“十八反”、“十九畏”新探──兼论中药配伍禁忌

1 前言 中医方剂通常叫处方或汤头，它是在中医阴阳、五行、四诊、八纲的系统理论指导下，应用数种中药进行配伍组合以达到治病目的的一种科学手段。由于药物性质各有不同，配合后可发生各种变化。有的可以加强疗效，有的可以降低疗效，有的可以产生剧烈毒性，有的可以消除毒性。因此，配伍不当就会影响治疗效果，甚至危及人类或家畜的生命安全。古人在医疗实践中总结归纳出“七情和合”的配伍原则，即“单行”、“相须”、“相使”、“相恶”、“相杀”、“相反”、“相畏”。除“单行”可以单用，“相须”、“相使”能互补疗效外，“相恶…     

中药的单行

中药的单行，即单独应用，不须其它药物辅助即能发挥治疗作用。对于比较单纯的病症，选用一种针对性强的药物即能收效，而且只要应症准确，使用得当，甚至可产生奇效。中药“单行”之说首见于《神农本草经》，该书序例中说，中药“有单行者，有相须者，有相使者，有相畏者，有相恶者，有相反者，有相杀者。凡此七情，和合视之，当用相须相使者良，勿用相恶相反者。若有毒宜制，可用相畏相杀者；不尔，不合用也。”这就是常说的七情或七情和合。这段文字中可以看出中草药应用的两种情况：一是按配伍与否分为非配伍应用(单行)和配伍应用(配伍…     

兽医中药方剂的配伍理论及其应用

方剂的配伍,主要是《神农本草经》上所说的“七情合和“。所谓七情,根据该书的记载,药有单行者,有相须者,有相使者,有相畏者,有相恶者,有相反者,有相杀者。凡此七情,合和视之,当用相须,相使多良,勿用相恶,相反者诸有,毒宜制,可用相畏。相杀者,不尔,勿合用之。从这些记载上,我们可以知道古人在实践中,早已认识到各种药物的配伍关系了。     

对中药配伍应用的增效作用探讨

对中药配伍应用的增效作用探讨王二有（山西省长治市畜牧局０４６０００）中药是中医和中兽医治病的物质基础，药物通过配伍组成方剂，能更好地发挥效用。通过一定的药物配伍，不但能照顾整体和复杂的病情，而且由于药物相须、相使、相畏、相杀发挥更为明显的疗效，其中就...     

中药配伍与临床应用

配伍是指药物的配合应用，不仅是病情的需要，也是改善药物性能的重要措施。国内中兽医对中药的复方研究较多，其实质就是研究药物配伍之间的相互关系，即功能关系和物质关系，从而阐明复方的组方规律，更深刻地认识单味药的作用本质和机体发病的本质。现简单谈谈一般中药配伍的几个问题。 1）中药的配伍有其“七情”。即单行、相须、相使、相畏、相杀、相反和相恶。单行，一般指一种药物治疗疾病。如，单用黄芩的清金散，单用黄连的清金汤，单用人参的独参汤，单用马齿苋治疗肠黄作泻，单用苦参治疗仔猪白痢等。相须，指将性能相类似的药物…     

兽用反畏药配伍研究的现状及前景

药物配伍的应用是中医用药的主要形式,方剂是药物配伍的发展,也是药物配伍应用的较高形式。七情之说,除单行者外,其他六种中药配伍关系,主要包括两种作用,“相须、相使者良”、“勿用相反、相恶者”。兽用中药配伍研究,除了在中药学术理论上有重大价值外,在指导临床正确用药,充分发挥药效和确保用药安全都有十分重要的实践意义。本文仅就十八反和十九畏作一探讨。1.中药十八反、十九畏的文献研究1962年《重编校正元亨疗马牛驼经全集》中首先校正     

兽用十八反是相对的配伍禁忌

<正> 前言对于中药“十八反”,很多同道有不同的看法。有人认为是绝对的配伍禁忌;有人认为根本不能视作禁忌;还有人认为它是相对的配伍禁忌。笔者赞同后一种观点。本文仅就近年来“十八反”的临床应用及实验研究作一综述,以此说明兽用中药“十八反”是相对的配伍禁忌。 1 “十八反”在兽医临床上的应用     

相畏药巴豆,牵牛及配伍应用探讨

相畏药巴豆、牵牛及配伍应用探讨郭显椿（青海畜牧兽医学院，西宁，８１０００３）关于中药相反、相畏之论最早见于我国药物专著《神农本草经》，［１］该书对３６５种药物配伍关系进行了小结，其中还提出了相畏药物的配伍。以后医家经过不断实践，对相畏药物的认识逐渐丰...     

中药制剂配伍理论研究进展

中药制剂的配伍是根据病证的需要和药物的性能，有目的地将两种或两种以上的药物配合在一起应用，从而提高或加强疗效，降低毒性与副作用，以适应复杂多变的病证。在传统医药学理论中，通过对中药的性味、归经、升降沉浮等药性的研究以及临床实践，古人总结出了七情配伍理论、君臣佐使配伍理论以及十八反、十九畏、妊娠禁忌等配伍禁忌理论。其中，七情配伍理论被认为是配伍理论总纲，是中药组方用药的基础。     

“附乌”配“半蒌”验案

“附乌”配“半蒌”验案张挨双（山西省山阴农场一分场０３８４００）“十八反”的临床配伍禁忌，历代医家十分重视。由于前人没有说明“十八反”的理论根据和具体后果，古今对其研究者不乏其人。“附乌”与“半蒌”相反的配伍运用，兽医典籍《司牧安骥集》和《元亨疗马集...     

饲料中常见药物最新检测技术进展

饲料是畜产品安全的关键因素.目前,一些饲料和养殖企业为片面追求高额利润,不顾国家的法律法规,在生产环节加入违禁药物,造成其在畜禽体内的大量蓄积,直接威胁畜产品安全,危害人们身体健康,从而影响我国畜产品的出口创汇.因此,饲料中的药物检测是非常必要的.     

几种药物对奶牛附红细胞体的敏感性对比研究

利用体外培养和豚鼠试验两个方法,筛选对奶牛附红细胞体较为敏感的药物。选取贝尼尔、咪唑苯脲、盐酸多西环素、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶四种药物,用牛附红细胞体阳性血液作为敏感药物筛选的载体,进行体外敏感药物筛选试验;用牛附红细胞体阳性血液感染健康豚鼠,感染率大于90％后,进行药物治疗试验。结果显示最为敏感药物是盐酸多西环素。     

几种药剂防治茶尺蠖的药效比较

通过几种药剂对茶尺蠖的防效试验表明，几丁质合成抑制剂对茶尺蠖的防效较好。     

Comparison of five preanesthetic medicaments in thiopental-anesthetized cats: antagonism by selected compounds

Effects of IM injections of saline solution (groups 1, 2, 3, and 4), xylazine (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, groups 5 and 6), acepromazine (0.11 mg/kg, groups 7 and 8), ketamine (11 mg/kg, groups 9 and 10), meperidine (4.4 mg/kg, groups 11 and 12), and diazepam (1 mg/kg, groups 13 and 14) were compared in atropinized cats. Treated cats were anesthetized to loss of palpebral reflex with thiopental, IV. Within 2 minutes, the cats were given IV injections of 0.15 mg of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) with 0.125 mg of yohimbine/kg (groups 2, 6, 8, and 10), 0.04 mg of naloxone/kg (groups 3 and 12), or 5 mg of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788/kg (groups 4 and 14). Groups 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 were given saline solution instead of the test antagonists. Required doses of thiopental, arousal time, walk time (measured from injection of antagonists), respiratory rate, and heart rate were recorded. Induction phenomena were also recorded. Emergence was graded as smooth, fairly smooth, fairly smooth in some cats to fairly rough in other cats, rough, or very rough. In group 1 cats, mean arousal time (MAT) was 20.1 minutes, mean walk time (MWT) was 50 minutes, and emergence was rough. In groups given saline solution as the antagonist, the MAT, MWT (both expressed in minutes), and emergence, respectively, were: group 5 = 52.5, 65.5, smooth; group 7 = 15.6, 36.2, fairly smooth; group 9 = 22.5, 58.1, rough; group 11 = 31.3, 52.7, fairly smooth to fairly rough; and group 13 = 91.8, 427, very rough.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of anticholinergic preanesthetic medicaments on the requirements of halothane for anesthesia in the cat

To study the effects of anticholinergics on anesthetic requirements, minimal alveolar concentrations (MAC) for halothane in the cat were measured before and after IM administration of an anticholinergic (atropine sulfate [0.045 mg/kg], glycopyrrolate [0.011 mg/kg], or scopolamine hydrobromide [0.02 mg/kg]) or a physiologic saline control. The study was performed in 8 adult cats, using a randomized-block experimental design. There was no significant difference between the mean MAC obtained before and after administration of any of the test drugs or vs the control values. The mean MAC of halothane in cats was 0.985% atmosphere.     

三种兽用中药注射液后海穴注射治疗仔猪黄痢的效果

选用穿心莲、博落回和鱼腥草注射液,以后海穴（交巢穴）注射治疗仔猪黄痢360例,通过比较治疗效果,筛选相同用药途径下的有效治疗药物。结果,穿心莲、博落回和鱼腥草注射液三组治愈率分别为70.8%、65.0%和60.8%,总有效率分别为87.5%、80.0%和64.2%;穿心莲组治愈率分别较其他两组提高5.8%和20.0%,总有效率提高7.5%和23.3%;三组死亡率分别为2.5%、5.8%和9.2%,穿心莲组死亡率分别比其他两组降低3.3%和6.7%。表明后海穴注射穿心莲注射液治疗仔猪黄痢具有较好效果。     

Comparison of five preanesthetic medicaments in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs: antagonism by 4-aminopyridine, yohimbine, and naloxone

Effects of saline solution (groups 1, 2, and 3), xylazine (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, groups 4 and 5), acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, groups 6 and 7), diazepam (1.0 mg/kg, groups 8 and 9), morphine (1.0 mg/kg, groups 10 and 11), or fentanyl-droperidol (0.055 ml/kg, groups 12 and 13), IM were compared in groups of atropinized dogs. Treated dogs were anesthetized to stage III, plane 2 with pentobarbital, IV. After stabilization of anesthesia, the dogs were given IV 0.5 mg of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)/kg + 0.25 mg of yohimbine/kg (groups 2, 5, 7, and 9), or 4-AP + yohimbine + 0.04 mg of naloxone/kg (groups 3, 11, and 13). Groups 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 were given saline solution instead of test antagonists. Required dosage of pentobarbital, arousal and walk times (measured from injection of antagonists), respiratory rate, and heart rate were measured. Emergence phenomena were recorded and graded as smooth, fairly smooth, smooth in some dogs to rough in other dogs, rough, or very rough. In group 1 dogs, mean arousal time (MAT) was 279.5 minutes, mean walk time (MWT) was 583.3 minutes, and emergence was rough. In groups 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, MAT was decreased by the sedatives to the range of 52 to 115.3 minutes and MWT was decreased to the range of 82.3 to 188.5 minutes. Emergence was smooth (groups 4 and 6), fairly smooth (groups 10 and 12), or smooth to rough (group 8).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)