渭北旱塬垃圾堆积降雨侵蚀试验研究

[目的]研究渭北旱塬垃圾堆积降雨侵蚀过程及机理,为渭北旱塬垃圾堆积降雨侵蚀防治提供科学依据。[方法]基于人工模拟降雨试验,设计了2个降雨强度(1.2和2.0mm/min)以及2个垃圾堆积类型(即垃圾堆积成斜坡,无侵蚀发生地表上的垃圾堆),进行2个垃圾堆积类型和裸露的撂荒坡降雨侵蚀过程的对比研究。[结果]当降雨强度I=1.2mm/min,垃圾堆积成斜坡的侵蚀产沙总量为117.94kg,撂荒坡的侵蚀产沙量为10.86kg,垃圾堆积成斜坡比撂荒坡的侵蚀产沙总量为107.08kg;当降雨强度I=2.0mm/min,垃圾堆积成斜坡比撂荒坡的侵蚀产沙总量多出225.72kg,而倾倒在无侵蚀发生地表上的垃圾堆积侵蚀产沙量相对较少;对垃圾堆积坡面径流的侵蚀能量(E)及侵蚀能量消耗(E启动泥沙、E搬运泥沙)、含沙水流作用于底床上的拖曳力(F)分析得出,垃圾堆积与下垫面形成了缝隙或软弱面,从而导致坡面径流,降低了启动松散垃圾堆积泥沙颗粒所消耗的能量,坡面径流的侵蚀能量(E)主要消耗在搬运输移垃圾堆积颗粒。[结论]含有垃圾颗粒物质水流将维持较高流速,含有垃圾颗粒物质水流因其产生较强的拖曳力加剧了细沟侵蚀。     

清水河流域场次洪水输沙特性及关键影响因素

[目的]揭示水沙对关键环境因子的响应规律，以期为促进黄河流域水土保持综合治理提供理论基础。[方法]利用清水河流域场次洪量和输沙量数据，基于径流侵蚀功率理论和随机森林等方法系统分析了清水河流域场次洪水输沙特性及其关键影响因素。[结果]流域产洪输沙量呈现显著的空间分异特性，影响不同子流域洪水输沙过程的主要参量有所区别。随机森林结果表明在小量级洪水频发的区域主要影响因素为径流深、洪水历时与洪峰流量，而在中量级洪水频发的区域则分别为径流深、洪峰流量与平均流量。在侵蚀产沙的解释变量中引入表征径流过程的复合指标更能综合体现天然降水和流域下垫面属性对次洪过程侵蚀产沙的影响，其拟合精度相较于传统的径流-输沙关系更高。[结论]相比于传统的径流深、平均流量或者洪峰流量等单一径流参量指标，径流侵蚀功率更适宜描述次洪尺度水沙关系。     

工程堆积体坡面侵蚀泥沙分选特性与运移机制研究

为揭示工程堆积体陡坡坡面在径流驱动下侵蚀泥沙颗粒分选特征及搬运机制,设计了3种上方来水流量(10,20,30 L/min)下的野外模拟径流冲刷试验,对杨凌弃土工程堆积体陡坡坡面(32°)侵蚀泥沙的颗粒分布特征进行分析。结果表明:侵蚀泥沙(分散前)中黏粒、细粉粒较原始土壤明显增加,易产生侵蚀;径流对团粒破碎作用影响侵蚀泥沙黏粒含量,当径流功率＜1.71 N/(m·s)时,黏粒含量与径流功率呈负相关,＞3.89 N/(m·s)时则呈正相关;侵蚀泥沙中细粉粒、粗粉粒主要以单粒的形式搬运,而黏粒以及砂粒多以团粒的形式搬运;侵蚀泥沙中黏粒表现为富集,砂粒表现为贫化;泥沙颗粒粒径决定其主要搬运形式,＜0.11 mm的泥沙颗粒以悬移/跃移搬运为主,＞0.11 mm的泥沙颗粒以滚动搬运为主;滚动搬运的贡献率随径流搬运能力的增强呈先增大后减小。研究结果将有助于揭示工程堆积体坡面水蚀过程机理,为提高工程堆积体陡坡坡面水蚀模型预测精度提供科学依据。     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面侵蚀—沉积过程试验研究

[目的]分析各影响因素作用下黄土坡面的侵蚀—沉积过程,为陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持措施的合理布设以及水土流失防治规划提供科学依据。[方法]采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法对不同坡度、坡长和60 mm/h降雨强度条件下的黄土坡面侵蚀—沉积过程特征开展研究。[结果](1)净侵蚀过程主要发生时间为在达到侵蚀速率峰值前后,在降雨开始35 min左右内,侵蚀速率在整个降雨过程出现正负值交替变化,侵蚀过程与沉积过程并存。(2)坡度为5°,10°,15°时,单位面积侵蚀量随坡长的增加而减少,5—10 m坡段中存在明显的沉积过程和临界侵蚀坡长。试验条件下黄土坡面发生沉积的临界坡长在4—5 m以及5—10 m范围内。(3)在5°,15°坡度下,整个降雨过程中0—5 m坡段的累计单位面积侵蚀量均大于0—10 m坡段坡面,侵蚀过程中一直伴有沉积现象;10°坡面分别在降雨后15 min左右开始伴有沉积现象出现。[结论]坡度和坡长是影响黄土坡面侵蚀—沉积过程的重要因素,坡面径流含沙量和单位面积侵蚀量可以作为表征黄土坡面侵蚀—沉积特征的重要因子。在治理坡面水土流失时应采用拦截中上坡位径流的水土保持措施。     

不同植被格局对梁峁坡-沟坡的侵蚀动力作用机制

[目的]探究不同植被格局对梁峁坡—沟坡的侵蚀动力作用机制,为进一步揭示草地坡面侵蚀规律和植被减蚀效应研究提供科学依据。[方法]以梁峁坡—沟坡为研究对象,采用室内降雨模拟降雨和三维激光扫描技术,分析不同植被格局对梁峁坡—沟坡侵蚀动力作用机制。[结果]径流流速和含沙量共同影响着坡面侵蚀动力过程,径流流速是主要影响因素。坡面的侵蚀产沙来源主要位于沟坡内,不同植被格局下梁峁坡与沟坡产沙比例的不同,反映了植被调控侵蚀的范围和强度的不同。草带位于梁峁坡中下部时,不但能够有效降低梁峁坡的侵蚀程度,而且能够有效抑制和减缓沟坡内的径流流速,大幅度降低梁峁坡下部和沟坡内的侵蚀程度。[结论]不同植被格局可以通过影响径流流速和含沙量来调控梁峁坡—沟坡侵蚀动力。     

植被覆盖坡面土壤侵蚀的水动力学机理

[目的]研究植被覆盖坡面土壤侵蚀发生的动力学机制,为揭示华北土石山区植被覆盖坡面侵蚀机理提供理论支撑。[方法]从坡面径流水动力学特性出发,基于人工模拟降雨的方法,定量研究油松、侧柏、栓皮栎和酸枣覆盖坡面径流水动力学过程和侵蚀过程的相互关系。[结果]侧柏覆盖坡面的产流量最大,平均总产流量为56.85 L。而产沙量最高的则是栓皮栎覆盖坡面,平均总产沙量高达1 189.15 g。各植被覆盖坡面径流流速范围为0.803±0.213～4.276±0.430 m/min。栓皮栎覆盖坡面径流流速最快,平均流速为2.930 m/min。4种植被覆盖坡面径流雷诺数和弗劳德数范围分别为7.271～62.630和0.177～0.900,径流雷诺数与弗劳德数均随着降雨强度的增大而增大。[结论]坡面植被覆被具有良好的减流减沙效果。植被覆盖坡面径流水动力学要素与产沙率密切相关,是预测土壤侵蚀过程的重要因子。     

基于双土槽试验研究的黄土坡面侵蚀产沙过程

 定量分析梁峁坡面各侵蚀带之间侵蚀过程中的相互作用及其影响机理,将为坡面侵蚀预报模型的建立提供重要的理论基础。利用供沙土槽和试验土槽双土槽径流小区,研究不同上方汇流含沙量、不同降雨强度和不同地表面条件下的黏黄土陡坡面(15°)上方汇流汇沙,对坡下方侵蚀产沙过程的影响。研究结果表明:上方汇流汇沙对坡面侵蚀产沙过程有重要影响,上方来沙不但被径流全部搬运,而且上方来水在试验土槽引起了净侵蚀产沙量,坡面侵蚀现象为侵蚀-搬运过程占主导地位。对于疏松土和紧实土处理,上方汇流引起坡下方的净侵蚀产沙量,分别占试验土槽全部产沙量的31.1％-97.3％和45.1％-89.7％。上方汇流引起坡下方净侵蚀产沙量随降雨强度的增加而增加,同时受土壤容重和下垫面细沟侵蚀发展过程的综合影响。土壤容重影响坡面侵蚀的发生和发展,而坡面侵蚀产沙过程与细沟发育过程相对应。     

上方来水来沙对细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响

利用双土槽系统径流小区 (供沙土槽和试验土槽 ) ,定量研究了不同上方来水含沙量和不同降雨强度下 15°坡面上方来水来沙对坡下方细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响。结果表明 ,坡上方来沙量不但被径流全部搬运 ,且坡上方来水在坡下方细沟侵蚀槽引起另外的侵蚀产沙量 S。坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主。上方来水对细沟侵蚀产沙的贡献受上方来水含沙量和降雨强度的影响。降雨强度的增加或上方来水含沙量的减少 ,使 S值的增加更为显著     

上方来水来沙对细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响

利用双土槽系统径流小区 (供沙土槽和试验土槽 ),定量研究了不同上方来水含沙量和不同降雨强度下 15^°坡面上方来水来沙对坡下方细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响。结果表明,坡上方来沙量不但被径流全部搬运,且坡上方来水在坡下方细沟侵蚀槽引起另外的侵蚀产沙量 S。坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主。上方来水对细沟侵蚀产沙的贡献受上方来水含沙量和降雨强度的影响。降雨强度的增加或上方来水含沙量的减少,使 S值的增加更为显著.     

东北黑土区顺坡垄作和无垄作坡面侵蚀过程对比

[目的]以无垄作坡面侵蚀过程为对照,研究顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀过程及机理,为东北黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。[方法]基于人工模拟降雨试验,设计了3个降雨强度(50,75和100mm/h)以及1个坡度(即顺坡垄作改横坡垄作的临界坡度5°),进行顺坡垄作和无垄作坡面侵蚀过程的对比研究。[结果]顺坡垄作坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别较无垄作坡面增加了1.2~1.7和1.3~2.1倍,径流和侵蚀过程也发生了变化。与无垄作坡面相比,顺坡垄沟的集中汇流作用使坡面水流流速增加了1.0~2.3倍,径流剪切力增加了0.7~1.2倍,其坡面侵蚀方式也由片蚀为主转变为以细沟侵蚀为主,细沟侵蚀量可占总侵蚀量的55.3%~65.6%。[结论]坡面水流流速增加和细沟侵蚀发生是导致顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀增加的主要原因。     

THE IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF GLUCURONIC AND GALACTURONIC ACIDS IN SCOTTISH SOILS AND SOIL FRACTIONS USING ION-EXCHANGE AND GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Two methods have been used for the identification and determination of uronic acids in soils and soil fractions. The uronic acids were released by hydrolysis with sulphuric acid. After partial purification by ion-exchange chromatography they were separated either by further ion-exchange or by gas-liquid chromatography of derivatives. The latter method is preferable for determination of the specific activities of uronic acids in soil tracer work. Both galacturonic and glucuronic acids were detected in the four Scottish soils examined, the galacturonic acid being present in slightly greater amounts in each soil. Mannuronic acid was not detected. The total amount of uronic acids found ranged from about 4 mg to 6 mg/g soil.     

甲酸甲烷杆菌和甲烷八叠球菌的分离和特征

本文介绍从德国哥廷根污水处理厂腐化塔污泥中分离出的两株甲烷细菌，其中一株为甲酸甲烷杆菌（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｆｏｒｍｉｃｉｃｕｍ），其细胞杆状，可利用甲酸或Ｈ２／ＣＯ２作为碳源和能源，另一株为甲烷八叠球菌属（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｓａｒｃｉｎａ），其细胞球状，成堆排列，可利用甲醇或Ｈ２／ＣＯ２作为碳源和能源。     

有机无机肥配施对小麦吸收氮磷及土壤肥力的影响

￣（１５）Ｎ示踪试验表明，有机无机肥配施促进了有机叉的矿化和小麦对有机氮的吸收利用，基施氮肥主要用于营养器官的形成，返青追肥主要用于生殖器官的形成。有机无机氮肥配施提高了总氮生产效率。配施处理小麦对磷素的吸收总量稍高于单施无机氮肥处理，磷素在籽粒中的分配率稍低于单施无机氮肥处理是导致磷素生产效率下降的重要因素。有机无机肥配施提高小麦产量的同时也培肥了地力，是小麦高产稳产的重主措施之一     

MAKING SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SUSTAINABLE: FROM COERCION AND CONTROL TO PARTNERSHIPS AND PARTICIPATION

For close to a century, rural development policies and practice have taken the view that farmers are mismanagers of soil and water. This paper reviews the history of farmers being advised, paid and forced to adopt new soil and water conservation measures and practices. Many have done so, and environments and economies have benefited in the short term, but ill-conceived policies and badly designed programmes and projects have undermined these efforts in the name of conservation. Most efforts have been remarkably unsuccessful, often resulting in more erosion. They have undermined the credibility of conservation and wasted huge sums of money. For a new era of soil and water conservation, new initiatives are showing how to make conservation sustainable. Farmers are now considered the potential solution rather than the problem, and so the value of local knowledge and skills is being put at the core of new programmes. This involves a major focus on building farmers' capacity to innovate and develop technologies appropriate to their own conditions. Local organizations are strengthened through participatory processes, this participation being interactive and empowering. Recent evidence is indicating that these new interactions between professionals and farmers are producing considerable productive and sustainable benefits. For widespread impact, enabling policy frameworks are still needed to encourage the spread of more sustainable practices for agriculture. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土与古土壤中重金属的存在形态及风化成土作用对其影响

本文采用了七步连续萃取方法，研究了洛川黄土剖面黄土与古土壤中Ｆｅ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｏ和Ｎｉ五种重金属的存在形态。结果表明：黄土与古土壤中上述元素主要存在于残余态和晶形，无定形氧化铁的结合态中，而且线性回归分析表明Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｎｉ与晶形氧化铁之间存在关；ｃＵ，ｃＯ，Ｎｉ与无定形氧化铁之间存在相关；黄土风化为古土壤后，碳酸盐结合态的重金属含量增加是古土壤相对于黄土重金属增加的主要原因。     

水肥耦合对小麦玉米带田产量效应及土壤水分动态研究

采用3414最优回归设计方案,研究了水肥耦合对小麦玉米带田产量效应及土壤水分动态规律。结果表明：不同水肥耦合模式对带田作物的产量差异达极显著水平。在灌水量4800m3/hm^2,施氮肥420kg/hm^2,磷肥120kg/hm^2的处理（W2N2P2）中,带田产量和水分利用效率达最高值,决定带田总体产量性状主要因子为氮...     

稻草和尿素配施时水稻对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收利用

利用＾１５Ｎ同位素示踪技术,研究了稻草和尿素配施时水稻对肥料和土壤氮的吸收。结果表明,稻草单施导致土壤速效氮的生物固定,氮素供应不足是影响水稻分蘖成穗的限制因子,稻草配合尿素施用,明显改善肥料氮和土壤氮的供应,既有利于当季水稻增产,也有利于培养土壤肥力,还有利于后茬物作产量的提高 。     

MIGRATION AND AGGREGATION OF Na AND Ca CLAYS BY THE FREEZING OF DISPERSED AND FLOCCULATED SUSPENSIONS

The ability of clay to move ahead of an ice-liquid interface depends on the rate of freezing, the particle size, the release of dissolved air from the water through its probable effect on local freezing rates, and on the electrolyte and its concentration through their effects on interparticle forces and particle mobility. A freezing-rate of 1 cm per hour did not move flocculated clay in most cases, but moved dispersed clay up to 0.7 cm before being trapped in the ice with released air. Aggregates of clay (0.1 to 1 mm) were produced by freezing. After thawing they swelled and dispersed depending on the electrolyte and its concentration in a similar manner to aggregates formed by drying.     

GROWTH AND POTASSIUM TRANSPORT IN COMMON AND DURUM WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY ALUMINUM AND NITRITE STRESS

Aluminum (Al) toxicity has been identified as one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in acid soil. Besides Al, nitrite (NO₂ ^?) may also be a significant stress factor in an acid environment. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Al and NO₂ ^? stress on the growth and potassium (K⁺) uptake of roots and their transport toward the shoots of an Al-resistant common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Jubilejnaja 50) and an Al-sensitive durum wheat (T. durum Desf. cv. GK Betadur) grown in 0.5 mM CaSO₄ solution at pH 4.1 or 6.5. Root elongation of durum wheat was inhibited with 30% at 10 μM AlCl₃ treatment, while this low Al-concentration did not show a significant effect on root growth of common wheat. In all cases shoot growth was not influenced under low-salt conditions by 10 μ M AlCl₃, but exposure to 100 μM KNO₂ (alone or in combination with Al) had a definite stimulatory effect on growth. Aluminum was found to stimulate the K⁺(⁸⁶Rb) influx in short-term (6 h) experiments, but to inhibit it in long-term (3 days) experiments. This treatment was thought to damage the plasma membrane. When 10 μM 2,4-dinitrophenol was present in the uptake solution the Al-stimulated K⁺ uptake stopped even in short-term experiments. In the case of nitrite and nitrite + Al treatment combinations, however, a striking inhibition was observed in the K⁺(⁸⁶Rb) influx and the K⁺ concentration of the roots and shoots of both species.     

SELECTIVITY AND PARTITIONING OF POTASSIUM AND SODIUM IN SESAME

Net uptake and partitioning of sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) in plants of two sesame cultivars (Sesamum indicum cv. ‘PB-1’ and cv. ‘UCR’) exposed to 20 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) were studied over a period of 28 days. Both cultivars showed a marked discrimination between K⁺ and Na⁺ during uptake. The reduction of K⁺ in the plants caused by the NaCl treatment was of similar magnitude in the two cvs. The cv. ‘UCR’ showed lower Na⁺ concentrations in the shoot tissues than ‘PB-1’ and K⁺/Na⁺ selectivity ratios were higher in cv. ‘UCR’ than in cv. ‘PB-1’. At the last sampling on day 28 there was a marked decrease of shoot growth in cv. ‘PB-1’ in comparison to the cv. ‘UCR’. Leaves of cv. ‘PB-1’ showed clear toxic symptoms, while those of cv. ‘UCR’ did not. It is concluded that Na⁺ exclusion from the shoot contributes to salt tolerance of sesame, cv. ‘UCR’.