人工老化对大麦种子发芽特性及淀粉分解的影响

为探究大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)老化种子在萌发过程中淀粉代谢的劣变机制,采用高温高湿(40℃、80%相对湿度)的人工老化处理方法,模拟大麦种子自然老化过程,研究老化处理对大麦(甘啤4号、垦啤7号、P12-8和9810)种子发芽特性及其萌发早期(0~72h)籽粒淀粉含量和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着老化时间的延长,4个大麦品种的发芽特性指标均呈现逐渐降低的趋势。(2)随着萌发时间的延长,4个大麦品种籽粒内支链淀粉和直链淀粉的含量均逐渐降低,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性逐渐升高。相同萌发时间段随着老化程度的加深,籽粒内支链淀粉和直链淀粉的含量均呈现波动式增加;α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性均呈现降低的趋势;与对照相比,不同老化处理大麦籽粒的淀粉酶活性差异显著。(3)未萌发籽粒中检测不到α-淀粉酶活性,却检测到活性很小的β-淀粉酶。(4)萌发48~72h时,各大麦品种不同活力水平的籽粒内,淀粉含量和种子发芽特性指标均呈极显著负相关,淀粉酶活性和种子发芽特性指标均呈极显著正相关。     

马铃薯高淀粉生理基础的研究——块茎淀粉含量与植株若干生理特性

摘要本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯2号、中淀粉品种内薯3号和低淀粉品种紫花白为试验材料,设置了小区试验,在生育期间从植株茎叶生长、块茎淀粉含量变化、叶绿素含量、叶绿体超微结构、匍匐茎结构和淀粉粒大小等方面进行了研究,其结果:(1)块茎淀粉含量与淀粉粒直径、叶绿素b的含量呈显著正相关关系,可作为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质鉴定的重要生理指标;(2)块茎淀粉含量与叶绿素总量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿体基粒数及基粒片层数、匍匐茎维管束横切面占匍匐茎横切面的百分比呈正相关趋势,以上各项生理参数可作为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质鉴定的参考指标.     

贮藏期间马铃薯几个主要加工品质指标的变化

以宁夏南部山区近几年几个主栽品种为试验材料,测定了不同贮藏时期几个主要加工品质指标。结果表明:其加工所要求的主要的品质指标干物质、淀粉含量在收获时最高,随着贮藏时间的延长,不同品种马铃薯块茎干物质、淀粉含量均有不同程度的下降趋势。贮藏中期下降最多,贮藏末期各品种干物质、淀粉含量有所回升。还原糖等含量的变化与淀粉磷酸化酶、蔗糖转化酶的活性息息相关。随着低温贮藏天数的延长,不同品种马铃薯还原糖含量呈上升趋势。因此,在马铃薯加工利用时,对于低温长时间存贮的马铃薯根据加工利用目的如淀粉加工、食品加工必须进行升温贮藏,以降低淀粉磷酸化酶的活性,增加淀粉合成酶的活性,使糖转化为淀粉,提高块茎的淀粉含量,降低还原糖含量。     

成熟期不同基因型甘蔗糖分和叶片酶活性的变化

研究了9个甘蔗品种叶片的酸性转化酶、中性转化酶、淀粉酶活性在甘蔗成熟期的变化规律。结果表明,在甘蔗成熟期,叶片的酸性转化酶活性随着甘蔗的成熟而降低,中性转化酶活性随着甘蔗的成熟而升高,淀粉酶活性在成熟期都呈下降趋势。转化酶和淀粉酶的基因型效应差异较大,不同的供试材料具有不同的酶活性变化,材料间的差异较大。     

BR处理对小麦萌发生长及α-淀粉酶活性的影响

研究了不同小麦品种间萌发速率与 α-淀粉酶活性的关系和同一品种用植物激素——油菜素内酯 (BR)浸种后 ,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长与 α-淀粉酶活性的关系。结果表明 ,小麦不同品种间种子的发芽速率与 α-淀粉酶活性呈正相关 ;用 BR浸种处理后 ,小麦种子的发芽率有所提高 ,小麦种子的萌发速率和萌发期幼苗生长与 α-淀粉酶活性呈正相关。     

BR处理对小麦萌发生长及α—淀粉酶活性的影响

研究了不同小麦品种间萌发速率与α－淀粉酶活性的关系和同一品种用植物激素－油菜素内酯浸种后,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长与α－淀粉酶活性的关系。结果表明,小麦不同品种间种子的发芽速率与α－淀粉酶活性呈正相关;用ＢＲ浸种处理后,小麦种子的发芽率有所提高,小麦种子的萌发速率和萌发期幼苗生长与α－淀粉酶活性呈正相关。     

中国玉米主产区栽培品种种子质量分析

以黄淮海、华北、西南三区46个玉米栽培品种种子为材料,通过物理化学指标测定、标准发芽及幼苗生长测定、逆境发芽测定、田间出苗率测定、指标间相关性分析、淀粉酶活力测定等对种子质量进行分析评鉴。结果表明,46个品种中马齿型和半马齿型的比例占80.4%。综合各项种子活力指标,排名前4位的高活力品种为先玉047、郑单958、大华玉2号和浚单26。玉米种子容重和总淀粉含量与平均田间出苗率分别呈极显著和显著正相关;发芽势、发芽率及逆境发芽各指标与平均田间出苗率均呈极显著正相关,其中抗冷测定发芽率的相关系数最高(r=0.881)。玉米种子容重和总淀粉含量是高活力玉米种子具备的典型性状,抗冷测定为玉米种子活力检测的最适方法;高活力玉米品种种子萌发中同一时期淀粉酶活力明显高于低活力玉米品种种子。     

马铃薯不同品种淀粉积累生理基础研究───品种淀粉含量与叶部氮磷钾浓度的关系

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯２号、中淀粉品种内薯３号、低淀粉品种紫花白为材料，对不同生育时期叶片及叶柄的全氮、全磷、全钾量进行了测定分析．其结果：同一品种内，随生育时期的推移，叶片和叶柄的氮、磷、钾含量均逐渐下降；各品种氮、磷在叶片中的含量始终高于叶柄，而钾在叶片中的含量则始终低于叶柄；不同品种叶片和叶柄氮、磷、钾含量变化与品种的淀粉含量呈正相关。生育中后期相关更显著，而叶柄氮、磷、钾含量与品种淀扮含量达到了显著正相关．因此，生育中后期叶柄的氮、磷、钾的含量是衡量马铃薯品种淀粉含量高低的重要生理指标，可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的科学依据．     

马铃薯不同品种淀粉积累生理基础研究——淀粉积累与磷酸化酶、蔗糖转化酶的关系

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯２号、中淀粉品种内薯３号、低淀粉品种紫花白为材料，对不同生育时期块茎淀粉含量、淀粉积累速度与淀粉磷酸化酶、蔗糖转化酶活性的关系进行了研究，其结果表明：全生育期３个品种淀粉磷酸化酶活性均呈单峰曲线变化；不同生育时期，各品种淀粉含量与淀粉磷酸化酶活性无明显规律性；不同生育时期，各品种淀粉积累速度与淀粉磷酸化酶活性呈正相关。淀粉含量和温度是影响淀粉磷酸化酶活性的两个重要因素，而温度又起主导作用。全生育期，３个品种的蔗糖转化酶均呈苗期为最高，中期显著下降，后期略有回升的变化趋势；不同生育时期，各品种淀粉含量与蔗糖转化酶活性均呈显著负相关；不同生育时期，各品种淀粉积累速度与蔗糖转化酶活性亦呈负相关。因此，蔗糖转化酶活性可作为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择的重要生理指标。     

赤霉素处理对马铃薯块茎低温糖化的效果

马铃薯块茎低温糖化现象除了直接受到淀粉和糖代谢相关酶如淀粉酶、酸性转化酶的活性影响外,也可能间接受到赤霉素和脱落酸等植物激素的调控。以马铃薯品种‘大西洋’块茎为试验材料,采用50 mmo L GA_3处理12 h后置于低温((4±0.5)℃)和室温((22±1)℃)条件下贮藏10 d,测定薯块的炸片色泽、还原糖含量、淀粉酶和酸性转化酶活性,研究赤霉素对马铃薯块茎低温糖化的影响。结果表明,GA_3处理使马铃薯块茎的炸片色泽加深,还原糖含量增加121.1%;同时,GA_3处理提高了淀粉酶的活性,而对酸性转化酶的活性没有影响。由此表明,GA_3可能通过提高马铃薯块茎淀粉酶的活性而使还原糖积累,从而导致炸片色泽加深即增强了低温糖化现象。     

Variations in stolon length and in incidence of tuber roots among eight potato cultivars

The stolon length and percentage of tubers with tuber roots were compared for eight cultivars ofSolanum tuberosum L. over two growing seasons. Although stolon lengths varied considerably within cultivars, there were significant differences in the average stolon lengths among cultivars. The cultivars Norchip and Monona had the shortest stolons whereas Norland had the longest average stolons. The length of the stolon did not appear to be related to color type or time of tuber maturity. Since there was no significant difference in stolon length between years, stolon length appears to be a consistent genetic trait. There was no significant correlation between the stolon length and tuber size. The incidence of tuber roots also showed variation among cultivars, although there was significant variability between times of sampling. Recent studies have demonstrated that to maximize calcium uptake by tubers, the calcium must be placed around the tubers and stolons. Since stolon length determines the location of the tubers in the hill, the stolon length of different cultivars may need to be considered for fertilizer application, cultivation or hilling procedures. Thus, to get maximum benefit from supplemental calcium for Norchip and Monona, application would need to be made close to the main stem. However, in the other cultivars, the majority of the hill would have to be enriched in calcium to effectively supply calcium to the various tubers in the hill.     

The effect of stolon burial and defoliation early in the growing season on white clover performance

A factorial pot-experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of burial of stolons (stolons unburied or buried to a depth of 0·5–1 cm at day 0), with and without defoliation (plants uncut or all unfolded laminae removed at weekly intervals) on the growth of two varieties of white clover (cv. Kent or cv. Milkanova) harvested on three dates (14 d, 28 d and 42 d after burial). The soil used was a 3:2:1 mixture of clay loam:peat:sand, and there were three replicates of each variety for each treatment at each harvest date. Burial of stolons in the absence of defoliation had no effect on stolon extension, leaf appearance, or the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate in the stolons. The number of axillary buds developing (new branches plus flowers) was increased on the new surface-growing tips of primary stolons but was reduced on branch (i.e. secondary) stolons. The proportion of branches to flowers was largely unaffected by burial. Defoliation caused substantial reductions in the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in stolons and stolon extension growth, a reduction in number of axillary buds developing, and in the proportion of buds which were floral, but had only a small effect in reducing leaf appearance. The combination of stolon burial and defoliation resulted in the death of secondary stolons; 42% of all secondary stolons had died by day 42, and stolon extension, leaf appearance and numbers of axillary buds developing on secondary stolons were severely reduced. The numbers of axillary buds developing on primary stolons was increased owing to more buds developing on the resurfaced stolon tips, but the increase was inadequate to compensate for the reduced growth, and death of secondary stolons. Differences between clover varieties in response to treatments were small. In general, the smaller variety, cv. Kent, was more adversely affected by burial than the larger variety, cv. Milkanova. A variety x defoliation interaction occurred for senescence of leaves; petiole senescence of cut leaves was reduced or similar to that of intact leaves for cv. Kent, but was increased for cv. Milkanova. The results are discussed in relation to treatment effects on carbon sources and sinks, and in relation to climate-soil interactions.     

Carbohydrate metabolism during tuber initiation in potato: A transient surge in invertase activity marks the stolon to tuber transition

Summary The relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and tuber initiation in potato was determined by monitoring changes in the amount of starch and sugars along with the activities of sugar metabolizing enzymes upon transfer of plants to tuber-inducing conditions (TI; short days, cold nights) from non-inducing conditions (NTI: long days, warm nights). Switch to TI conditions caused an immediate slow-down in plant growth and triggered swelling of stolon tips, which went on to develop into tubers. Leaves of plants moved to TI conditions accumulated less starch and sugar while their stolon tips showed a sudden upsurge in starch content and a sharp decline in sugars even before any tip swelling was detectable. These changes were paralleled by a transient surge in the activity of cell wall invertase (74%) and soluble invertase (30%) in stolon tips of plants transferred to TI conditions in two unrelated cultivars under different experimental conditions. As the surge in invertase activity faded, it was replaced by a substantial increase in sucrose synthase activity as the tuber enlargement proceeded. The transient increase in invertase activity just prior to tuber initiation appears to mark a turning point in the transition of stolon tip to tuber.     

The effect of some environmental factors on potato tuber numbers

Summary Five experiments studied the effects of shading, temperature and stolon growth medium on stolon and tuber formation. The lowest numbers of stolons and tubers were produced at the higher and lower nodes. Numbers of primary stolons and tubers were relatively stable across nodes and treatments and variation in total numbers was largely due to changes in numbers of lateral and branch stolons. In the field, 70% shading reduced numbers of stolons and tubers by reducing lateral and branch stolons, while in hydroponics, 45% shading and temperatures at initiation had no effect on tuber numbers. In both environments later planting tended to reduce numbers of stolons and tubers. There were large effects of the physical environment, with compost producing three times as many tubers as dry vermiculite. The potential number of tubers may be determined by the number of stolons and the environmental conditions affecting stolon formation and development.     

Growth and colonization of a range of white clover cultivars strip-seeded into an upland perennial ryegrass sward

Seven cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (Kent, S184, Huia, Menna, Donna, Alice and Nesta) and a commercial mixture, ‘Ensign’, were strip-seeded into an upland perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.) sward in late June 1986. Swards were first grazed by sheep, either on 5/6 August (early) or on 19/20 August (late) and then every 14–21 days (frequently) or 28–42 days (infrequently) during 1986, followed by a common grazing regime in 1987. During April to mid-June 1988 the swards received either a moderate amount of nitrogen or none and were cut frequently or once only in mid-June. Growth of individual seedlings was assessed before and after grazing during 1986 and stolon accumulation and distribution and sward colonization were assessed during 1987 and 1988. All cultivars emerged rapidly and satisfactorily and there were no consistent significant differences in the overall dry matter accumulation per seedling during establishment. During the first autumn the proportion of the aboveground biomass removed during grazing was smallest in Kent (c. 20%) and largest in Nesta (c. 40%). Kent and S184 produced most leaves and stolons and the greatest length of stolons per seedling and per individual stolon, and Nesta and Alice the fewest leaves and stolons and shortest stolons. Seedlings grazed early had heavier and longer stolons than those grazed late; those grazed frequently had more leaves, stolons and growing points than those grazed infrequently, especially following early grazing. During 1987 Kent and S184 had consistently the largest number of stolon growing points, and weight and length of stolons per unit area; these two cultivars and Nesta also colonized the sward more rapidly than the other cultivars. All cultivars contributed substantially and similarly to herbage production in late September. There were no residual effects of the 1986 treatments after the summer of 1987. During 1988 additions of nitrogen fertilizer at 100 kg N ha^-1 or allowing the herbage to remain undefoliated between mid-April and mid-June both independently halved the number of stolon growing points per unit area; together they reduced it by 80%. Nitrogen also, on average, halved stolon weights but less so in Nesta, Alice and Huia and more so in all other cultivars. Infrequent defoliation greatly decreased stolon weights in Kent and S184 but had no significant effects on the other cultivars. Sward colonization was almost complete by June and entirely so by October for all cultivars in all treatments. Implications of the results for the after-management of strip-seeded white clover are discussed.     

Variation in Amylase Activities in Radish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Raphanus sativus</Emphasis>) Cultivars

The radish (Raphanus sativus) is a root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family which shows amylolytic activity in the taproot. However, there is little information about differences in these amylolytic activities among radish cultivars. We analyzed the amylase activities and starch contents of 7 kinds of radish cultivars. The Koshin cultivar showed the highest amylase activity, with a level approximately 6 times higher than that of the Sobutori cultivar, which had the lowest. Cultivars with higher amylase activities showed higher starch contents. These results suggest that there are intraspecies variations in amylolytic activities in radishes, and positive correlations between amylase activity and starch content.     

Effect of plant density on stolon growth and development of contrasting white clover (Trifolium repens) varieties and its influence on the components of seed yield

Plants of two contrasting white clover varieties (cv. Aberystwyth S184 and Olwen) were planted in the field in spring in each of 2 years at four densities (9, 25, 49 and 100 plants m⁻²) in 1-m² plots. The effect of plant density on stolon growth and development and the components of seed yield was subsequently measured.
Stolon growth and development was influenced by plant density, variety and year. At low plant densities both white clover varieties produced longer primary stolons than at higher densities. Plant density, however, had no significant effect on the number of inflorescences at harvest. At the high stolon densities there were significantly fewer reproductive nodes per primary stolon than at the lower plant densities. Plant density did not significantly affect any other seed yield components, but the number of inflorescences at harvest, florets per inflorescence, seed set per floret and 1000-seed weight were all significantly influenced by both variety and year.
The relationship between the vegetative and reproductive growth of white clover is discussed in relation to plant density, variety and climate and the possible role of defoliation managements on inflorescence development.     

Studies on amylase inhibitors in some Egyptian legume seeds

Amylase inhibitor activity was determined in four legume seeds which are widely consumed in Egypt. The effect of dehulling, heat treatment, soaking and germination were also assessed. The results showed that faba bean contained the highest activity of amylase inhibitor followed by cowpea, lentils, then chickpea. Dehulling resulted in raising the amylase inhibitor activities in all samples investigated, while heat treatment and cooking lowered it. Soaking for 10 h and germination eliminated completely the inhibitor from all samples.     

结实期低温胁迫对水稻强、弱势粒淀粉形成与积累的影响

【目的】研究结实期低温胁迫对水稻强、弱势粒淀粉组分含量、积累速率及关键酶活性的影响，明确淀粉合成关键酶活性变化对淀粉积累速率的调控效应，探究强、弱势粒淀粉形成积累差异对水稻产量的影响。【方法】以耐冷型品种东农428和冷敏型品种松粳10为试验材料，设置1个常温处理(白天温度28℃，14h/夜间温度22℃，10 h，7 d)和4个低温处理(17℃，低温处理时间分别为1、3、5、7 d)，分析了结实期低温胁迫对强、弱势粒淀粉组分积累、合成关键酶活性、水稻产量及构成因素的影响，并探讨了灌浆期各阶段淀粉积累差异与酶活性变化的关系。【结果】与对照相比，结实期低温胁迫降低了两个品种水稻强、弱势粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)的峰值活性以及支链淀粉和总淀粉含量，提高了齐穗后28~38 d 低温处理3、5、7 d的颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性和直链淀粉含量。与对照相比，各低温处理酶活性最高和淀粉积累最快的时间均有不同程度的推迟，低温处理7 d的影响最大，强、弱势粒低温处理7 d的支链淀粉和总淀粉含量分别在齐穗后13、18 d降幅最大，直链淀粉含量在28 d增幅最大。相关分析表明，强、弱势粒直链淀粉含量及强势粒支链淀粉、总淀粉含量与其最大积累速率呈极显著正相关，弱势粒支链淀粉、总淀粉含量还受到其最大积累速率出现时间的影响。AGPase、GBSS、SSS、SBE活性变化与淀粉积累速率和积累时间早晚密切相关，对淀粉及淀粉组分含量的变化有着明显的影响。同时，结实期低温胁迫显著降低了水稻的千粒重、结实率和产量，且随低温处理天数的增加降幅逐渐增大。结实期低温胁迫对弱势粒中淀粉合成关键酶活性变化影响大于强势粒，弱势粒淀粉合成积累减慢，含量降低，导致水稻千粒重显著下降，产量降低。【结论】就品种而言，耐冷型东农428具有较高的淀粉合成关键酶活性，淀粉及其组分含量较高，在低温胁迫下产量能维持在较高的水平。因此，强、弱势粒淀粉合成关键酶活性对淀粉合成起着非常关键的调控作用，淀粉组分和含量及其变化对产量有着十分重要的影响。     

Stolon characteristics and tuber initiation in a wild potato species (Solanum demissum Lindl.)

Summary Solanum demissum Lindl. is a short-day dependent, tuber-bearing species. In vitro propagated genetically identical plants were grown under long-day (16 h) conditions at 20°C day and 15°C night temperatures. Subsequently, from day 0 onwards, plants were exposed to shortday (10 h) conditions and grown in a multi-compartment system that allowed stolon initiation, stolon branching, stolon growth and tuber initiation to be monitored twice weekly. These frequent measurements resulted in detailed life-histories of all 841 stolon tips formed until day 46. Tuber initiation was irregular under these well-defined conditions; at day 46 only 106 stolon tips showed subapical swelling. This irregularity of tuber initiation was also observed within stolons. It is therefore suggested that tuber initiation depends on characteristics of the stolon or stolon branch, and several such characteristics were analyzed to obtain information on their potentially determining role in tuber initiation. No positive correlations were found between subapical swelling and branching order, stolon and stolon-branch age, longitudinal growth rates of stolons and stolon branches, and attachment of the stolon to the main stem.