产水平和生态环境,辽源市农业科学院在杂种优势模式上选择了改良Lancaster×改良Reid的杂优模式。针对改良Reid系熟期比较晚、抗病性下降等特点,在改良其配合力的基础上,重点对熟期和抗病性进行改良。在育种目标上,以选育高产、多抗,适应性广、活秆成熟、易于制种的中早熟杂交种作为育种的主攻目标。     

玉米杂交新品种良玉8号的特征特性及高产栽培技术

我国的玉米生产单产水平伴随着育种水平的不断提高而提升,继掖单13和农大108之后,郑单958以其产量高、广谱适应性好、耐密性强、品质优良等特点成为国内玉米高产区的对照品种。但随着推广年限延长,品种混杂,自交系退化,在抗病性能方面呈现出逐年减弱的趋势,因此选育出比郑单958更具有优势的品种已成为国内玉米育种的重要课题之一。良玉8号的育成是借鉴了郑单958的组配模式,在综合农艺性状、株型结构特别是水平抗性方面进行了改良。2006年12月通过了吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定号为:吉审玉2007050。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.