尾叶桉优良家系子代的遗传变异研究

以选自尾叶桉第1代种子园的72个优良家系为研究材料,对它们10年生树高、胸径、材积、树皮厚度、木材密度指数进行了遗传差异分析和遗传力估算。结果表明:研究的所有性状在家系母本的种源间、家系间均存在非常显著的差异;平均胸径、树高、单株材积分别为:16.85cm、14.16m、0.117m3,平均树皮厚度和木材密度指数分别为0.93cm和28.23;胸径、树高和材积的单株遗传力在0.142～0.174之间,树皮厚度和木材密度指数的遗传力分别为0.061和0.143。从中筛选出17567、16682、17565为优良种源,109、121、97、103等家系为优良家系。     

大花序桉种源/家系试验的早期研究

运用方差分析和聚类分析方法对建立在广西玉林市林科所和广西钦廉林场2.5年生大花序桉种源/家系试验林的生长量进行了分析研究,发现这2个试验点大花序桉的树高、胸径、单株材积等生长性状无论在种源间,还是家系间均存在显著差异;种源的树高生长与地点有明显的交互作用,而胸径、单株材积与地点的交互作用则不显著;家系的树高、胸径、单株材积生长与地点的交互作用显著;种源的生长表现与原产地地理位置无显著相关关系;同时初步选择了各自表现好的优良种源与家系。     

四川省桤木种源单株生物质产量的遗传变异和选择初探

对6年生四川省桤木15个种源51个家系在湖北、江西、福建3个试验点试验林的单株生物质产量进行了研究,结果表明:桤木种源3个地点6年生的平均单株生物质产量为6.15kg。单株生物质产量种源间、种源内家系间差异显著。单株生物质产量具有极显著的地点效应,单株生物质产量种源×地点、家系×地点交互作用显著。3个地点单株生物质产量种源遗传力为0.27～0.75,家系遗传力为0.17～0.83,表明单株生物质产量受到中度到强度的遗传控制。材积(直接通径系数0.791)对单株生物质产量控制作用最大,其次为树高(直接通径系数0.396)和木材基本密度(直接通径系数0.256)。树高、胸径和冠幅通过材积对单株生物质产量的间接通径系数较大。四川省金堂盐井、盐亭、金堂淮口、沐川和邛崃5个桤木种源初选为工业用材林优良种源。     

邓恩桉6个种源的28个家系子代测定初报

来自澳大利亚两个州的６个种源２８个家系子代测定５．５年生结果表明：参试种源间树高、胸径、材积、冠幅及枝下高生长无显著差异，而家系间生长存在显著、极显著差异．参试种源家系生长量与原产地纬度、经度、海拔及雨量均相关不紧密；邓恩桉具有中等遗传力，经比较分析，初步选出Ｄ９、Ｄ３９、Ｄ３８、Ｄ２、Ｄ２６、Ｄ２５等６个家系为优良家系，其材积平均比参试家系平均增益２１．３％，比对照柳桉的材积增益２８１．６８％．邓恩桉可在桂中及相应地区一带推广栽培．     

18年生巨桉半同胞子代测定林遗传分析与选择

对代表全分布区的29个地理种源包含147个家系的18年生巨桉子代测定林的生长性状进行观测和遗传分析。结果表明:除树高以外,其他性状在种源和家系间均呈极显著差异(P0.01),其中:树高家系遗传力为0.879 7,树高单株家系遗传力为0.296 2;胸径家系遗传力为0.943 4,胸径家系单株遗传力为0.662 9;材积家系遗传力为0.950 9,材积单株家系遗传力为0.747 2。通过生长性状的多重比较并结合早期纤维密度的分析结果,筛选出15个速生优良家系,其平均家系材积遗传增益67.9%;在家系选择基础上选出速生优良单株13株,其平均单株立木材积遗传增益172.2%,选出的优良家系及单株将来可以用作营建巨桉实生种子园和杂交育种的亲本材料。     

柳杉半同胞子代遗传变异与优良遗传型选择

对40个柳杉半同胞子代的生长、木材品质和形质等性状的遗传变异规律和相关性进行了比较系统地研究,结果表明:2年生树高及26年生树高、胸径和材积等生长性状在家系间存在显著差异;木材品质和形质性状中的髓心偏心率和木材心材比率在家系间存在显著差异,而树皮率和木材基本密度在家系间的差异不明显;2年生树高与26年生胸径、材积间呈显著正相关,心材比率与26年生树高、胸径和材积间呈显著正相关;树皮率与2年生树高相关性不明显,而与26年生树高、胸径和材积等呈显著负相关;髓心偏心率、木材基本密度与生长性状相关性不明显。通过综合比较,评选出生长量大、木材品质好的优良家系12个,树高、胸径和材积的平均遗传增益分别为1.21%、4.77%和8.02%,木材偏心率的平均值为0.3%,木材基本密度的平均值为0.341 g/m3,这些优良家系具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

杉木优良家系木材密度及生长遗传稳定性分析

从杉木全国优良家系区域试验中 ,选取安徽黄山、广西融安、广东信宜、江西分宜、福建洋口等 5个试验点 ,测定了其10年生树高、胸径、材积和木材密度 ,分析了杉木木材密度及生长基因型×环境交互作用规律。多点联合分析表明 ,木材密度、胸径、材积性状家系间存在着显著或极显著差异 ,并且家系与地点的交互作用达到显著水平。通过Francis -Kannen berg模型对木材密度和材积的遗传稳定性进行了分析。并在此基础上 ,按木材密度及生长对试验家系进行了联合选择     

桤木种源(群体)/家系材性性状的遗传变异

对6年生桤木种源/家系的多点试验林的材性进行了研究,结果表明木材基本密度和纤维长度的种源间差异极显著,家系间差异不显著;木材基本密度的种源×地点的交互作用并未达到显著水平,纤维长度的种源×地点的交互作用达到显著水平.3个地点木材基本密度的种源遗传力和家系遗传力分别为0.5648～0.6618、0.2857～0.6535;木材纤维长度种源遗传力和家系遗传力分别为0.2553～0.7895、0.2905～0.4528.木材密度、纤维长度和生长性状三者之间的相关关系均不显著,可以进行3个性状的独立选择.提出桤木木材密度和纤维长度随年龄变化的生长模型和早晚期相关关系,适宜的早期选择年龄为6a,从木材密度考虑培育造纸材的适宜年龄拟定为10～11a.江西点15个种源的木材密度在种源间达到了显著差异,家系间并未达到显著差异,纤维长度在种源间、家系间都达到极显著差异.     

基于ASreml软件估算8年生赤桉树皮厚度等4个性状的遗传参数

采用ASreml软件评估8年生赤桉种源家系试验林,估算树皮厚度、pilodyn值、树高、胸径4个性状的遗传参数,参数包括单株狭义遗传力、表型相关系数、遗传相关系数以及多性状混合线性模型下的家系育种值。结果表明:树皮厚度、pilodyn值、胸径、树高单株狭义遗传力依次为0.234 3、0.371 4、0.459 0、0.278 7;4个性状的多性状线性模型拟合以种源、家系、小区、行作为随机变量最好;树皮厚度和树高遗传相关系数为0.849 7,树高和胸径遗传相关系数为0.838 4,树皮厚度和胸径遗传相关系数也达到0.649 2;pilodyn值和树高、胸径、树皮厚度遗传相关系数分别为-0.201 5、-0.190 4、-0.259 5;家系育种值估算的前50名中,树高和胸径以103、31、21、138、106排名靠前,树皮厚度和pilodyn值以110、114家系排名靠前。     

邓恩桉引种及丰产栽培技术研究

对16个邓恩桉种源及其153个家系进行树高、胸径和材积生长性状调查,结果得出邓恩桉各家系间生长差异显著。选出的优良家系80个,其中材积生长量大于总体平均值20%的家系有22个。在合理密植、科学施肥等丰产栽培技术条件下,邓恩桉生长量超过直干蓝桉80%~140%,与史密斯桉生长量相近,但胸径生长往往超过史密斯桉,对培育大径材更有利,是一个值得广泛推广栽培的速生用材品种。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.