不同寄主对白茨粗角萤叶甲生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同寄主植物对温性荒漠草原主要害虫白茨粗角萤叶甲Diorhabda rybakowi的产卵选择、生长发育及繁殖的影响,本研究以唐古特白刺、泡泡刺和大果白刺为试验材料,在实验室养虫箱恒温（27℃）条件下,以3种白刺饲养白茨粗角萤叶甲,观察记录白茨粗角萤叶甲各虫态的发育历期、存活率、羽化率、成虫寿命等生物学特性,以及白茨粗角萤叶甲成虫的产卵偏好选择;同时测定了3种白刺叶片中的可溶性糖、淀粉和游离氨基酸含量。结果如下：白茨粗角萤叶甲成虫在3种白刺上的产卵量及着卵率由高到低均为唐古特白刺,泡泡刺,大果白刺。取食3种白刺植物后,白茨粗角萤叶甲均能正常完成各阶段的生长发育;饲喂唐古特白刺的白茨粗角萤叶甲幼虫发育历期最短（13.50d）,饲喂大果白刺的幼虫发育历期最长（16.70 d）,同时,饲喂唐古特白刺的幼虫存活率最高,为97.78%,大果白刺上幼虫的存活率仅为10.54%。相应地,饲喂唐古特白刺后羽化成虫的寿命和繁殖力最高,大果白刺上成虫寿命和繁殖力最低。相关性分析表明,可溶性糖、淀粉和游离氨基酸含量与白茨粗角萤叶甲蛹期、成虫寿命、孵化率和羽化率无显著相关性,而幼虫总历期与各营养含量呈极...     

温度对白茨粗角萤叶甲生长发育及繁殖的影响

本研究在6个恒温(18、21、24、27、30、33℃)条件下,观察并记录了白茨粗角萤叶甲Diorhabda rybakowi卵、幼虫与蛹的发育历期和存活率,以及成虫的寿命和繁殖力。结果表明,卵和幼虫的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,发育速率随之加快。白茨粗角萤叶甲的卵、幼虫期、蛹、成虫产卵前期和世代的发育起点温度分别为(10.4±0.8)(12.2±0.7)(8.7±0.9)(16.4±0.8)℃和(8.6±0.9)℃,有效积温分别为(97.9±4.8)(158.2±7.9)(212.1±11.5)(158.6±13.6)日·度和(838.0±43.9)日·度。在低温18℃和高温33℃条件下,白茨粗角萤叶甲幼虫的存活率均降低,成虫的羽化率在33℃高温下显著降低,而卵的存活率高于幼虫期的存活率。白茨粗角萤叶甲生长发育和繁殖的最适温区为21℃相似文献   

广聚萤叶甲幼虫取食植物对产卵选择行为的影响

产卵选择性是衡量植食性昆虫寄主专一性的主要性状之一。为揭示广聚萤叶甲幼虫取食的植物是否影响其成虫产卵植物选择性,于室外网室中采用重复观测设计开展试验,研究幼虫期取食靶标豚草或非靶标苍耳对成虫在这2种植物上的产卵选择性。在非选择性试验中,广聚萤叶甲幼虫取食豚草和苍耳后的产卵数量没有显著差异;但成虫在2种植物上的产卵数量存在显著差异,如幼虫分别在豚草和苍耳上取食,其成虫在豚草上分别产18.94和21.90粒卵,而在苍耳上分别产24.39和25.12粒卵。对卵粒大小(用体积表示)的分析表明,产卵植物之间及其与幼虫取食植物互作对卵粒大小均无显著影响,但幼虫取食不同植物的成虫所产卵粒大小存在显著差异,幼虫取食豚草的成虫产卵粒显著大于取食苍耳的产卵粒。卵孵化率为60%~70%,在各处理之间没有显著差异。在选择性试验中,对产卵选择频次的分析未发现幼虫取食不同植物以及成虫产卵测试植物等处理影响产卵选择偏好。本研究结果说明,广聚萤叶甲雌成虫产卵数量决策行为受幼虫取食植物的影响不大。     

管氏肿腿蜂的寄生与产卵行为研究

本文研究了管氏肿腿蜂在双条杉天牛幼虫上的产卵行为，其行为过程包括聚集、检验、蛰刺、清理寄主、取食、游走、产卵、休息。在不同寄主上，管氏肿腿蜂卵的分布存在差异：在桑虎天牛幼虫上卵大部分横向排列在寄主体表，两侧和背腹面卵的数量差异极显著；在黄粉虫幼虫体表卵的分布是随机的，卵的排列方向无规律性．从接蜂到产卵，有产卵经验的雌蜂所需的时间显著短于无产卵经验的雌蜂。     

小黑瓢虫的交配和产卵行为及规律观察

通过室内观察,研究了小黑瓢虫Delphastus catalinae交配、产卵的行为及规律,并探讨了交配次数对成虫繁殖力的影响。结果表明：雄虫的交配前期为5.0±0.5d,雌虫的产卵前期为5.8±0.4d;小黑瓢虫交配活动的主导者是雄虫,雄虫性成熟后可进行交配;性成熟的成虫可全天交配,交配持续时间平均为18.6min,6：00-8：00为高峰时刻;雌虫交配后可全天产卵,白天产卵量高于夜间,每雌可产卵353~413粒,产卵期63~120d;交配次数的增加可以延长产卵期,提高小黑瓢虫的产卵量,但雌虫的寿命会下降;交配多次的后代繁殖状况最佳。     

外来广聚萤叶甲对非靶标植物的选择行为

为评估外来广聚萤叶甲作为入侵豚草的潜在生物防治作用物对非靶标植物的潜在风险,分别观察了成虫产卵和初孵幼虫取食的选择行为,首次在杂草天敌寄主专一性测定中采用生存分析（失败时间分析）法,比较了在三裂叶豚草、苍耳、食用农家向日葵三道黑品种、油用向日葵辽丰F51品种、多花向日葵和菊芋等菊科向日葵族非靶标植物上的产卵识别期和初孵幼虫取食前期的差异。研究结果表明,在三裂叶豚草和苍耳上产卵的概率与豚草没有显著差异,但在几种向日葵属植物上产卵的概率显著低于豚草;初孵幼虫对农家向日葵的取食选择概率与豚草没有显著差异,在其他供试植物上的取食前期均显著延长（P〈0.05）。对应用广聚萤叶甲防治外来入侵豚草对非靶标植物的潜在风险进行了讨论。     

葡萄沟顶叶甲的初步研究

葡萄沟顶叶甲在陕西省丹凤县1年发生1代,以成虫在士壤里过冬,自葡萄萌芽到落叶前均有成虫为害,取食葡萄幼嫩组织,尤喜食花梗、穗轴。冬季深翻树盘,葡萄萌芽时地面喷药,开花前、幼果期树上喷有机磷杀虫剂等可控制危害。     

外来广聚萤叶甲对豚草取食和利用效率的测定

对入侵杂草豚草的天敌昆虫——外来广聚萤叶甲幼虫取食豚草不同部位叶片后的存活情况进行了观察；对不同日龄幼虫和成虫的生长速率和食物利用效率进行了测定。幼虫取食上部叶片的累计死亡率显著高于下部叶片，但与中部叶片无显著差异。广聚萤叶甲幼虫鲜重在6日龄前成倍增长，之后趋于平稳；各日龄幼虫的近似消化率均很高（〉80％），并随幼虫龄期增大而逐渐降低，但到10日龄时又有所升高；幼虫对食物的转化率与近似消化率之间未表现出常见的反比关系；幼虫取食的相对表现（相对生长率、相对取食率和相对代谢率）呈现早期高于晚期的变化格局。初羽化成虫（4d内）的取食量明显较高，之后基本保持平稳。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂的产卵行为研究

本文研究了玉米螟赤眼蜂在麦蛾卵及欧洲玉米螟卵上的产卵及辨别寄主行为，表明玉米螟赤眼蜂在不同寄主卵上产卵耗时不同，能根据寄主卵大小调节产卵数量；产卵时具有性别控制行为；该蜂可以通过“学习”提高辨别寄主卵已被寄生与否的能力，并对自身和同种个体间已寄生卵有很强的辨别力；玉米螟赤眼蜂与广赤眼蜂能辨别相互间已寄生的寄主卵     

外来入侵豚草天敌广聚萤叶甲的半人工饲料配方和关键因子的初步筛选

广聚萤叶甲Ophraella communa LeSage是入侵恶性豚草的天敌。参照前人对叶甲类半人工饲料的研究配方,采用19因子混水平正交试验L32(45×216),初步筛选出适合广聚萤叶甲成虫和幼虫的半人工饲料配方,筛选出影响广聚萤叶甲成虫寿命的8种关键成分:麦胚、10%KOH、葡萄糖、尼泊金、豚草叶粉、琼脂、胆固醇、大豆油;影响广聚萤叶甲2龄幼虫发育的8种关键成分是:燕麦片、琼脂、麦胚、葡萄糖、氯化胆碱、10%KOH、蒸馏水、大豆油。研究结果为进一步研制广聚萤叶甲人工饲料提供了基础。     

埃及柽麦蛾--控制柽柳的有效天敌

对埃及柽麦蛾的年生活史、习性及其天敌进行了观察。该虫在新疆阜康县 1年 3代 ,以老熟幼虫在吐丝粘着枝条形成的丝巢中化蛹 ,秋末在地面枯枝落叶层中越冬。第 1代历期 3 0～ 45d ,第2代 2 5～ 3 0d ,第 3代为越冬代。野外采集幼虫和蛹在室内盆栽多枝柽柳上进行的接种试验表明 ,埃及柽麦蛾幼虫在盆栽多枝柽柳上可以完成生长发育 ,种群增长迅速 ,明显抑制柽柳的生长     

柽柳的重要天敌--柽柳条叶甲生活周期的观察

多枝柽柳 (Tamarix ramosissima L edeb.)自本世纪初从亚洲引入美国定植后 ,由于极强的适应能力而迅速传播 ,迄今已成为美国西部天然河岸生态系统中最严重的有害杂草。从原产地引进取食柽柳的昆虫以达到持续控制多枝柽柳被认为是一种有效的防治方法[1 ] 。柽柳条叶甲 (Diorhabd     

本土寄生蜂对移殖天敌昆虫泽兰实蝇的寄生

泽兰实蝇（Procecidochares utilis Stone）是我国入侵杂草紫茎泽兰的专食性天敌昆虫。为摸清本土寄生蜂对泽兰实蝇的寄生情况，在云南昆明市选取林下和开阔地等两种生境，分别采用对角线五点取样法与邻接格子取样法，调查了紫茎泽兰的生长及感染虫瘿情况；通过饲养与解剖虫瘿，观察了寄生泽兰实蝇的本土寄生蜂种类及其寄生率。结果表明，共有6种寄生蜂从虫瘿中羽化，对虫瘿的寄生率达70％以上；其中大部分虫瘿被3种寄生蜂寄生。虽然在开阔地生境中紫茎泽兰株高和每株枝条数显著大于林下生境，植株和枝条感虫（瘿）率也显著高于林下，但寄生蜂对虫瘿的总寄生率、各种寄生蜂的寄生率在两种生境之间差异不显著。解剖表明，每虫瘿羽化出的寄生蜂数随虫瘿横径的增大而显著增多。     

温度对葡萄十星瓢萤叶甲交配行为的影响

在室内恒定条件下,测定了3种不同温度对葡萄十星瓢萤叶甲Oides decempunctata Billberg成虫的交配节律、交配次数和交配持续时间的影响,结果表明:(1)葡萄十星瓢萤叶甲成虫在白天各时间段均有发生,但只有25℃下才出现有交配的高峰(14:00和18:00),过低或过高的温度均无明显的高峰期出现.(2)每日平均交配次数随着温度的升高呈上升趋势,然而,每日耗费在交配中的总时长在25℃时达到最大(227.74 min),过低或过高的温度均使其受到抑制.(3)交配持续时间在22℃下最长(146.84 min),在28℃下最短(42.83 min),表现出随着温度的升高呈缩短的趋势.     

Gastrophysa atrocyanae (Col: Chrysomelidae), an agent for biological control of the dock,Rumex japonicus (Polygonaceae) in China

Abstract

The biology and host specificity of the beetle, Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motch were studied in the laboratory in Nanchang, China. This univoltine insect completed its immature stage in 32–39 days with adult overwintering in soil. A total of 35 plant species from 21 families were tested. Both larvae and adults attacked Rumex japonicus and Rumex acetosa with R. japonicus the main host. Larvae also attacked two Polygonum species, P. hydropiper and P. perfoliatum. But the adults are not concurrent with the two Polygonum species. Though oviposition occurred on five other plant species, none of them supported larval development. Field observations showed that G. atrocyanae caused a progressive decline in natural R. japonicus populations. Thus it is recommended as a valuable biological agent for this weed.     

Direct and indirect impacts of different water regimes on the invasive plant,alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), and its biological control agent,Agasicles hygrophila

Invasive weeds are broadly affected by natural disturbances, such as flooding and drought. While these disturbances can directly affect the outcome of a plant invasion, they can also indirectly affect the population dynamics of the invasive plant's natural enemies. However, how flooding and drought alter the interactions of invasive plants with their natural enemies and what impact these events have on the invasive plants have been little studied. This study reports on the effects of flooding and drought on the invasive plant, Alternanthera philoxeroides, its biological control agent, Agasicles hygrophila, as well as their interactions in field and laboratory experiments. It was found that drought decreased the stem length and number of internodes of A. philoxeroides, while flooding reduced the number of branches, relative to those in the control treatments. Both drought and flooding significantly decreased the total number of ramets, as well as the root and shoot mass of this weed, compared to a less drastic water regime. Drought indirectly suppressed the population growth of Ag. hygrophila by decreasing plant palatability. Indeed, herbivory by Ag. hygrophila had little impact on A. philoxeroides under drought conditions. The results of this study suggest that drought can reduce the biological control of A. philoxeroides indirectly by interrupting plant–insect interaction. Therefore, understanding how invasive plants and enemies interactively respond to seasonal climatic disturbances will provide important information for improving and predicting the management efficiency of invasive weeds.     

The effect of the weaver ant,Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), on the mango seed weevil,Sternochetus mangiferae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in mango orchards in the Northern Territory of Australia

Abstract

The mango seed weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius), is one of the major mango insect pests in northern Australia. A reasonable level of control can be obtained with insecticide sprays together with orchard sanitation, but the only option available for organic growers is the latter. Weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), are effective in controlling the main insect pests in citrus, cashew and mango orchards. To determine whether weaver ants, which are usually abundant in non-sprayed mango orchards, have the potential to control the mango seed weevil, field experiments together with regular monitoring programmes at six orchards in the Northern Territory of Australia were conducted from 2001 to 2003. Data from two conventional orchards showed that the treatment with weaver ants plus soft chemicals produced lower levels of downgraded fruits (<0.5%) compared to the treatment with chemical insecticides (1.4 – 2.1%). In three organic or insecticide-free orchards, fruits were much less damaged on trees with weaver ants (<1%) than on trees without the ants (2.5 – 15.7%). In the sixth orchard, that had much higher mango seed weevil populations than the others, levels of downgraded fruits were lower on trees with abundant weaver ants than on trees with fewer weaver ants. We conclude that weaver ants are efficient biocontrol agents of the mango seed weevil, and that for successful control of the pest it is important both to maintain the ants at high levels and to destroy excess fruits.