紫茎泽兰对两种牧草发芽的化感克异作用

研究了紫茎泽兰地上部分、根系及根际土壤不同浓度提取液对白三叶和多花黑麦草发芽的影响。研究结果表明：紫茎泽兰对白三叶和黑麦草种子萌芽存在化感克异现象，并且随浓度的增加，影响越大；相同条件下，对白三叶的影响强于多花黑麦草；低浓度对白三叶败育的影响较大，但对多花黑麦草几乎没有影响；紫茎泽兰根际土壤对两种牧草种子萌芽无明显的化感克异作用。     

土壤水分对植物根系固土力学性能的影响综述

为了分析土壤水分对植物根系固土力学性能的影响机制,揭示根系固土力学机理和科学防治土壤流失提供基础理论研究思路,本文分析了土壤含水量对根系分布、根系抗拉特性、根系-土壤相互作用、根系-土壤复合体抗剪特性和根系固土力学模型的影响,探讨了根系固土力学性能对土壤含水量的响应机理研究现状及发展趋势。认为根系形态与根系固土效果紧密相关,目前缺乏土壤水分对根系形态及根系固土力学特性的定量研究;对根系抗拉强度和拔出强度的影响因素等关注较多,但对土壤水分变化是否影响根系强度、根土界面摩擦和根系破坏模式研究非常少;土壤水分在植物固持水土的水文效应中研究较多,但其对根系固土力学性能的影响规律尚需进一步研究;评价根系固土力学性能的模型没有考虑或充分考虑土壤水分变化对固土效果的影响,且模型中各影响因素的相对重要性关系尚不清楚。分析结果深化了对降水影响覆盖植被边坡稳定性机理的理解,为深入研究土壤水分与根系固土力学机制相互作用提供了理论基础。     

异位发酵床垫料的直剪切及压缩试验研究

为研究不同含水率的条件下异位发酵床垫料:抗剪强度、黏聚力、内摩擦系数、压缩载荷的变化规律.本研究采用土壤力学试验方法,测定垫料五种不同含水率的相关参数.结果表明:当垫料含水率为29.22％～36.13％时,抗剪强度、内摩擦角系数会随着含水率的增大而增大;当含水率为45.55％～61.11％时,抗剪强度、内摩擦角系数会随...     

黑麦草不同翻压量对植烟土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响

土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性是土壤肥力的重要指标。通过大田试验,研究黑麦草不同翻压量对植烟土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明：黑麦草不同翻压量均能够提高土壤微生物碳、氮的生物量以及土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,这种提高的趋势随着翻压量的增加而增加,但并不是翻压量越多越好,本实验结果表明：翻压量以1500 kg /667m2为最好。     

两个黑麦草品种对镉吸收富集比较研究

采用盆栽试验研究比较两个黑麦草品种在不同Cd污染水平(0、75、150、300及600 mg.kg-1)下生长量、抗氧化酶活性、Cd含量及积累量的差异,以筛选出更适合作为土壤镉污染修复的品种。结果表明,随着土壤镉水平的增加,两个黑麦草品种根系干重、阿伯德地上部干重和植株总干重呈先增加后降低的趋势。土壤镉污染水平为75 mg.kg-1时,阿伯德地上部和植株总干重达到最大值(10.92 g.pot-1和12.03 g.pot-1),较对照分别增加了11.13%和10.67%。两个黑麦草品种各部位SOD活性、CAT活性和根系POD活性,均随土壤镉水平的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,地上部MDA含量则逐渐升高。两个黑麦草品种镉转运系数、镉富集系数均大于1。黑麦草对Cd耐性和吸收富集存在基因型差异。比较两个品种黑麦草,在75~600 mg.kg-1Cd胁迫下,阿伯德品种地上部干重和总干重均高于邦德品种,且阿伯德地上部和根系镉含量及镉积累量高于邦德。阿伯德更适合作为土壤镉污染的植物修复材料。     

藜麦幼苗对水氮耦合变化的可塑性响应

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同水氮条件对藜麦幼苗生长指标、根系生长指标及其生理指标的影响。结果表明:藜麦各测试指标与氮肥用量、灌水控制水平关系极为密切。在同一灌溉水平下,藜麦叶面积、生物量、根系总体积等幼苗及根系生长指标均随氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后下降趋势,而根系过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标均随氮肥用量的增加呈先下降后增加的趋势;施氮量相同时,叶面积、生物量、根系总体积等形态指标均随灌水量的增加而增大,而POD活性、MDA含量等生理指标均随灌水量的增加而减小,且各处理间差异均达到显著水平;水氮交互作用对各指标均有影响对叶面积、生物量、根系总体积、POD活性的影响均达到显著水平。在试验设置的水氮范围内,藜麦均表现出不同程度的表型可塑性;在中度或重度干旱胁迫下,施肥均能缓解干旱对藜麦的胁迫。综合考虑,土壤含水量为田间持水量的75%~85%,施氮量为1~2g/kg的组合最优。     

黎麦幼苗对水氮耦合变化的可塑性响应

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同水氮条件对藜麦幼苗生长指标、根系生长指标及其生理指标的影响。结果表明:藜麦各测试指标与氮肥用量、灌水控制水平关系极为密切。在同一灌溉水平下,藜麦叶面积、生物量、根系总体积等幼苗及根系生长指标均随氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后下降趋势,而根系过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标均随氮肥用量的增加呈先下降后增加的趋势;施氮量相同时,叶面积、生物量、根系总体积等形态指标均随灌水量的增加而增大,而POD活性、MDA含量等生理指标均随灌水量的增加而减小,且各处理间差异均达到显著水平;水氮交互作用对各指标均有影响,对叶面积、生物量、根系总体积、POD活性的影响均达到显著水平。在试验设置的水氮范围内,藜麦均表现出不同程度的表型可塑性;在中度或重度干旱胁迫下,施肥均能缓解干旱对藜麦的胁迫。综合考虑,土壤含水量为田间持水量的75%~85%、施氮量为1~2g/kg的组合最优。     

六种稻田土壤冬季种植黑麦草功能效应研究

选取我国亚热带地区6种主要成土母质发育的水稻土,通过定位试验研究了黑麦草产量、碳氮环境效应和土壤微生物量变化。结果表明,6种稻田土壤冬季均适合生长黑麦草,黑麦草地上部和根系干物质产量,在河沙泥田表现最好,分别为11 324.8 kg hm^-2和8 227.3 kg hm^-2。6种稻田土壤黑麦草地上部和根系碳蓄积量均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),地上部分碳蓄积量在河沙泥田最高,为4 495.3 kg hm^-2;根系碳蓄积量在河沙泥田和麻沙泥田表现最好,分别为2 799.6 kg hm^-2和2 711.8 kg hm^-2;黄泥田最低,为1 852.9 kg hm^-2。而黑麦草氮蓄积量,在河沙泥田最高,地上氮蓄积量为238.1 kg hm^-2,地下氮蓄积量为60.1 kg hm^-2。6种稻田土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量氮,在种草区和冬闲田间差异均达到了显著水平(P＜0.05),除灰泥田外种草区均大于冬闲田,冬季种植黑麦草增加了土壤微生物商。     

过量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤磷渗漏的影响

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法,研究在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥和有机肥后,土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen-P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥和有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平;施用磷肥和有机肥土壤磷的最大吸磷量（Qm）和土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）逐渐减少,土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）逐渐增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤磷的吸附饱和度随着土壤磷水平的增加而增加。随磷肥和有机肥用量的增加,不同磷水平土壤磷的吸附饱和度逐渐增加、土壤磷的吸持指数下降、土壤磷的渗漏量逐渐增大;土壤磷渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤测试磷随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。     

行内生草对葡萄根系生长和土壤营养状况的影响

为解决葡萄根系上浮和土壤酸化问题,探明葡萄园生草对葡萄根系生长和土壤营养状况的影响,以清耕为对照,在辽宁兴城地区葡萄园行内种植黑麦草(Lp)和紫花苜蓿(Ms),研究行内生草对葡萄不同根层根系长度和表面积、土壤有机质及矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,黑麦草和紫花苜蓿均较清耕显著提高不同时期和不同土层的根系长度和根系表面积(P 0. 05),且其增幅为黑麦草紫花苜蓿清耕。黑麦草具有减轻葡萄园土壤酸化的效果,其土壤pH值6. 22～7. 04,高于清耕的6. 14～6. 39。黑麦草在坐果期、转色期和收获期的土壤有机质含量较清耕分别显著提高了24. 71%,48. 07%和44. 44%(P 0. 05),而紫花苜蓿较对照分别提高了7. 87%,29. 88%和34. 07%。黑麦草在坐果期、转色期和收获期时土壤中碱解氮含量较清耕分别显著提高了40. 40%,51. 46%,22. 15%(P 0. 05),而紫花苜蓿较清耕分别提高了29. 88%,28. 03%,5. 42%。黑麦草和紫花苜蓿较清耕均显著提高了各个时期的土壤有效磷含量(P 0. 05),钾元素含量明显升高,黑麦草处理的土壤全钾、全磷和有效磷含量最高,其次是紫花苜蓿,清耕最低。综上,行内种植黑麦草对增加葡萄根系长度和根系表面积、提高土壤有机质含量、减轻土壤酸化、增加必需营养元素含量等方面效果优于紫花苜蓿和清耕。     

The effect of grass roots on shear strength variations with moisture content

This study investigated the relationship between vane shear strength and moisture content for root-free and root-permeated sandy clay loam and clay soils, with a view to determining the effect of root density on the relationship. The results indicate that for both root-free and root-permeated soils, shear strength increases exponentially with decreasing moisture content. As expected, increases in root density considerably increase the magnitude of shear strength at all moisture contents investigated. In all cases, roots increased the magnitude of the shear strength of the clay soils much more than the sandy clay loam soils. Relative to the root-free soils, the roots increased shear strength in both soils by at least 500%. In the clay soils a higher relative increase of up to 850% is achieved in samples with a root density of 1.80 g cm⁻³. Also, relative to root-free soils, root permeated soils were found to exhibit a higher rate of shear strength increase with soil drying. This, it is suggested, is because of the higher shading effect of the shoots of the root-permeated samples leading to a slower rate of soil drying than in the root-free samples.     

行间生草对秦岭北麓猕猴桃园土壤养分及pH的影响

[目的]通过对秦岭地区猕猴桃园进行行间生草,来探讨多年生草对土壤pH、有机质及养分的影响。[方法]在西安猕猴桃试验站4年生的海沃德种植园,设置间作黑麦草、三叶草和林间组合,以自然生草为对照,于种植后第1、第2和第3年萌芽期分别测定果园不同土层的土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量的变化,并采用方差分析对数据进行分析。[结果]随着生草年限的递增,通过生不同的草种,土壤中全氮、有机质含量整体呈递增趋势;当生草年限达到3年时,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤中速效磷、速效钾含量逐渐降低;随着生草年限的递增,不同土层中自然生草的pH先增加后降低,三叶草的pH先降低后增加,黑麦草和林间组合的pH逐渐降低。[结论]在猕猴桃园生草能改良土壤养分状况,提高土壤有机质含量调节土壤pH。不同草种对土壤pH的影响不同,行间生林间组合和黑麦草能够改良北方的盐碱地。     

Experimental Analysis of the Water Weaken Effect on Gravel Soil Roadbed Locating in the Reservoir Region with Different Compactedness

It is vital to get the accurate data of the shear strength parameters of gravel soil with different water content and compactedness before they conduct the stability analysis for gravel soil roadbed. Under several test conditions, a series of direct shear tests were performed by using some gravel soil samples obtained from a selected roadbed which is under the influence of water level fluctuation. The corresponding results show that the gravel soil cohesion increased as the water content of fine soil increases till it meets its peak value, then it will decrease as the water content keeps increase. However, the internal friction angle will decrease slowly with the increase of water content of fine soil in the initial phase, and then it will decrease rapidly as the water content keeps increase. And on the other hand, the fitted shear strength parameters calculated from the test data has been influenced by the pre-load values that used to prepare soil samples, especially for the condition that the pre-load value less than the normal stress value applied in the direct shear test. All in all, the fitted shear parameters will be controlled by the relationship among water content, pre-load value and normal stress.     

Mechanical Analysis of Herbaceous Plant Strengthening Slope

Since there are the root systems of herbaceous plant in the shallow layer of soil masses of slope, the shallow layer of slope becomes a compound materials made of soil masses and root system.Owing to friction action and tensile resistance action of roots, the shear strength of soil layer with root system is increased.And a comprehensive mechanical analysis of how herbaceous plants strengthen slope was carried out.Not only a mechanical model of interaction between root and soil, but also a quantitative calculation of increase of shear strength and stability coefficient of slope was put forward.As a result, the theoretical basis of herbaceous plant ecological slope protection was provided.     

断根与外源细胞分裂素诱导去叶黑麦草耐牧性的研究

为了研究牧草的持续再生性机制,通过盆栽试验,从黑麦草多次去叶后根系对叶片生长的影响方面,设4个处理：（1）不断根未喷施细胞分裂素,（2）断根未喷施细胞分裂素,（3）不断根喷施细胞分裂素,（4）断根喷施细胞分裂素。结果表明：断根和多次去叶均能降低新生叶片和根系的生物量。多次去叶能引起叶中的赤霉素和脱落酸含量的升高,生长素含量以及玉米素核苷(ZR)含量的降低。多次去叶条件下,喷施外源细胞分裂素能促进叶片中ZR含量及其生物量的增加。相关性分析表明,多次去叶条件下叶中ZR含量与其生物量呈显著性的正相关关系。总之,多次去叶条件下新生叶片中的细胞分裂素含量是影响去叶黑麦草持续再生性的关键因素。     

污水环境对水泥土力学性能的影响试验研究

由于多数地下水泥土工程直接与地下腐蚀性介质环境接触,必将导致水泥土材料的逐步劣化甚至失效破坏。以某市区工地附近明渠排放的污水作为侵蚀性介质,制作了不同水泥掺量的水泥土试件,通过对比试验,研究了污水环境和清水环境下不同水泥掺量、不同龄期的水泥土抗压强度和抗剪强度。结果表明,在污水或清水环境下,相同水泥掺量水泥土30 d龄期的抗压强度几乎相等,随着龄期的增加其抗压强度均逐步增大,但污水环境下其抗压强度增长的幅度明显小于清水环境,90 d后清水环境的水泥土抗压强度不再增长,而污水环境的抗压强度开始降低;污水环境和清水环境下的水泥土内摩擦角和黏聚力随龄期、水泥掺量的增加均逐步增大,污水环境下龄期90 d后的内摩擦角和黏聚力均开始降低。     

Matric Suction Effect on Shear Strength of Roadbed Unsaturated Soil

A study which focuses on the role of matric suction in the stress strength of roadbed unsaturated soil was presented. Two types of tests were described, namely, the suction controlled shear test and microstructure scanned test. For the former, four sub tests were conducted under different suction and net normal stress conditions. And two unsaturated soil samples that belong to the same type but with different water contents were scanned. In contrast with clay soil, the corresponding results show that the strength of silty sand soil does not always increase as matric suction increases or soil water content decreases; there exists a peak contributed by matric suction that acts on soil stress strength. The main reason for this kind of phenomenon is due to the typical microstructure of this type of soil and the various types of pore water retention. Additionally, the state of stress in which soil sample meets can also exerts important influence on soil strength.     

Experimental Analysis of Time-dependent Shear Behavior on Stud Connectors

With regard to the long span continuous composite beams, the early composite shear stud strength at the joint surface between the steel girder and concrete slab at different concrete ages should be considered while the concrete slabs are casted by phases in construction stage. In this study, the push-out test of stud shear connectors were conduced at different concrete ages. Meanwhile, the change law of the ultimate shear strength, ultimate slip deformation, design shear strength, and shear stiffness of the stud shear connectors with concrete ages were analyzed, and the corresponding time-dependent calculation equations were presented. The results include that the main failure modes of stud shear connectors are the concrete slab splitting failure before 3-days concrete age. The load-slip laws of stud shear connectors at different concrete ages are basically the same, however, the shear strength and stiffness all increase with the concrete ages prolonging, and the increase degree is faster at early ages, but slower at later ages, which indicates that the early composite shear stud strength at the joint surface of composite beams should not be neglected.