Large magnetic anisotropy of a single atomic spin embedded in a surface molecular network

Magnetic anisotropy allows magnets to maintain their direction of magnetization over time. Using a scanning tunneling microscope to observe spin excitations, we determined the orientation and strength of the anisotropies of individual iron and manganese atoms on a thin layer of copper nitride. The relative intensities of the inelastic tunneling processes are consistent with dipolar interactions, as seen for inelastic neutron scattering. First-principles calculations indicate that the magnetic atoms become incorporated into a polar covalent surface molecular network in the copper nitride. These structures, which provide atom-by-atom accessibility via local probes, have the potential for engineering anisotropies large enough to produce stable magnetization at low temperatures for a single atomic spin.     

Photon emission at molecular resolution induced by a scanning tunneling microscope

The tip-surface region of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) emits light when the energy of the tunneling electrons is sufficient to excite luminescent processes. These processes provide access to dynamic aspects of the local electronic structure that are not directly amenable to conventional STM experiments. From monolayer films of carbon-60 fullerenes on gold(110) surfaces, intense emission is observed when the STM tip is placed above an individual molecule. The diameter of this emission spot associated with carbon-60 is approximately 4 angstroms. These results demonstrate the highest spatial resolution of light emission to date with a scanning probe technique.     

Real-space observation of molecular motion induced by femtosecond laser pulses

Femtosecond laser irradiation is used to excite adsorbed CO molecules on a Cu110 surface; the ensuing motion of individual molecules across the surface is characterized on a site-to-site basis by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Adsorbate motion both along and perpendicular to the rows of the Cu110 surface occurs readily, in marked contrast to the behavior seen for equilibrium diffusion processes. The experimental findings for the probability and direction of the molecular motion can be understood as a manifestation of strong coupling between the adsorbates' lateral degrees of freedom and the substrate electronic excitation produced by the femtosecond laser radiation.     

Visualization of the molecular Jahn-Teller effect in an insulating K4C60 monolayer

We present a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of K(x)C60 monolayers on Au(111) for 3 < or = x < or = 4. The STM spectrum evolves from one that is characteristic of a metal at x = 3 to one that is characteristic of an insulator at x = 4. This electronic transition is accompanied by a dramatic structural rearrangement of the C60 molecules. The Jahn-Teller effect, a charge-induced mechanical deformation of molecular structure, is directly visualized in the K4C60 monolayer at the single-molecule level. These results, along with theoretical analyses, provide strong evidence that the transition from metal to insulator in K(x)C60 monolayers is caused by the Jahn-Teller effect.     

Mutations induced in Tradescantia by small doses of x-rays and neutrons: analysis of dose-Response curves

Dose-response curves for pink somatic mutations in Tradescantia stamen hairs were analyzed after neutron and x-ray irradiation with doses ranging from a fraction of a rad to the region of saturation. The dose-effect relation for neutrons indicates a linear dependence from 0.01 to 8 rads; between 0.25 and 5 rads a linear dependence is indicated for x-rays also. As a consequence the relative biological effectiveness reaches a constant value (about 50) at low doses. The observations are in good agreement with the predictions of the theory of dual radiation action and support its interpretation of the effects of radiation on higher organisms. The doubling dose of x-rays was found to be nearly I rad.     

Structural dynamics of a catalytic monolayer probed by ultrafast 2D IR vibrational echoes

Ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) vibrational echo spectroscopy has proven broadly useful for studying molecular dynamics in solutions. Here, we extend the technique to probing the interfacial dynamics and structure of a silica surface-tethered transition metal carbonyl complex--tricarbonyl (1,10-phenanthroline)rhenium chloride--of interest as a photoreduction catalyst. We interpret the data using a theoretical framework devised to separate the roles of structural evolution and excitation transfer in inducing spectral diffusion. The structural dynamics, as reported on by a carbonyl stretch vibration of the surface-bound complex, have a characteristic time of ~150 picoseconds in the absence of solvent, decrease in duration by a factor of three upon addition of chloroform, and decrease another order of magnitude for the bulk solution. Conversely, solvent-complex interactions increase the lifetime of the probed vibration by 160% when solvent is applied to the monolayer.     

Thinning and flow of Tibetan crust constrained by seismic anisotropy

Intermediate-period Rayleigh and Love waves propagating across Tibet indicate marked radial anisotropy within the middle-to-lower crust, consistent with a thinning of the middle crust by about 30%. The anisotropy is largest in the western part of the plateau, where moment tensors of earthquakes indicate active crustal thinning. The preferred orientation of mica crystals resulting from the crustal thinning can account for the observed anisotropy. The middle-to-lower crust of Tibet appears to have thinned more than the upper crust, consistent with deformation of a mechanically weak layer that flows as if confined to a channel.     

陕西省致仔猪腹泻ETEC的分子流行病学调查

【目的】对陕西省致仔猪腹泻产肠毒素大肠埃希菌(Enterotoxigenic E.coli,ETEC)的肠毒素及黏附素进行分子流行病学调查。【方法】采集陕西省陕北(子洲、甘泉)、陕南(汉中、城固)和关中(杨凌、西安、户县)3个地区7个大型养猪场1～50日龄腹泻仔猪的粪便样品,进行大肠埃希菌的分离与鉴定。采用普通和多重PCR方法,检测已知能表达毒素的大肠埃希菌标准菌株,以验证试验方法的可行性;采用多重PCR方法,对分离自陕西省腹泻仔猪粪便样品中的大肠埃希菌进行肠毒素(STa、STb、LT)和黏附素(K88、K99、987P、F41)检测。【结果】试验共分离鉴定出104株大肠埃希菌,其中表达肠毒素的菌株有45株,STa、STb、LT和STa+LT阳性的菌株数量分别为28,5,8和4株;表达黏附素的共31株,K88、K99、987P和K88+987P阳性的菌株分别为4,22,2和3株。在被检测的样品中,同时表达肠毒素和黏附素的大肠埃希菌有14株;陕南地区仅检测出STa肠毒素和K99黏附素,陕北地区较复杂,各毒素类型均有出现。在1～7日龄,致仔猪腹泻大肠埃希菌表达的毒素主要是K99和STa;到20～30日龄时,各种毒素均有不同程度检出。【结论】陕西省致仔猪腹泻ETEC表达的肠毒素主要是STa,表达的黏附素主要是K99;毒力因子的分布与区域和仔猪日龄有密切关系。     

Inheritance of a cardiac arterial asymmetry in mice

A pair of coronary arteries supplies the interventricular septum of the heart of Mus musculus. The members of this pair tend to be of unequal size, which permits distiniction between specimens displaying left asymmetry and those showing righit asymmetry. Three inbred strains (C57BL/1O, DBA/1, and Bulb/c) differ with regard to this asymmetry. However, variation exists within strains, which suggests that nongenetic factors also influence the development of the asymmetry. Right arterial asymmetry is dominant over left asymmetry.     

Trench-parallel anisotropy produced by foundering of arc lower crust

Many volcanic arcs display fast seismic shear-wave velocities parallel to the strike of the trench. This pattern of anisotropy is inconsistent with simple models of corner flow in the mantle wedge. Although several models, including slab rollback, oblique subduction, and deformation of water-rich olivine, have been proposed to explain trench-parallel anisotropy, none of these mechanisms are consistent with all observations. Instead, small-scale convection driven by the foundering of dense arc lower crust provides an explanation for the trench-parallel anisotropy, even in settings with orthogonal convergence and no slab rollback.     

Hyperphagia in ruminants induced by a depressant

Attempts at causing ventromedial hyperphagia in ruminants have been hitherto unsuccessful. In our experiments perfusion of the ventriculocisternal system with pentobarbital caused marked hyperphagia. This suggests that the ventromedial hypothalamic area is functioning in ruminants, probably as in monogastric animals, by inhibiting the lateral area.     

The mechanical response of gold substrates passivated by self-assembling monolayer films

Interfacial force microscopy has been used to show that a single layer of self-assembling molecules adsorbed on a gold substrate can prevent adhesion between gold and a tungsten probe. The passivated gold is able to elastically support large repulsive loads, with plots of load versus deformation closely following the Hertzian model. The gold shear-stress threshold for plastic deformation is determined to be approximately 1 gigapascal, which is in agreement with the theoretical value for the intrinsic gold-lattice stability.     

Photoproduction of molecular hydrogen by a plant-algal symbiotic system

The rapidly growing water fern Azolla, which contains a nitrogen-fixing blue-green algal symbiont, has been studied as a possible system for photoproduction of molecular hydrogen. When this plant is grown on a combined nitrogen supply, photochemically generated hydrogen can be diverted through the algal nitrogenase system, which serves as a source of molecular hydrogen generated from water. This symbiosis has several advantages as a possible biological energy conversion system.     

辐照柱花草M2代的农艺性状及分子水平的诱变效果分析

选用60Co-γ射线辐射柱花草种子,种植后经过连续2年的单株选择,统计M2代23个株系的株高、重量、物候期、病害级数,并进行方差分析,并在M2代中选取6个株系和2个对照品种进行SRAP分析和聚类分析.结果表明,M2代共有10个株系的单株干重大于Nchp1 (CK1),与CK1差异显著.有12个品系的花期早于CK1,21个品系的株高大于CK1,13个株系的病害级数小于CK1;M2代部分品系的SRAP分析和统计结果表明,39对引物扩增出528条带,平均每对引物扩增出13条带,多态性条带平均比率为91.67％,PIC平均值为0.861.这些材料间的遗传相似系数(GS)的变异范围为0.485～0.670,平均GS为0.589.通过UPGMA分子系统聚类法,以GS=0.5700为基线,热研2号与Nchp1及以Nchp1为亲本辐照筛选的6个后代株系分列在两个不同的大类群,其中热研2号为第Ⅰ大类群,而Nchp1和其6个后代株系在第Ⅱ大类群.第Ⅱ大类群中的7个品系中以GS=0.6250为基线分为3个小类:Nchpzh004与Nchpzh01101在第1小类,Nchpzh021、Nchpzh01102与nchp1在第2小类,Nchpzh08与Nchpzh401在第3小类.这些结果表明,无论M2农艺性状分析和分子水平检测代都揭示了辐照后变异的多样性,辐照M2代柱花草品系(品种)间存在丰富的遗传多样性,同时也说明SRAP标记在柱花草基因组遗传多态性方面有较显著的检出效率.     

分子佐剂鞭毛素对弓形虫SAG1蛋白抗体应答的影响

将沙门氏菌鞭毛素和弓形虫免疫优势表面抗原1(SAG1)融合表达,研究其在小鼠上激发的体液免疫应答.首先,采用PCR扩增SAG1片段.其次,将SAG1连接到原核表达载体pET-28a中构建表达质粒pET-28a-SAG1;连接到实验室已有的pET-28a鞭毛素质粒中构建表达质粒pET-28a-F-SAG1;质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株中并进行表达.将纯化后的蛋白免疫小鼠,每隔2周免疫一次,共免疫3次,第3次免疫后15 d取小鼠血清.最后,采用蛋白印迹检测蛋白的大小;用酶联免疫吸附方法检测血清中多克隆抗体的效价.结果表明,诱导出的SAG1蛋白大小为30 ku,F-SAG1大小为70 ku.酶联免疫吸附方法检测的D450 nm均为阴性对照的两倍,表明该多克隆抗体具有较高效价.可见,鞭毛素可以作为分子佐剂促进弓形虫亚单位疫苗的体液免疫应答.     

对组合式密封装置引起的摩擦力的计算

在石油机械中，尽管“Ｏ型”型密封圈的使用较广泛，但它的密封中却以摩擦力大而令人烦恼。组合式密封装置是一种新型低摩擦力的密封装置，它既保持了“Ｏ”型密封圈的优点，又克服了“Ｏ”型密封圈的不足。阐述了组合式密封装置的密封原理与结构。运用材料力学理论和这接触理论，对密封过程中该装置的密封环和“Ｏ”型密封圈进行了受力分析，找出了影响该密封装置产生摩擦力的因素，从而推导出由该装置引起的摩擦力的计算公式，为该     

High frictional anisotropy of periodic and aperiodic directions on a quasicrystal surface

Strong friction anisotropy is found when the twofold surface of an atomically clean aluminum-nickel-cobalt quasicrystal slides against a thiol-passivated titanium-nitride tip. Friction along the aperiodic direction is one-eighth as much as that along the periodic direction. This anisotropy, which is about three times as large as the highest value observed in anisotropic crystalline surfaces, disappears after the surface is oxidized in air. These results reveal a strong connection between interface atomic structure and the mechanisms by which energy is dissipated, which likely include electronic or phononic contributions, or both.     

Structural asymmetry of AcrB trimer suggests a peristaltic pump mechanism

The AcrA/AcrB/TolC complex spans the inner and outer membranes of Escherichia coli and serves as its major drug-resistance pump. Driven by the proton motive force, it mediates the efflux of bile salts, detergents, organic solvents, and many structurally unrelated antibiotics. Here, we report a crystallographic structure of trimeric AcrB determined at 2.9 and 3.0 angstrom resolution in space groups that allow asymmetry of the monomers. This structure reveals three different monomer conformations representing consecutive states in a transport cycle. The structural data imply an alternating access mechanism and a novel peristaltic mode of drug transport by this type of transporter.     

Echinoid spawning induced by a radial nerve factor

An extract of radial nerves of the sea urchin. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, induces spawning within 1 minute in this species as well as in other echinoids, but a delayed spawning in several asteroid species. The concentration of the spawn-inducing factor in the radial nerves fluctuates annually correlated with the reproductive season of this species along the coast of southern California.     

银杏叶复方对脾虚证小鼠肠道推进功能、 抗疲劳和抗氧化作用的影响

采用利血平复制脾虚证小鼠模型,观察银杏叶复方对脾虚证小鼠肠道推进功能、抗疲劳和抗氧化作用的影响。结果表明,与脾虚模型组相比,银杏叶复方能显著提高脾虚证小鼠肠道推进率和游泳时间(P<0.05),显著提高小鼠肝糖原(HG)含量(P<0.01)、血清过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力(P<0.05),显著减少血清中乳酸(LD)、尿素氮(BUN)和一氧化氮(NO)含量(P<0.05)。银杏叶复方是通过减轻血清中过量的一氧化氮对机体的损伤作用,参与调节肠道运动功能,提高了脾虚证小鼠肠道吸收功能;银杏叶复方的抗疲劳作用则与其降低运动后血清尿素氮含量,提高肝糖元的储备量,增强清除乳酸能力有关。