中国小型猪内源性反转录病毒研究进展与对策

作者介绍了国内外猪内源性反转录病毒（PERV）研究进展,简述了中国不同品种小型猪PERV存在情况、PERV前病毒全基因克隆与序列分析、细胞水平鉴定方法、感染HEK293细胞研究平台的创建、猪A3F对PERV的抑制作用研究,以及从分子遗传学上揭示不同品系PERV特异性等创新性研究成果,分析了五指山小型猪近交系具有PERV基因拷贝少且没有PERV-C等特异性,以及展望培育中国PERV阴性猪新品系方法等研究,以期为人类异种器官移植和生物医用材料产品安全性研发,解决小型猪PERV疾病传播危险性提供科学对策和新的方向。     

猪内源性逆转录病毒对异种组织器官移植影响的研究进展

猪内源性逆转录病毒(Porcine en-dogenous retrovirus,PERV)是新发现的对人细胞具有感染性的且存在于正常猪体内的病毒,在异种组织器官移植过程中可能向人传播,直接威胁到接受移植者的健康甚至生命,这是异种组织器官移植首要克服的难题。由于PERV近年来才受到广泛关注,所以人们对PERV的分类,对人类和其他动物的危害性及病原的检测均不能完全确定。文章旨在提供上述几方面的研究现状,以期为PERV的深入研究奠定基础。PERV能影响移植受体的生殖,抑制受体免疫体系;对其他物种的细胞或活体都可能产生体外和体内感染性;目前有多种PERV检测方法,为受体和供体的病毒监控提供了依据。     

美培育出不会将病毒传染给人体的猪

美国马萨诸塞州生物移植公司的科学家说,他们新培育出一种小猪,其细胞中所携带的猪生反转酶病毒不会传染给人体细胞.这可能为异种器官移植研究带来新的希望. 据悉,猪生反转酶病毒(PERV)普遍存在于猪体内,这种病毒已经与猪本身的基因结合,无法去除,并具有传染性,能够感染人体细胞.PERV病毒对猪无害,对人体是否有害还不得而知. 生物移植公司的科学家认为,这批新品种猪是为医学研究而培育的.试验表明,这种猪细胞中的PERV病毒不会传染给人体细胞.科学家尚不清楚其中的原因.如果进一步的试验表明这种猪体内的PERV病毒也不会感染活体动物,…     

巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒感染HEK293细胞模型的建立

首先将巴马小型猪（BM）、巴马香猪（BMXZ）外周血淋巴细胞分别与G418抗性HEK293细胞（G418^R293）共培养，通过G418加压筛选，除去共培养体系中巴马小型猪、巴马香猪外周血淋巴细胞，然后应用PCR及RT-PCR的方法对所制备的感染细胞模型进行系统鉴定。结果经6周共培养及3周加压筛选后，细胞的形态、生长速度及折光性均未见明显变化；PCR及RT-PCR鉴定表明，筛选后的共培养体系中已没有巴马小型猪、巴马香猪外周血淋巴细胞的存在；PERV特异性检测方法检测显示，该细胞模型的DNA中已有PERV的整合且有PERV特异性mRNA的表达。从而证实了猪外周血淋巴细胞来源的PERV在体外也能够感染人源细胞系，为研究PERV的生物学特性及病原安全性的评价搭建了技术平台。     

猪内源性反转录病毒囊膜蛋白基因的克隆及其蛋白二级结构和B细胞表位预测

猪内源性反转录病毒（PERV）是与猪-人异种移植病原安全性密切相关的一类病毒。env基因编码病毒的囊膜蛋白,它与病毒的亚型分类、宿主感染范围、细胞的嗜性以及对宿主细胞的感染机制、诱导宿主产生中和抗体等密切相关。本研究利用RT-PCR的方法,从五指山小型猪外周血淋巴细胞中扩增PERV的囊膜蛋白基因并进行测序,随后用生物信息学相关软件和方法,对PERV-Env蛋白二级结构及B细胞表位进行预测。经综合分析评价,结果发现PERV-Env蛋白有18个可能的B细胞优势抗原表位区域,7个可能的糖基化位点。该分析预测结果不但有利于PERV疫苗的设计、单抗及诊断试剂研制,而且将有助于分析Env蛋白的功能及PERV对人源细胞的感染机制。     

巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒感染对HEK293细胞周期调控相关基因mRNA表达的影响

以巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒(porcine endogenous retrovirus,PERV)感染HEK293细胞模型(PERV-BMHEK293)为研究对象,分析PERV整合对HEK293细胞活性的影响,同时建立7种与人细胞增殖和周期调控密切相关基因的实时荧光定量PCR(q-PCR)检测方法,并对细胞感染模型中7个基因的mRNA表达情况进行分析。细胞活力分析结果显示,随着培养代次及培养时间增加,相对于母源HEK293细胞PERV感染模型的细胞活力下降;qPCR检测方法建立结果显示,所构建的cyclinD1、CDK1、CDK4、k-ras、c-myc、p53、p16基因检测方法检测各基因在1.0×10~1~1.0×10~9 copies/μL反应范围内有很好的线性关系,扩增产物熔解曲线只出现特异性单峰,各组内变异系数在0.31%~2.01%之间,组间变异系数在0.46%~2.19%之间,重复性好,可稳定地用于相关基因mRNA的定量检测。用建立的q-PCR检测方法对PERV感染模型进行细胞周期调控相关基因mRNA表达分析,结果显示,与母源细胞相比,模型细胞cyclinD1、CDK1、CDK4、k-ras、p53和p16基因的mRNA表达无明显变化,原癌基因c-myc基因表达下调,提示PERV感染可能抑制c-myc基因表达。该研究结果可为评价巴马小型猪来源PERV在人-猪异种移植中生物安全性提供参考。     

中国巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒的检测

目的 :对我国特有巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒 ( porcine endogenous retrovirus,PERV)的存在与 m RNA的表达情况进行检测 ,了解巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒的携带情况。方法 :根据以往建立的 PCR、RT-PCR检测方法 ,对来自于巴马小型猪外周血淋巴细胞的 DNA和RNA样品进行 PERV核心蛋白基因 ( gag)、多聚酶基因 ( pol)及囊膜基因 ( env)的存在与表达进行检测 ;同时 ,根据目前通用的 env基因分型方法检测 PERV env-A、env-B、env-C的存在与表达。结果 :在 1 2个被检的 DNA样品中均检出了PERV特异性 DNA的存在 ;同样 ,在 1 2个被检的 RNA样品中均有 PERV特异性 RNA的表达 ,且所表达的 PERV均为 A型和 B型 ;其中有9个 DNA样品检测出 PERV-C型的存在 ,所有样品中均未检出 C型 PERV的表达。结论 :检测结果表明 1 2个被检巴马小型猪基因组中存在着内源性反转录病毒序列 ,且能以 m RNA的形式表达 ,这一结果为我国特有小型猪的开发、利用及其病毒安全性评价奠定了基础。     

猪瘟病毒荧光RT-PCR快速检测方法的建立

以猪瘟病毒5＇端非编码区为靶核酸序列设计引物和探针，建立了一步法荧光RT-PCR检测猪瘟病毒。荧光RT-PCR仅检测出猪瘟C株、T株，未能检测出牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）、猪呼吸系统冠状病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪细小病毒、伪狂犬病病毒、猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒、PK-15细胞和牛睾丸原代细胞；对猪瘟病毒T株的扩增反应产物进行了测序分析，与预期序列相符。荧光RT-PCR的检测极限可达到1 TCID50／mL，整个试验流程只需2h。采用荧光RT-PCR和抗原捕获ELISA同时检测临床病料、猪副产品共207份样本，两种方法的检出率分别为17．4％和13．5％，两者符合率为95．7％（198／207）；荧光RT-PCR的检出率高于ELISA，两者差异显著。结果表明，建立的荧光RT-PCR可用于猪产品、临床病料中猪瘟病毒的快速检测。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒793/B RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank已发表的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious bronchitis virus，IBV）793／BS1基因序列，设计1对引物，扩增891bp特异性核酸片段，建立了检测IBV793／B的RT—PCR方法。特异性试验结果表明，IBV793／B能扩增出891bp的核酸片段，而IBVM41H120H52毒株以及新城疫病毒（NDV）、禽流感病毒（AIV）、传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）均无特异性条带出现。敏感性试验结果表明，该方法的最低检出量为10pg的模板。上述结果表明，本试验所建立的RT—PCR方法敏感性高、特异性强。利用建立的RT—PCR方法对从山东省分离的8株疑似鸡IBV793／B进行检测，结果7株为阳性。该方法的建立为IBV793／B的诊断及流行病学调查提供了可靠的方法。     

非洲猪瘟病毒p62蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

为制备非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）p62蛋白的特异性单克隆抗体,并初步应用于感染组织样品中ASFV抗原的免疫组化（IHC）检测,本研究以杆状病毒表达的非洲猪瘟病毒重组p62蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行融合获得杂交瘤细胞。结果显示：基于纯化的p62蛋白建立的间接ELISA方法对杂交瘤细胞进行筛选和亚克隆,获得了18株可稳定分泌抗非洲猪瘟病毒p62蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。经IFA检测,制备的单克隆抗体均与非洲猪瘟病毒反应,且不与猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪圆环病毒2型等猪源常见病毒反应,特异性良好。抗体识别蛋白的鉴定结果显示,3株MAbs识别p35蛋白,15株MAbs识别p15蛋白。14株MAbs重链亚类为IgG1型,4株MAbs重链亚类为IgG2a,轻链均为κ链。利用18株MAbs对ASFV感染猪的肺、扁桃体、淋巴结等组织进行IHC检测,结果显示5株MAbs均能够与感染ASFV的组织发生特异性的免疫反应。本研究获得的非洲猪瘟病毒p62蛋白单克隆抗体可为非洲猪瘟病毒免疫学检测方法的建立及p62蛋白的结构功能等基础研究提供重要的生物材料。     

Simultaneous detection and subtyping of porcine endogenous retroviruses proviral DNA using the dual priming oligonucleotide system

The purpose of this study was to develop a multiplex PCR that can detect porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) proviral genes (pol, envA, envB, envC) and porcine mitochondrial DNA, using a dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) system. The primer specifically detected the PERV proviral genes pol, envA, envB, envC, and porcine mitochondrial DNA only in samples of pig origin. The sensitivity of the primer was demonstrated by simultaneous amplification of all 5 target genes in as little as 10 pg of pig DNA containing PERV proviral genes and mitochondrial DNA. The multiplex PCR, when applied to field samples, simultaneously and successfully amplified PERV proviral genes from liver, blood and hair root samples. Thus, the multiplex PCR developed in the current study using DPO-based primers is a rapid, sensitive and specific assay for the detection and subtyping of PERV proviral genes.     

Large-scale survey of porcine endogenous retrovirus in Chinese miniature pigs

We conducted a large-scale survey on the existence and expression status of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) in seven breeds of Chinese miniature pigs. Genotyping of PERV was examined by PCR using type-specific primers according to the env genotyping method. The presence and expression status of viral gag, pol and env genes were further analyzed in Wuzhishan pigs (WZSP) and Bama minipigs (BMP). The results showed that PERV existed in all 348 genomic DNA samples. The genotype distribution was subtype A-74.43%, subtype B-95.40% and subtype C-30.46%. No expression of subtype C was found in WZSP and BMP. This research obtained an adequate level of information on the molecular epidemiology of PERV in China. The results indicated that it is possible to monitor pig herds for individuals with the lowest PERV prevalence, especially lacking PERV-C.     

Research Progress and Countermeasures of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus in Chinese Miniature

The paper is a brief introduction of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) innovative research results in the world and also expounds the passing PERV existence situation on different varieties of miniature pig, analyzes the PERV-virus gene cloning and sequence, appraises method on cell level, create the platform of infection HEK293 cells research, study on pigs A3F inhibition of PERV, and reveal the innovative research results on the specific molecular genetics in the different strain of PERV, analyzes the advantages of Wuzhishan miniature pig inbred line such as low gene copy of PERV,and there is no passing PERV-C specificity and as well as looking forward to cultivate the methods for new strain of PERV negative pigs. It will provide a scientific counter measure and new perspective to solve the spread of disease risk of miniature pig PERV and product safety for human xenotransplantation and biomedical materials of research and development.     

Expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in melanomas of Munich miniature swine (MMS) Troll

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pig breeds. Since some of them are able to infect human cells, they might represent a risk for xenotransplantation using pig cells or organs. However, the expression and biological role of PERVs in healthy pigs as well as in porcine tumours is largely unknown. Since we and others have recently shown overexpression of a human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-K, in human melanomas, we studied the expression of PERVs in melanomas of selectively bred Munich miniature swine (MMS) Troll. This breeding herd of MMS Troll is characterised by a high prevalence of melanomas, which histologically resemble various types of cutaneous melanomas in humans. Several genetic factors have been defined when studying inheritance of melanomas and melanocytic nevi in MMS Troll. Here we show that the polytropic PERV-A and PERV-B as well as the ecotropic PERV-C are present in the genome of all melanoma bearing MMS Troll investigated. Most interestingly, in the spleen, but not in other organs, recombinant PERV-A/C proviruses were found. PERV expression was found elevated in melanomas when compared to normal skin and viral proteins were expressed in melanomas and pulmonary metastasis-derived melanoma cell cultures. During passaging of these cells in vitro the expression of PERV mRNA and protein increased and virus particles were released as shown by RT activity in the supernatant and by electron microscopy. Genomic RNA of PERV-A, -B and -C were found in pelleted virus particles. Although PERV expression was elevated in melanomas and pulmonary metastasis-derived cell cultures, the function of the virus in tumour development is still unclear.     

Porcine endogenous retrovirus copy number in different pig breeds is not related to genetic diversity

The risk of zoonoses is a major obstacle to xenotransplantation. Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) poses a potential risk of zoonotic infection, and its control is a prerequisite for the development of clinical xenotransplantation. The copy number of PERV varies among different breeds, and it has been suggested that the PERV integrations number is increased by inbreeding. The purpose of this study was (i) to examine the copy number of PERV in different Spanish pig breeds, Spanish wild boar and commercial cross-bred pigs from five different farms and genetic background (CCP1-CCP5) and (ii) to investigate the correlation between PERV copy number and the genetic background of the pigs in order to improve the selection of pigs for xenotransplantation. PERV copy number was determined by quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reactions. Thirty-four microsatellite markers were genotyped to describe the genetic diversity within populations (observed and expected heterozygosities, Ho and He, respectively) and the inbreeding coefficient (F). Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between PERV copy number and Ho, He and F. The copy number of PERV among different pig breeds was estimated to range between three (CCP1) and 43 copies (Iberian Pig). Statistical differences were found among the studied populations concerning PERV copy number. No correlation was found between the PERV copy number and the heterozygosity (calculated at an individual level or at a population level) or the inbreeding coefficient of each population. Our data suggest that pigs inbreeding does not increase PERV copy number and support the idea that careful selection of pigs for organ donation with reduced PERV copy number will minimize the risk of retrovirus transmission to the human receptor.