贵州山地葡萄园土壤和树体养分状况及其评价

以贵州43个葡萄园土壤及葡萄叶柄为研究对象,通过检测葡萄园土壤pH、有机质含量及土壤与葡萄叶柄中矿质元素含量,分析土壤与树体养分含量及亏缺状况,为贵州葡萄栽培管理提供科学施肥依据。结果表明,土壤酸碱度适合葡萄树正常生长;有机质、全N、全P、全K含量偏低,速效K、碱解N、有效P含量处于适量和高量状态;交换性Ca和Mg含量过高,有效Fe、Mn、Cu与Zn含量存在不同程度高量和过量,但也有极少数处于缺乏状态。葡萄叶柄养分N的含量62.8%处于低量状态,37.2%处于适量状态;K、Fe、Ca、Cu、Mn、Zn含量多处于高量状态,也有少量处于低量状态,有效B含量较低,其中69.8%处于低量状态,30.2%处于缺乏状态。建议田间控制K肥和Ca肥的施用量,多施有机肥,着重补充B元素。     

土壤调理剂在葡萄上应用效果的研究

为探讨土壤调理剂对葡萄园土壤、产量和品质的影响及适宜用量,在葡萄园设计不同用量处理,分析了土壤调理剂对产量、品质、土壤理化性状等的影响。试验结果表明,施用土壤调理剂提高了葡萄产量,每667m₂用量100kg时产量最好,比对照提高了39.97%;施用土壤调理剂提高了葡萄单粒重、可溶性固形物和总糖含量;土壤调理剂提高了葡萄园土壤PH值、阳离子交换量、碱解氮、交换性镁和有效锰的含量;综合效果,每667m₂施用75-100kg最为适宜。     

不同种类叶面肥对葡萄果实品质和叶片生长的影响

使用五种不同种类的叶面肥,在不同的葡萄生长时期,对夏黑、巨峰和巨玫瑰三个葡萄品种进行了叶面喷施,喷施后调查了葡萄的果实品质指标和叶片生长指标。结果表明,不同种类的叶面肥对叶片生长及果实品质的影响有很大差异,多种类型的叶面肥配合使用,效果最佳。而且不同葡萄品种,对喷施叶面肥的响应也不同,夏黑葡萄喷施后,果实品质显著提高,但叶片生长指标无明显差异；巨峰葡萄喷施后,果实品质指标和对照相比没有显著差异,但叶片生长指标有显著提高；巨玫瑰葡萄喷施后,果实品质没有明显提高,但对单叶重、叶绿素含量和叶面积有显著提高作用,总体规律不明显。综上所述,不同种类叶面肥配合使用,对葡萄品质提高效果最佳；不同葡萄品种叶面肥使用效果不同,而且其使用效果和土壤肥力、植株本身的吸肥能力等有很大关系。生产上不应盲目施用叶面肥,其中磷酸二氢钾物美价廉,作用可以和许多不同种类的叶面肥媲美。     

The potential of high spatial resolution information to define within-vineyard zones related to vine water status

The goal of this study was to test the usefulness of high-spatial resolution information provided by airborne imagery and soil electrical properties to define plant water restriction zones within-vineyards. The main contribution of this is to propose a study on a large area representing the regions’ vineyard diversity (different age, different varieties and different soils) located in southern France (Languedoc-Roussillon region, France). Nine non-irrigated plots were selected for this work in 2006 and 2007. In each plot, different zones were defined using the high-spatial resolution (1 m²) information provided by airborne imagery (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI). Within each zone, measurements were conducted to assess: (i) vine water status (Pre-dawn Leaf Water Potential, PLWP), (ii) vine vegetative expression (vine trunk circumference and canopy area), (iii) soil electrical resistivity and, (iv) harvest quantity and quality. Large differences were observed for vegetative expression, yield and plant water status between the individual NDVI-defined zones. Significant differences were also observed for soil resistivity and vine trunk circumference, suggesting the temporal stability of the zoning and its relevance to defining vine water status zones. The NDVI zoning could not be related to the observed differences in quality, thus showing the limitations in using this approach to assess grape quality under non-irrigated conditions. The paper concludes with the approach that is currently being considered: using NDVI zones (corresponding to plant water restriction zones) in association with soil electrical resistivity and plant water status measurements to provide an assessment of the spatial variability of grape production at harvest.     

Management zones delineation using fuzzy clustering techniques in grapevines

Precision viticulture aims at managing vineyards at a sub-field scale according to the real needs of each part of the field. The current study focused on delineating management zones using fuzzy clustering techniques and developing a simplified approach for the comparison of zone maps. The study was carried out in a 1.0 ha commercial vineyard in Central Greece during 2009 and 2010. Variation of soil properties across the field was initially measured by means of electrical conductivity, soil depth and topography. To estimate grapevine canopy properties, NDVI was measured at different stages during the vine growth cycle. Yield and grape composition (must sugar content and total acidity) mapping was carried out at harvest. Soil properties, yield and grape composition parameters showed high spatial variability. All measured data were transformed on a 48-cell grid (10 × 20 m) and maps of two management zones were produced using the MZA software. Pixel-by-pixel comparison between maps of electrical conductivity, elevation, slope, soil depth and NDVI with yield and grape composition maps, set as reference parameters, allowed for the calculation of the degree of agreement, i.e. the percentage of pixels belonging to the same zone. The degree of agreement was used to select the best-suited parameters for final management zones delineation. For the year 2009 soil depth, early and mid season NDVI were used for yield-based management zones while for quality-based management zones ECa, early and mid season NDVI were utilized. For the year 2010 ECa, elevation and NDVI acquired during flowering and veraison were used for the delineation of yield-based management zones while for quality-based management zones ECa and NDVI acquired during flowering and harvest were utilized. Results presented here could be the basis for simple management zone delineation and subsequent improved vineyard management.     

不同叶面肥在3个葡萄品种上的应用

研究3种叶面肥对克瑞森无核葡萄、红地球葡萄和木纳格葡萄产量和品质的影响,以期为葡萄生产中高效叶面施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,在葡萄不同生育时期喷施螯合氨基酸钙液肥、腐植酸液肥和平衡营养肥均明显增加了3个葡萄品种叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、产量、可溶性固形物含量和还原型Vc含量,显著降低可滴定酸含量。其中吐鲁番地区的克瑞森无核葡萄以连续喷施4次腐植酸液肥的效果最显著:产量增幅为21.26%,品质显著改善;阿克苏地区的红地球葡萄和木纳格葡萄,以喷施螯合氨基酸钙液肥效果最好:产量增幅分别为8.50%和17.15%,明显高于其他两个喷肥处理,品质也优于其他两个喷肥处理。     

行间生草对赤霞珠葡萄与葡萄酒中主要单体酚的影响

 【目的】研究葡萄园行间生草对葡萄果实与葡萄酒中主要单体酚含量的影响。【方法】在酿酒品种赤霞珠葡萄园行间播种白三叶草、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅,以清耕为对照,在果实成熟期及酒精发酵结束后,采用有机溶剂萃取、HPLC定性与定量分析各处理葡萄与葡萄酒中的主要单体酚含量。【结果】在赤霞珠葡萄果实与葡萄酒中共检测出10种单体酚,包括非类黄酮和类黄酮类,葡萄与葡萄酒中类黄酮类多酚的总含量(409.43～538.63 mg?kg-1和56.16～81.30 mg?L-1)高于非类黄酮(76.91～98.85 mg?kg-1和30.65～41.22 mg?L-1)。在类黄酮中,黄烷醇类儿茶素含量及所占比例最高,葡萄果实及葡萄酒中儿茶素的含量分别占所测单体酚总含量的74.94%～79.70%和48.60%～50.62%。与清耕(对照)相比,行间生草可提高葡萄果实与葡萄酒中主要单体酚的含量及其总量,其中高羊茅和白三叶草处理葡萄果实中安息香酸、水杨酸、咖啡酸、儿茶素含量及单体酚总含量与清耕(对照)之间差异达显著或极显著水平;同时高羊茅处理使葡萄酒中没食子酸、咖啡酸、儿茶素等含量显著升高,在葡萄果实与葡萄酒中各处理单体酚总含量由高到低均为高羊茅?白三叶草?紫花苜蓿?清耕(对照)。【结论】行间生草可提高葡萄与葡萄酒中多酚化合物的含量,从而提高葡萄酒的质量。     

The Effect of Vineyard Cover Crop on Main Monomeric Phenols of Grape Berry and Wine in Vitis viniferal L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.     

Optimising durum wheat cultivation in North Italy: understanding the effects of site-specific fertilization on yield and protein content

Variable rate fertilization and precision harvesting could increase the potential for meeting durum wheat quality standards. Field spatial distribution of yield and protein content, and their interactions with soil properties and N fertilization were evaluated in an experiment on durum wheat in North Italy in 2011 and 2012. Variable rate fertilization was adopted in three management zones (MZs) with increasing soil fertility, and a foliar N was applied at flowering to investigate differences in protein quantity and quality. During the crop cycle, changes in crop biomass and N status were monitored through NDVI measurement, and grain was sampled in each MZ and gluten proteins extracted at harvest. Spatial variability of yield and protein content was mainly driven by soil texture and base fertilization in both the years, while foliar fertilization was not efficient in enhancing grain protein content. Variable rate fertilization partially mitigated the weather impact; however, unpredictable weather conditions resulted in low N use efficiency. High N rates were confirmed to provide high protein levels and enhance gluten proteins technological quality, but with a risk for the environment. The marked spatial variability in grain quality in terms of total protein and gluten protein content, and the ratio between glutenin/gliadin and high and low-molecular weight glutenin sub-units, suggested the implementation of zone harvesting as a strategy to exploit the positive interaction between grain quality and soil fertility.     

Vineyard zone delineation by cluster classification based on annual grape and vine characteristics

This study describes a method for vineyard zone delineation based on spatial interpolation of data on annual monitoring of grape and vine growth from 2007 to 2012 for four commercial vines (Cabernet Sauvignon, Mencía, Merlot and Tempranillo) located in the Bierzo Denomination of Origen (NW Spain). A sampled grid of 20 × 29 m (14 vines/ha) was defined for each vineyard and data were collected for ten soil, six grape composition, three grape production and five vine vigour variables. Continuous maps of each variable were created by spatial interpolation from the sampled points. Several zone delineations were obtained by clustering—using the iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) algorithm—according to different combinations of the studied variables. The resulting zone delineations were analysed (ANOVA) in order to determine whether the variables in the two cluster classifications for two or three zones were statistically different from each other. The selected delineation was the cluster that included total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, pH, mean cluster weight and length of the internode in two zones. The results point to the feasibility of this approach to vineyard zone delineation. Further research is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of this approach for other locations and evaluate the usefulness of introducing new grape and vine variables.     

Effect of the fertilizing system on the yield and quality of grapes

The application of mineral fertilizers to a vineyard renders a positive influence on the structural elements of plants and rises the yield. The highest yield of grape (229 dt/ha) has been obtained in the treatment with N₂₀P₂₀₀K₂₀₀; therefore, a positive effect on its qualitative parameters is noted; the sugar content increases to 18.3%, and the acidity decreases to 5.7 g/L, while the corresponding values in the control are 15.5% and 6.3 g/L, respectively. The application of mineral fertilizers also improves the mechanical compositions and quality of grape berries.     

土壤质量变化对葡萄种植的影响

土壤质量是评判土壤性质好坏的标准之一。人们为了获得高产量、高品质的葡萄而大量施肥,忽略了土壤的承受能力,容易导致葡萄园土壤质量的恶化。主要综述了土壤质量的定义和特性,从土壤物理、化学性质、微生物、施肥和土壤改良等方面分析土壤质量变化对葡萄种植的影响,以期为葡萄种植提供相关参考。     

行间生草对赤霞珠葡萄与葡萄酒含氮化合物的影响

【目的】研究葡萄园行间生草对葡萄果实不同部位与葡萄酒中含氮化合物的影响。【方法】在酿酒品种赤霞珠葡萄园行间播种白三叶草、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅,以清耕为对照,在果实成熟期及酒精发酵结束后,采用凯氏定氮法及全自动氨基酸分析仪测定分析各处理葡萄果皮、果肉、种子及葡萄酒中的总氮、可溶性蛋白质及氨基酸含量。【结果】除紫花苜蓿处理使葡萄种子中可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于清耕(对照)外,行间生草总体使葡萄果皮、果肉及种子中的总氮和可溶性蛋白质含量降低,果实中不同部位总氮及可溶性蛋白质含量也有差异,种子中总氮含量最高,占葡萄果实总氮含量的41.6%,果肉与果皮分别占总氮含量的33.9%及24.5%;葡萄果实中可溶性蛋白质占总氮含量的46.0%,种子、果肉及果皮中可溶性蛋白质分别占果实中可溶性蛋白质总含量的50.9%、33.9%及15.2%;葡萄酒中总氮和可溶性蛋白质含量无显著差异。高羊茅和紫花苜蓿处理使葡萄果实中氨基酸总含量升高,白三叶草处理使其降低,但均无显著差异,各处理葡萄果实中均以脯氨酸含量最高,占氨基酸总含量的45.9%—56.9%,其次是赖氨酸和精氨酸,占氨基酸总含量的16.4%—24.2%。行间生草使葡萄酒游离氨基酸总含量升高,其中高羊茅处理最高,其次是紫花苜蓿处理,这两种生草处理与清耕之间差异达显著水平;各处理葡萄酒中的氨基酸,均以脯氨酸含量最高,占氨基酸总含量的90.11%—92.45%。【结论】行间生草使葡萄果实总氮和可溶性蛋白质含量降低,但总体提高了葡萄与葡萄酒中游离氨基酸总含量,有利于提高葡萄酒的质量。     

不同配方叶面肥对辣椒生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了不同配方叶面肥对辣椒生长及产量和品质的影响.结果表明,不同配方叶面肥均可显著增加辣椒的产量,与清水对照相比,增产12.0%～24.6%,并显著提高植株N、P、K的含量.适当浓度的芸苔素内酯和营养物质配合,可显著促进辣椒植株的生长,提高辣椒叶片中叶绿素含量及叶片的净光合速率,增加植株的生物产量,并能够提高果实维生素C和可溶性糖含量,降低硝酸盐含量,使果实品质得到显著改善.营养物质和芸苔素内酯与微量元素配合,在促进辣椒植株生长、提高果实产量及改善品质方面,可达到最理想施肥效果.     

Are precision agriculture tools and methods relevant at the whole-vineyard scale?

Precision viticulture (PV) has been mainly applied at the field level, for which the ability of high resolution data to match within-field variability has been already shown. However, the interest of PV for grape growers would be greater if its principles could also apply at a larger scale, as most growers still focus their management on a multi-field scale, not considering each field as an isolated unit. The aim of this study was to analyse whether it is possible and relevant to use PV tools to define meaningful management zones at the whole-vineyard scale. The study was carried out on a 90-ha vineyard made of 27 contiguous fields. The spatial variability of vine vigour, estimated with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), was analysed at within-field and whole-vineyard scales. The spatial variability of the vigour was significant and spatially organized whatever the considered scale. Besides, vineyard spatial variability was characterised using information on environmental factors (soil apparent conductivity and elevation) and vine response (yield, vigour and grape composition). At both scales, NDVI and measured environmental factors were used to establish a three-level classification, whose agronomic significance was tested comparing the vine response observed for each class. The analysis of high resolution information allowed the definition of classes with agronomic and oenological implications, although there was not a straightforward correspondence between the classes defined and quality. Analysing the variability at the whole-vineyard scale highlighted a trend of spatial variation associated to elevation that was hardly visible at the within-field level.     

有机叶面肥对巨峰葡萄生长和果实品质的影响

为了对含氨基酸水溶性肥和含海藻酸水溶性肥在巨峰葡萄上的应用效果进行评价,在14 a生巨峰葡萄上,试验设Algifol肥(含海藻酸水溶性肥)1 000倍液、Sipfol肥(含氨基酸水溶性肥)600倍液和清水(空白对照,CK)3个处理,分别于开花前、果实膨大期和果实转色期各喷施1次,研究了不同类型有机叶面肥对葡萄新梢基径、果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施用有机叶面肥能够增加新梢生长量,提高果实产量和品质,其中,Sipfol肥能够显著促进葡萄新梢加粗生长,对增加穗长和单粒质量效果较好;Algifol肥能够明显提高果实的可溶性固形物含量,对增大单穗质量和糖酸比效果较好。在葡萄生长期,施用Sipfol肥有利于新梢生长量的积累,施用Algifol肥有助于提高果实产量和可溶性固形物含量。     

不同施肥处理对毛葡萄野酿2号产量及品质的影响

【目的】分析毛葡萄施用氮、磷、钾肥增产优质效应和筛选最佳配方,为毛葡萄生产施肥决策提供技术支持。【方法】采用“3414”完全实施方案（N、P2O5、K2O三者2水平的施用量分别为：100.20、114.30和108.90 kg/ha）,测定毛葡萄野酿2号的产量及品质,并对肥料及经济效应进行分析。【结果】在土壤速效N含量为196 mg/kg、速效K含量为414 mg/kg的条件下,不同施肥处理对毛葡萄产量促进作用较高的施肥处理组合依次为：N2P2K0（28122.62 kg/ha）＞N0P2K2（27819.57 kg/ha）＞N1P1K2（25940.69 kg/ha）＞N2P0K2（24849.73 kg/ha）;P肥对产量影响不显著;N、K肥对毛葡萄有交互作用,N0P2K2的产量显著高于N3P2K2的产量（21970.80 kg/ha）;随着K肥量的增加,其产量呈逐渐下降。不同施肥处理间对毛葡萄可溶性固形物含量影响差异不显著。【结论】应结合土壤类型及其有效成分含量,根据毛葡萄不同生育期合理调配N、P、K肥的比例。     

Effects of Long-term Located Fertilization on Wheat Yield and Soil Nutrients of Three Types of Soils in Shandong Province

[目的]探讨长期不同施肥条件对山东三大土类小麦产量的影响效果与土壤养分的演变规律。[方法]利用济南连续30年的长期定位试验,设定 CK、NP、NK、PK和 NPK 5个处理,对1984、1987、1988、1989、1990、2001、2005、2006、2007和2010年等多年的土壤养分和作物产量数据进行系统总结。[结果]三大类土壤的小麦产量均在起初几年内明显下降以及在2006年出现明显下降。施磷处理的小麦产量明显高于不施磷处理,说明磷素的供应是保证小麦高产的首要营养因子。各处理产量最高的是褐土,其次是棕壤,而产量较低的是潮土。在相同施肥条件下,棕壤小麦产量受其它因素影响最小,而褐土则易受外界条件的影响,导致年际间小麦产量起伏较大。三大类土壤的碱解氮含量的变化趋势是先降低,后升高随之再降低,自2007年出现明显回升的变化。随着年份的推迟,不施磷处理的有效磷含量呈递减的趋势,而施磷处理则是先升高后下降,而后保持相对稳定的含量。不施钾处理的速效钾含量呈缓慢下降的趋势,施钾处理中 PK和NK处理的速效钾含量一般要高过氮磷钾处理。[结论]合理供应磷肥和氮肥,再补足钾肥,是有效提高小麦产量的施肥措施。     

不同硼肥对草莓生长发育和品质的影响

[目的]探讨喷施不同硼肥对草莓生长发育、产量和品质的影响.[方法]以草莓品种‘红颜’为试材,从现蕾期开始分别对草莓喷施清水、硼砂、八硼酸钠4次,于初花期和果实成熟期测定草莓株高、茎粗、叶片面积、叶柄长度等生长指标,于采收期测定草莓单果重等产量指标,于果实成熟期测定VC、含糖量、有机酸等品质指标.[结果]试验结果表明,施用八硼酸钠促进了草莓植株生长,株高和叶面积较对照处理显著增加,根冠比与对照处理间差异不显著.喷施硼肥后,草莓单果质量和产量均显著增加,其中,喷施八硼酸钠和硼砂处理单果质量分别较对照处理增重.20.14％和4.86％;产量分别提高较对照处理提高17.28％和4.02％.同时改善了草莓品质,VC、可溶性固形物和糖酸比均较对照处理和硼砂处理显著增加.喷施硼肥后草莓叶片硼素含量升高,表现为八硼酸钠处理＞硼砂处理＞对照处理.[结论]喷施八硼酸钠在一定程度上可促进草莓植株生长,显著提高草莓产量,同时可改善草莓品质.     

Foliar application of micronutrients enhances crop stand,yield and the biofortification essential for human health of different wheat cultivars

Globally about half of the world's population is under micronutrient malnutrition due to poor quality food intake. To overcome this problem, fortification and biofortification techniques are often used. Biofortification is considered a better option than fortification due to the easy control of nutrient deficiencies present in daily food. This field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar application of a micronutrient mixture(MNM) consisting of zinc(Zn), iron(Fe), copper(Cu), manganese(Mn) and boron(B) on yield and flour quality of wheat. The results show the effectiveness of foliar feeding for growth and yield parameters, in addition to the enriching of wheat grains with Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and B. Compared to the control without foliar feeding, foliar application on wheat crop increased tillering ability, spike length, grain yield and the contents of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B by 21, 47, 22, 22 and 25% in wheat flour, respectively. Therefore, foliar feeding of micronutrients could be an effective approach to enrich wheat grains with essential nutrients for correcting malnutrition.