Open Park Transformation and Upgrading Means of Comprehensive Park: A Case Study of Xuzhou Quanshan Forest Park

The transformation and upgrading of comprehensive park can not be only limited to the adjustment for structure, function and landscape facility of comprehensive park itself, which shall be carried out as a whole. Viewing from the macroscopic perspective of city, comprehensive park is an important constituent part of urban green space system, and its transformation is an integral part of overall perfection and development of urban green space system. Park is an organic integrity comprising many elements. The transformation of comprehensive park shall be carried out as a whole and handled by using the methods of "from top to bottom" and "from bottom to top", thus adjusting the relationship between park and city and within park on the whole. This research takes the open park transformation and upgrading of Xuzhou Quanshan Forest Park as an example to introduce the key points of open park transformation from such aspects as of entrance space, overall space structure, service function expansion and spatial form optimization in expectation of having a certain reference value.     

城市空间增长效应评价方法——以重庆市为例

在城市空间快速增长背景下,开展城市空间增长效应评价研究,有助于解决城市空间增长中出现的问题,可为确定城市空间发展战略、制定空间发展政策提供依据。城市空间增长效应评价方法旨在定量、客观地判断城市空间增长过程中要素配置与运行是否合理、高效和公平。笔者建立了结构配置效应、经济配置效应和公平配置效应3个方面的评价体系,通过目标法对城市空间增长效应进行评价,得出空间增长效应评价函数。以重庆市为例进行实证分析,结果显示：重庆市2004-2013年间的城市空间增长效应总体呈上升发展趋势,结构性、公平性趋好;合理配置效应和经济配置效应波动显著,反映出城市建设面临的用地结构优化、用地效率提升等方面的问题。     

城市防灾避险绿地系统的构建

城市防灾避险绿地系统构建是城市绿地系统规划的重要内容。宏观上要在城乡总体规划的框架内,在城市抗震防灾等规划的指导下,构建与城市绿地系统规划空间层次相互衔接、逐级控制的防灾避险绿地规划体系;中观上要根据避险时序及空间关系等要素,对避险绿地、绿色疏散通道、隔离缓冲绿带等各级防灾避险绿地进行定量定位的合理布局;微观上要对每一块避险绿地、绿色疏散通道、隔离缓冲绿带进行深入与细化设计,共同构筑结构合理、层次清晰、分布均衡的城市防灾避险绿地体系。     

Optimization of Urban Opening Space Pattern Based on Landscape Ecology

City is a spatial synthesis which consists of various buildings and urban opening space.With the developing of the urbanization,the urban planning will directly influence the sustainable development of a city,and the optimization of the urban zone pattern is the main section of the urban planning.The urban opening space is the main part of the urban landscape with important eco-function.Due to its flexibility,the urban opening space is becoming the object of the urban landscape pattern.In this study,some ecological problems during urban development were discussed,and a series of strategies of urban opening space pattern optimization have been put forward based on landscape planning theories.     

城市公园的使用功能研究——以石家庄市长安公园、水上公园为例

城市公园是城市中环境最优美的游憩空间,具有满足人们多种休闲活动得需要。从市民对城市公园使用的角度,对石家庄市城市公园的使用功能进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,要充分发挥城市公园的使用功能必须增加城市公园的文化内涵,丰富活动内容;营造多种活动空间,同时强调公园的功能分区;完善城市公园环境设施,加强城市公园的安全性建设。     

城市绿地信息提取的研究进展

为了研究城市绿地信息的提取,笔者综述了国内外近10年的绿地信息提取的研究,发现中低分辨率的影像主要用基于像元的方法,高分辨率的影像主要利用面向对象化的方法。中低分辨率的影像获取成本比高分辨率的影像低。基于像元的方法存在椒盐现象,精度不高,但操作简便。面向对象化的方法操作复杂,但精度高,能满足景观生态学的意义。城市绿地信息的提取还存在不足,不符合城市绿地系统的分类标准,在今后的研究中还需要按照城市绿地系统分类标准提取绿地信息。     

Living in Two Worlds: A Review of Home‐to‐Work Decisions

ABSTRACT This paper discusses various aspects of the economic analysis of commuting behavior. It starts with a review of two difficulties associated with urban economics models: the empirically falsified prediction of the relation between commuting time and income, and the presence of substantial excess commuting. Notwithstanding these anomalies, research that focuses directly on the value of travel time provides evidence that there is substantial resistance against commuting among large groups of workers. However, commuting costs are just one among many other explanatory variables for actual commuting behavior, and commuting itself has become much less onerous over time. This suggests that commuting costs play a much more limited role than has been assumed in the past. On the other hand, empirical evidence suggests that space is more important than one would be inclined to think on the basis of the considerations just given. These empirical regularities suggest that other space‐related aspects of the functioning of urban labor and housing markets are more important than was previously thought.     

城市公园灰空间研究——以哈尔滨太阳岛公园为例

"灰空间"作为一个建筑概念被提出,主要指连接室内外的过渡空间。近年来,灰空间也逐渐被应用到园林领域。基于建筑和园林灰空间的研究,提出了城市公园灰空间的定义,确定了其属性、形态、密度和类型,并以哈尔滨太阳岛公园内12处灰空间为研究对象,按形态将其分为4类,结合属性、密度、类型3个方面进行实例分析,以期通过分析对未来城市公园的设计起到积极的作用。     

Solution of integrated reflection for cities

The complicated architectural layout and form within urban area lead to the phenomenon of multiple-reflection radiation in the urban area. And this multiple-reflection radiation directly affects the thermal environment in urban areas. This paper is based on the theoretical basis of multiple-reflection between the buildings and converts the problem of urban integrated reflectivity into geometrical parameters which are relevant to the urban spatial structure. At the same time, a case study was taken to obtain an integrated reflectivity which had taken the structure of urban space into account. The results show the integrated reflection is lower 32.4% than the normal situation.     

Social and Psychological Benefit of Urban Green Space

Recent rapid urbanization has broad impact on the contemporary urban environment. Preserving the natural environment has become the central issues in the world. The main concern of this paper is to address the importance of social function of green space. Some results of a survey conducted among visitors of urban parks in Mianyang city in Sichuan Province are presented and discussed. The results confirm that open space experiences have a positives influence on psychological and mental health. Urban green space verifies beliefs about stress-reduction benefits and mental health, and advances social intercommunication. Finally, the monetary evaluation methods of urban green space, such as contingent valuation method, hedonic pricing method, travel cost method, are discussed.     

Analysis of Essence of Urban Public Space from Viewpoint of Energy Aggregation

This paper aims at analysis on essence of urban public space from viewpoint of energy aggregation and puts forward the conception of potential energy field through the study on universal significance of energy exchange, reflection of important characteristics of energy exchange in urban public space form, static state and development about typical urban pubic space-street and square. Corresponding methods of urban design and conception of planning under the contemporary era are studied.     

城市建设强度与热岛的相关性——以重庆市开州区为例

城市建设强度是城市热岛形成与演变的主要驱动因素,为了揭示两者之间的量化关系,以重庆市开州区为例,在用地地块、规则网格和建筑斑块3个空间尺度上,使用ArcGIS提取地表温度（LST）与建设强度指标,利用SPSS分析其相关性并构建多元回归模型。结果表明：用地地块尺度上,LST与绿化率、建筑密度和容积率之间均呈现显著的负相关,与建筑底面积和总建筑面积之间均呈现显著的正相关。规则网格尺度序列上,LST与建设强度各指标之间的相关性系数随网格面积的增大而增大,在840 m网格时达到最大值;总体上LST与绿化率之间呈显著的负相关,与建筑密度和容积率之间呈显著的正相关。建筑斑块的尺度上,LST与建筑层数之间有显著的负相关关系,与总建筑面积之间有显著的正相关关系。城市建设强度直接或间接影响了城市热岛的形成与演变,而相关分析发现,建设强度指标并非都与LST之间呈正相关关系,这表明城市热岛除受建设强度的影响外,还受区域气候、城市形态、城市性质、交通方式以及建筑材质与色彩等多种因素的协同影响,是一个非线性的复杂过程。     

光景观在城市带状绿地中的应用研究

以“光”作为景观要素,探讨城市带状绿地中如何营造良好的景观光环境。目前对园林景观中的光环境,社会及业内已开始逐渐关注,但对特定的城市绿地类型中光景观的应用几乎没有系统的论述。笔者以丽水市大溪江滨江景观带为例,对城市带状绿地光环境营造的规划原则和设计方法进行初步总结和探讨,指出城市带状绿地光景观规划应基于掌握规划对象所在地光气候条件及解读规划对象属性的基础上,遵循功能性、连续性和整体性原则,设计时可使用建构空间、引导流线;突出焦点、塑造形象;烘托氛围、营造意境;彰显四季,见证朝暮等具体方法。通过研究,以期为光景观与城市绿地的和谐相融提供一定的启迪。     

The Changing Geography of Domestic Financial City Network in China, 1995–2015

Based on longitudinal office distribution data on top domestic financial enterprises, this study explores the evolution of China's financial city network in the last two decades by means of a social network analysis. The position of each city in financial city network is evaluated from two aspects which are external financial resources attraction and headquarters financial development based, respectively, on urban weighted indegree and urban weighted outdegree. Taking these two aspects together, the top echelons of the financial city network can be regarded as potential national or regional financial centers. Furthermore, by means of a panel data regression analysis, determining factors of financial city network evolution are explored from perspectives of location, institution, and social‐economy. We find that most cities have witnessed significant changes in city position, especially in terms of external financial resources attraction, and the influencing factors of financial development vary by region due to the disparities in regional financial development environments.     

Seasonal Characteristics of Thermal Environment in Urban Public Space of the Urban in Hot-summer and Cold-winter Region

Thermal environment in urban public space is considered as an important factor affecting thermal comfort of human beings. In the whole year, thermal environment in public space of the city in hot-summer and cold-winter zone changes dramatically, which has an effect on human thermal comfort. In this study, three typical public spaces including street, park and square of Changsha were selected for a long-term experiment of thermal environment. Based on the analysis of four significant thermal environment parameters-air temperature, relative humidity, global temperature and wind speed, seasonal characteristics of thermal environment in urban public space were obtained. The results show that the characteristics of urban thermal environment are determined by natural climate, while the physical structure of a city has essential impact on the changes of local outdoor thermal environment. Affected by plants (trees) and water (Xiangjiang river) air temperature of the street along the street is much lower, relative humidity is higher and solar radiation is weaker in most of the year. Compared to the street along the river, air temperature of the square is higher and solar radiation is stronger.     

健康视阈下城市公园绿地休闲游憩适宜性评价——以杭州城北体育公园为例

在综合分析城市公园绿地健康促进效应和相关评价模型研究的基础上，对健康视阈下的城市公园绿地休闲游憩适宜性评价指标体系及评价模型构建进行探索。（1）在综合运用文献分析法和专家咨询法的基础上，构建城市公园绿地健康休闲游憩适宜性评价指标体系，共包括6个准则层、15个要素层和和40个指标因子。（2）采用层次分析法、熵值法确定评价指标体系中各指标的权重，准则层中健康功效感知(0.2663)和大众审美(0.2470)列前2位；要素层中排名靠前的评价指标为生理健康(0.1332)、植物景观(0.0988)、空气质量(0.0926)和游憩空间(0.0871)。（3）借助场地使用者问卷调查评分，对杭州城北体育公园绿地的健康休闲游憩适宜性进行实证评价，评价整体得分为4.1996，属于优良水平，但水体景观、基础服务设施等存在问题。针对评价结果，提出了5个方面的优化发展策略。     

基于生境网络理念的城市绿地系统规划研究——以浙江余姚市中心城区绿地系统规划为例

城市绿地为城市生物多样性保护提供了重要的空间保障,构建和优化城市绿地生境网络对保护城市生物多样性意义重大。根据生境网络的相关理论,阐述了生境网络在绿地系统中的定位和建设的必要性。以余姚市绿地系统规划为例,针对城市空间扩张中导致的景观破碎化、生物栖息地减少等问题,在城市绿地现状评价的基础上,从市域绿地系统规划、中心城区绿地系统规划等不同层次阐述了城市绿地生境网络系统构建的方法和策略,研究结果可为城市规划者进行城市绿地系统规划提供科学的依据与参考。     

4种城市绿地类型缓解热岛效应比较

为了研究城市不同绿地类型缓解热岛效应的效果大小,在长沙市城区选取4种典型绿地类型的样地及其相邻裸地,进行实地观测获取温度和湿度数据,通过分析,结果表明：降温效应和增湿效应都是乔木林>乔灌林>灌丛>草地;乔木林、乔灌林、灌丛和草地的温度变化指数分别是7.32、6.59、5.33和4.10,湿度变化指数依次为16.87、13.23、9.42和7.61。结论表明：不同类型的绿地因其内部结构和垂直结构不同,降低城市热岛效应的强度不一样,长沙市4种典型绿地类型减缓城市热岛效应强度的大小排序是乔木林>乔灌林>灌丛>草地;为减缓城市热岛效应的影响,在城市绿地建设中,长沙市应加大乔木林、乔灌林建设的面积,减少灌丛和草地建设面积。     

Worlding aspirations and resilient futures: Framings of risk and contemporary city‐making in Metro Cebu,the Philippines

In the Philippines, calls for creating ‘global’, ‘sustainable’ and ‘resilient’ cities are placing urban poor communities in increasingly precarious positions. These communities have long been the targets of urban development and ‘modernisation’ efforts; more recently the erasure of informal settlements from Philippine cities is being bolstered at the behest of climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (DRM) agendas. In Metro Cebu, flood management has been at the heart of DRM and broader urban development discussions, and is serving as justification for the demolition and displacement of informal settler communities in areas classed as ‘danger zones’. Using Kusno's (2010) interpretation of the ‘exemplary centre’ as a point of departure, this paper interrogates the relationship between DRM, worlding aspirations (Roy and Ong, 2011) and market‐oriented urbanisation in Cebu, and considers the socio‐spatial implications of these intersecting processes for urban poor communities. Through analysing the contradictions inherent in framings of certain bodies and spaces as being ‘of risk’ or ‘at risk’ over others, I argue that the epistemologies of modernity, disaster risk and resilience endorsed and propagated by the state are facilitating processes of displacement and dispossession that serve elite commercial interests under the auspices of disaster resilience and pro‐poor development.     

不同尺度下城市绿地景观格局与连通性研究

城市绿地是关系城市可持续发展的重要环境因素,开展城市绿地景观格局特征研究是景观生态学研究的重点和热点。以长沙城市绿地景观作为研究对象,结合地理信息系统及遥感技术探讨景观格局与连通性指数随粒度增加的变化特征。研究结果表明：（1）随着粒度增加,各景观格局指数均具有尺度效应,且具有明显或不明显的尺度转折点;第一尺度域是选择适宜粒度的较好取值范围。本研究中景观指数计算的适宜粒度范围是80~90 m。（2）斑块的相对重要性尺度效应不显著。随着物种运动能力越强,斑块分级的尺度效应减小。连通性指数IIC和PC值也不具有较强的尺度依赖性。（3）长沙市绿地景观的连通性不高,景观中连通性重要值较大的大型斑块数量较少,且分布不均衡,有待今后规划改善。