影响小鼠腔前卵泡体外发育因素的研究

通过在培养液中添加胎牛血清（FCS），牛血清白蛋白（BSA）及卵泡刺激素（FSH），对小鼠腔前卵泡进行体外培养，观察卵泡腔的形成及雌二醇（Estradiolum,E2)和睾酮（Testosteroni propioas,T)的分泌情况.     

利用激素诱导青年母猪发情及人工授精的受胎效果观察

孕马血清促性腺激素（血促性素）PMSG具有促卵泡素（FSH）和促黄体素（LH）的功能,主要是FSH功能,能促卵泡发育、成熟。人绒毛膜促性腺激素（绒促性素）hCG具有促黄体素（LH）和促卵泡素（FSH）的功能,主要是LH功能,能促卵泡成熟、排卵。二者协调可以使处于卵巢静止的青年母猪卵泡发育、成熟、排卵。     

发情母猪激素变化机理与生殖激素的应用

<正>1猪发情激素变化机理母猪的正常发情周期为21天,垂体前叶会在发情周期的后期,大约18～20天时分泌促卵泡素,促黄体素是在发情周期的0～2天分泌的,作用为刺激排卵。1.1促卵泡素促卵泡素(FSH)是垂体前叶分泌的一种激素。FSH可促进卵巢中卵泡的发育,每个卵泡中包含一个成熟的卵子。这些卵泡成熟时,会分泌雌激素,后者会刺激母猪表现出典型的静立发情     

鸭异体卵巢移植后生殖激素水平变化及卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡的研究

选取健康麻鸭进行同种异体卵巢移植，移植后测定45日龄、75日龄、105日龄、开产日龄、开产后30日龄和开产后60日龄时血浆促卵泡素（FSH）、促黄体素（LH）、雌二醇㈤水平；并且在产蛋期内不同的时间获取各个级别卵泡的颗粒细胞，检测其凋亡率。结果显示，移植后FSH、LH、E2的分泌均高于对照组，在开产30日龄时差异显著，表明移植成功并且卵巢发育良好，卵巢功能正常；移植后各级卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡率显著低于对照组，并且随着卵泡直径的增加，颗粒细胞的凋亡率呈现下降的趋势，表明卵巢移植可以降低卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡率。结论：同种异体卵巢移植卵巢发育良好，具用正常的分泌功能，可以降低卵泡颗粒细胞的凋亡率。     

不同月龄绵羔羊卵泡发育的比较研究

本研究旨在比较1、3月龄绵羔羊激素处理后卵巢、子宫及血液中促卵泡激素(FSH)变化,研究不同月龄对羔羊卵泡发育的影响。通过对1、3月龄羔羊进行FSH和孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)处理,比较羔羊在激素处理前后血液中FSH水平和卵巢、子宫大小变化,卵巢上2～8 mm卵泡的数量和卵母细胞体外成熟、受精后胚胎的发育情况。结果表明:1月龄羔羊实验组体内整体FSH水平高于3月龄羔羊(P<0.05)。1月龄羔羊注射外源激素后两侧卵巢可获卵母细胞数(42.3±2.5、36.8±1.1)枚及体外受精囊胚发育率(16.33%±0.96%)显著高于3月龄羔羊卵母细胞数(10.0±0.7、8.5±0.6)枚及囊胚率(9.29%±1.55%)(P<0.05)。羔羊进行超数排卵处理时卵巢上卵泡发育与血液中FSH水平密切相关,且较高的FSH水平预示着较多的卵泡发育。     

超排处理对家兔生殖器官形态及激素水平的影响

【目的】 研究超排处理对家兔生殖器官组织形态和激素水平的影响。【方法】 将12只家兔分为试验组和对照组，每组各6只，在试验组家兔大腿内侧肌内注射70 IU孕马血清促性腺激素（pregnant mare serum gonadotropin，PMSG），72 h后同位置注射100 IU人绒毛促性腺激素（human chorionic gonadotropin，hCG），对照组均同时注射等体积生理盐水。试验组与对照组均采取与公兔合笼刺激诱导排卵，合笼24 h处死家兔并采集卵巢、输卵管、子宫，测量卵巢长度、宽度、厚度，子宫长度、宽度、周长、子宫壁厚度和输卵管长度、漏斗部宽度、峡部宽度、壶腹部宽度，并将卵巢制作成组织切片，通过HE染色研究卵巢卵泡变化；分别在注射PMSG前、注射hCG前及处死前采集对照组和试验组家兔耳缘静脉血，用ELISA法检测血清中抑制素（inhibin，INH）、促卵泡素（follicle-stimulating hormone，FSH）、促黄体素（luteinizing hormone，LH）、雌二醇（estradiol，E₂）和孕酮（progesterone，P₄）的含量。【结果】 与对照组相比，试验组卵巢组织重量、长度、宽度、厚度、充血卵泡数、排卵点数和闭锁卵泡数均极显著增加（P<0.01），卵巢内次级卵泡的直径显著变小（P<0.05）；输卵管长度、壶腹部宽度和子宫宽度均显著增加（P<0.05），输卵管漏斗部宽度和子宫长度均极显著增加（P<0.01）。在3个不同采血时间，对照组家兔血清中INH水平呈递增趋势，在注射hCG前和处死前试验组INH含量均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；注射hCG前，试验组血清中FSH含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05），而在处死前试验组血清中FSH含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；注射hCG前和处死前试验组血清中LH含量均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）；试验组与对照组家兔血清中P₄和E₂含量在各时间点差异均不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】 70 IU PMSG+100 IU hCG组合的超排处理使家兔的卵巢体积增大、表面排卵点数增多，并协同内源激素作用于卵巢，获得较好的超排效果。     

促卵泡激素和胰岛素对牛卵泡颗粒细胞长期培养的影响

以McCoy’s5a为基础培养液添加硒、转铁蛋白、雄烯二酮、谷氨酰胺，对牛卵巢上大（直径〉8mm）、中（4mm〈直径〈8mm）、小（直径〈4mm）非闭锁卵泡的颗粒细胞进行无血清培养，研究添加不同浓度的促卵泡激素（FSH）和胰岛素对颗粒细胞增生、分化和激素分泌的影响。结果，FSH能诱导颗粒细胞增生及提高其雌二醇合成能力，颗粒细胞雌二醇的合成能力与生理浓度的FSH存在剂量依赖关系。胰岛素对大、中、小卵泡颗粒细胞增生和雌激素分泌有促进作用。     

促性腺激素(FSH、LH)对牛腔前卵泡体外发育及E_2分泌的影响

利用McCoy's 5a基础无血清培养系统研究了促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)2种促性腺激素对牛腔前卵泡的体外生长、存活及雌二醇(E2)分泌的影响.结果显示,培养液中单独添加LH对牛腔前卵泡生长影响不大,而单独添加50、100μg/L以上FSH对牛腔前卵泡直径增长和培养后期体外存活有明显的促进作用;当培养液中有10 μg/L LH存在时,2种促性腺激素协同刺激卵泡生长的作用更加明显.添加10 μg/L LH 50μg/L FSH对腔前卵泡体外生长、发育、存活及E2分泌均具有显著的促进作用(P<0.05).     

褪黑素与卵泡刺激素对小鼠卵巢卵泡发育及其血管生成的影响

为了探讨褪黑素(Mel)与卵泡刺激素(FSH)对雌性动物卵巢卵泡发育及其血管的影响，选取40只3周龄ICR雌性小鼠随机均分为4组，即：对照组(Control组)、褪黑素组(Mel组)、卵泡刺激素组(FSH组)和卵泡刺激素+褪黑素组(FSH+Mel组),腹腔分别连续注射生理盐水、Mel、FSH和FSH+Mel后的第13天8:00采集血样及卵巢。每组采集5只小鼠的左侧卵巢进行固定，HE染色观察卵泡发育状况，免疫荧光技术观察卵泡血管状况；剩余卵巢利用Western blot测定Bax、Bcl-2的蛋白表达量。结果：与对照组相比，显著升高的有：Mel组和FSH组卵泡直径50～150μm卵泡数，FSH组和FSH+Mel组血清雌二醇、孕酮浓度，Mel组、FSH组和FSH+Mel组Bcl-2蛋白表达，Mel组>250～350μm卵泡CD34荧光强度，FSH组和FSH+Mel组>350～450μm卵泡毛细血管数和CD34荧光强度(P<0.05);显著降低的有：Mel组、FSH组和FSH+Mel组Bax蛋白和卵泡闭锁率(P<0.05);极显著升高的有：FSH组和FSH+Mel组卵...     

褪黑素对体外培养绵羊垂体细胞分泌激素的影响

文章采用体外细胞培养和放射免疫测定(RIA)等方法,研究了褪黑素(MLT)对季节性繁殖的蒙古母羊垂体细胞分泌促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)和促乳素(PRL)的作用。结果表明:当单独用递增的MLT(0、10、100、1000pg/ml)处理原代垂体细胞时,伴随时间的延长FSH的分泌量极显著下降(P<0·01),但对LH的基础分泌没有影响;用10IU/ml hCG单独刺激或用不同剂量MLT与10IU/ml hCG共同刺激垂体细胞,FSH和LH的分泌都极显著高于对照组(P<0·01),但与MLT的剂量没有关系。MLT能改变抑制垂体细胞PRL的分泌,用10IU/ml HCG单独作用使垂体细胞PRL分泌减少,但这种作用可被MLT呈剂量依赖性抑制。本研究表明MLT可作用于季节性繁殖蒙古绵羊的垂体细胞并影响其促性腺激素的分泌。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.