黑蜂王台病毒研究进展

黑蜂王台病毒(black queen cell virus,BQCV)是一种常见的蜜蜂病毒,春季和初夏高发,主要危害蜂王的幼虫和蛹,蜜蜂患病后短时间内死亡,王台壁进而变黑。黑蜂王台病毒已在世界不同蜂种间广泛传播,常以无明显症状的隐性感染方式存在于蜂群中,与蜜蜂微孢子虫联合危害表现出极强的致病性,对养蜂业造成巨大损失。作者从黑蜂王台病的病原学、流行病学、临床症状、致病过程、检测方法及防控方面对其研究进展进行综述,为进一步研究黑蜂王台病毒及其防制措施提供参考。     

First detection of Kashmir bee virus in Hesse, Germany

We gathered dead bees of 56 Hessian bee colonies following a sudden collapse during winter 2002/03. Viral RNA was purified from ten dead bees per sample. Kashmir bee virus (KBV) was detected by use of a RT-PCR protocol. 13 samples were positive for KBV. The PCR amplicon was sequenced. A BLAST GenBank search clearly identified the Hessian amplicon as a KBV fragment. Similarities of more than 85% were found. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship of the Hessian isolate to an isolate from New Zealand. The Northamerican, the Russian and Australian notations listed in GenBank did not cluster round with the Hessian isolate. This is the first documented detection of KBV in Middle Europe.     

Research Advance on Black Queen Cell Virus

Black queen cell virus(BQCV) is a common bee virus, usually outbreaks in spring and early summer, and mainly infects bee larvae and pupae, the bees will die within a short time after illness, at last, the queen cell walls turn black.BQCV has been widely spread among different bee species in the world, often exists in the colonies with no obvious symptoms of inapparent infection, shows strong pathogenicity coinfection with bees Nosema, and causes huge losses to the beekeeping.We summarized the current research on etiology, epidemiology, clinical symptoms, pathogenic processes, diagnostic techniques, prevention and control of BQCV infection, so as to provide a reference for further study of BQCV and prevention and control methods.     

Tissue tropism of Helicobacter pullorum in specific pathogen-free chickens determined by culture and nucleic acid detection

Three-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens (n = 24) located in isolators were inoculated orally with Helicobacter pullorum. One group (n = 12) was infected with a H. pullorum field isolate from human origin, another one (n = 12) with the American Type Culture Collection H. pullorum reference isolate 51801 originating from chickens. Both isolates were positive for cytolethal distending toxin, investigated using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A third group (n = 4) was kept as a negative control. Starting on day 7 of life, birds from each group were euthanatized at different time points up to 35 days. Various organ samples were taken aseptically and processed by culture and a H. pullorum-specific PCR. In the group infected with the human isolate the nucleic acid of H. pullorum was detected in the caecal tonsils and caeca of 12 and 11 birds, respectively. Live bacteria were cultivated from the caecal tonsils and caeca of five birds 24 and 31 days postinfection. Live bacteria were also isolated from the heart of one bird, whereas PCR had to be used to detect the nucleic acid of H. pullorum in the gallbladder of four birds. No live bacteria were reisolated at any time from birds infected with the avian isolate, but bacterial nucleic acid was detected in the caeca of five birds and in the gallbladder of one. In both groups neither live H. pullorum nor its nucleic acid were detected in the liver, spleen, and duodenum. Compared to the avian H. pullorum isolate the human isolate proved to be more invasive. No obvious clinical symptoms or disease was seen in the chickens during the entire experiment. The reisolation of live bacteria at the end of the experiments indicates that H. pullorum could enter the food chain even after early infection in birds. Furthermore, PCR was demonstrated to be helpful in tracing these fastidious bacteria.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒的分离鉴定及其gE基因序列分析

从福建省某猪场疑似伪狂犬病的发病3日龄仔猪的脑、肺脏中分离到1株病毒.该病毒接种家兔出现了典型的伪狂犬病症状,接种PK-15细胞36 h后出现了圆缩、集聚、脱落等典型的细胞病变,猪伪狂犬病病毒阳性血清能特异性中和该分离病毒.根据已发表的伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gE基因的序列,设计并合成了一对引物,采用PCR方法可扩增特异性298 bp的DNA片段.测序结果与GenBank中有代表性的6株参考毒株相应基因序列比较,核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为95.5%~99%和91.8%~98%.系统进化树结果表明分离株与湖北分离株Ea株亲缘关系最近.     

Development of infestation with Varroa jacobsoni O. in bee colonies in Tunisia

The mite Varroa jacobsoni, an ectoparasite of the honey bee, was imported to Tunisia probably in 1976. Afterwards, this parasitosis caused severe losses of colonies for several years. The continued examination of the level of infestation in colonies of a "GTZ" project stated a steady number of mites since 1980. Only in a few colonies, the infestation was above the limit of damage. Though the colonies in North West Tunisia did not receive any treatment since 1986 there was no increase of infestation. In order to investigate the reason for this the mites' ability of reproduction was examined during two following years. The portion of infertile female mites in the worker brood in most of the colonies was with 50% considerably higher than in Europe. In Brazil, the adaptation between host and mite produced similar low reproduction rates. As, however, in Tunisia the portion of infertile females in the drone brood of the individual colonies corresponded to the one in the worker brood climatic conditions are supposed to be responsible.     

禽流感病毒A/Chicken/Yangzhou/N/2005(H9N2)HA基因的克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank公开发表的H9N2型禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因序列设计1对引物,用RT-PCR方法成功扩增出H9N2型禽流感病毒分离株A/Chicken/Yangzhou/N/2005(H9N2)HA基因,凝胶电泳结果显示,扩增产物为1.7 kb的单一条带,与预期结果相符.将PCR扩增片段连接到pCR2.1-T载体上,重组质粒酶切鉴定正确.序列测定分析结果显示,所获序列与GenBank中收录的H9N2亚型分离株核苷酸同源性最高达99%,与原型毒株A/Furkey/Wisconsin/1/1966(H9N2)氨基酸同源性为89%.对HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列分析表明,此毒株为低致病力毒株.     

四川省东方蜜蜂病毒病感染状况调查

为了解四川省东方蜜蜂主要病毒病:蜜蜂黑王台病毒(BQCV)、畸翅病毒(DWV)、囊状幼虫病毒(SBV)、克什米尔蜜蜂病毒(KBV)、急性蜜蜂麻痹病毒(ABPV)和慢性蜜蜂麻痹病毒(CBPV)的感染状况。采用RT-PCR方法对来自四川省9个地区共270份东方蜜蜂样品进行快速病原学检测。调查结果显示:四川省东方蜜蜂群中有5种病毒的感染;其中,BQCV总阳性率为17.8%,KBV总阳性率为3.0%,SBV总阳性率为1.1%,ABPV总阳性率为1.9%,CBPV总阳性率为2.2%。在被调查的9个地区中,有7个地区蜂群存在至少1种以上病毒病感染的现状,表明四川省东方蜜蜂群疾病感染状况较为严重,其对养蜂业可持续发展的潜在危险需要给予充分关注。     

1株猪腺病毒3型的分离培养及其fiber蛋白多克隆抗体的制备

本研究旨在对临床1份腹泻病料进行病原的分离培养并探究该病原编码的主要抗原蛋白的生物学特点。采用巢式PCR检测病料猪腺病毒3型（Porcine adenovirus type 3,PADV3）核酸并进行病毒分离培养,采用免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞染色法（IPMA）进行病毒血清学鉴定,PCR扩增fiber基因,将其ORF区克隆至pET-28a（+）载体并转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞,IPTG诱导重组fiber蛋白表达,采用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting鉴定重组蛋白,将纯化的重组蛋白免疫家兔,制备多克隆抗体并测定抗体免疫活性。结果表明,病料为PADV3核酸阳性,感染ST细胞产生典型的"葡萄串"细胞病变效应（CPE）,P5~P11代次中的PADV3核酸稳定,分离的毒株P5代为PADV3型血清学阳性,fiber基因开放阅读框（ORF）为1 296 bp（GenBank登录号：MT774498）,与PADV3毒株的核苷酸相似性最高（86.1%）,与其他毒株相似性均低于40%;原核表达的重组fiber蛋白分子质量为45.2 ku,fiber蛋白多克隆抗体与PADV3感染的细胞呈特异性的细胞核染色。本试验成功分离得到1株PADV3毒株,命名为PADV3-HY1812,所制备的fiber蛋白多克隆抗体具有良好的免疫活性。     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of gE and gI Genes of Pseudorabies Virus NP Isolate

According to published gE and gI gene sequences of pseudorabies virus (PRV) in GenBank, we designed two pairs of primers for PCR amplification of gE and gI genes of PRV NP isolate, after PCR products recycling, cloning and sequencing, the sequencing results were consistent with expectations of PRV gE and gI genes.Homology comparison analysis results revealed that compared with the domestic PRV strains, the homologies of gE and gI amino acids of PRV NP isolate were 95.7% to 99.8% and 89.9% to 99.5%, respectively.Phyogenetic tree analysis and amino acid sequence alignment results found that the gE amino acid sequence site changes of PRV NP isolate were the same with the PRV strains which were isolated from domestic in 2012, thus we could speculate that PRV NP isolate had mutanted.This study had laid the foundation for the epidemiological investigation and analysis of PRV, also provided the scientific basis for the development of scientific, effective and new pseudorabies vaccine.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒NP株gE、gI基因的克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank中已发表的猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV) gE、gI基因的序列设计了2对引物,对PRV NP株的gE、gI基因进行了PCR扩增、回收、克隆、测序,测序结果与预期的PRV gE、gI基因片段相符。同源性比对分析结果显示,PRV NP株gE、gI基因推导的氨基酸序列与国内分离的PRV毒株的同源性分别为95.7%~99.8%、89.9%~99.5%。遗传进化树分析和氨基酸序列比对结果发现PRV NP株的gE氨基酸序列发生变化的位点与2012年国内分离到的PRV流行株相同,从而推测NP株为PRV变异毒株,本研究为PRV的流行病学调查分析奠定了基础,也为开发科学、有效的新型猪伪狂犬病(PR)疫苗提供科学依据。     

沙门氏菌PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank沙门氏菌侵袭蛋白A(invA)基因序列设计引物,扩增特异的202 bp核苷酸片段,经过优化PCR扩增条件,建立了沙门氏菌特异、敏感和快速的PCR检测方法。特异性试验结果表明,从沙门氏菌参考菌株中均能扩增出特异性的核苷酸片段,大肠杆菌、巴氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄菌、志贺氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、变形杆菌、绿脓杆菌的扩增结果均为阴性。敏感性试验结果表明,采用简便的直接煮沸裂解法制备样品DNA,该方法的敏感性可达2.43×103CFU/mL。     

蜂王人工授精技术概要

蜂王人工授精技术是蜜蜂育种的重要手段。本文从雄蜂及处女王的培育到环境设施消毒、雄蜂捕捉、精液采集、授精及授精后蜂群管理等各环节概要介绍了蜂王人工授精技术的操作要点．为蜂王人工授精技术的实施起到一定的指导作用。     

鹅细小病毒NS2基因的克隆和序列分析

本研究参考CerBank发表的GPV B株全基因序列，设计并合成一对引物，通过PCR技术扩增出GPV H1株NS2基因，目的片段长约1．4kb，将目的片段克隆到pMD18-T载体后进行序列测定和分析，结果表明：GPV H1株NS2基因全长1356bP，编码451个氨基酸，与国外已发表的GPV B株相比核苷酸序列同源性为98．75％，推导氨基酸序列同源性为98．67％。     

犬腺病毒CAV-BJ02株的分离与鉴定

本研究旨在分离犬腺病毒（CAV）的北京地区流行株,采集北京地区某宠物医院2~4月龄发生咳嗽等呼吸道症状犬的鼻咽拭子,经胶体金和PCR检测,初筛为犬腺病毒阳性。经过处理后,将其处理液接种于MDCK细胞,进行连续传代培养,出现变圆、脱落、葡萄串样等特征性细胞病变。通过形态学观察、PCR鉴定及动物回归试验等方法对其进行鉴定。PCR扩增片段测序结果表明,该分离株为犬腺病毒Ⅱ型,遂将其命名为CAV-BJ02（GenBank：MN744708）株。用Reed-Muench法测得CAV-BJ02株的TCID₅₀为10^6.7·（100 μL）^-1。电镜下可清晰地观察到呈正六边形的二十面体、直径在86 nm左右的犬腺病毒颗粒。遗传进化分析结果表明,本株病毒为CAV-Ⅱ型。动物回归试验结果表明,CAV-BJ02株可引起犬发热等轻微临床症状,以口鼻分泌物为主要排毒方式,排毒期为5~6 d,不导致犬死亡。上述研究结果为深入了解北京地区CAV的流行情况,为犬腺病毒病的诊断、防治及后续相关研究奠定了理论基础。     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒SC-1株的分离与基因7的克隆分析

从四川某猪场采集疑似病例的腹泻粪样中分离到1株病毒,该病毒经过ST细胞传代培养盲传至第4代时出现病变。通过荧光抗体染色、病毒中和试验、TCID50试验、核酸类型鉴定,结合样品正染后在电镜下的观察结果,确定该毒株为猪传染性胃肠炎病毒,命名为TGEV SC-1株。参照GenBank中收录的TGEV基因7的序列设计了1对特异性引物,以SC-1株的细胞增殖毒的总RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR扩增获得了大小约为303 bp的基因片段,包括完整的基因7序列片段（237 bp）,在GenBank上的登录号为DQ437507。核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列比较分析结果表明,该毒株与其他毒株的同源性均在92.4%以上,TGEV SC-1株与美国的PURDUE和中国的TH-98毒株亲缘关系最近;与日本各分离毒株、中国TS株、美国Miller株、中国台湾TFI株和英国96-1933株的同源性较低。TGEV基因7在密码子使用的选择上,存在较大的偏向性;基因7编码蛋白在两端存在有明显的疏水性区域,在2～24和56～75位氨基酸残基处存在跨膜结构。     

犬细小病毒和犬冠状病毒双重PCR方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank中犬细小病毒(CPV)和犬冠状病毒(CCV)基因序列各设计了一对引物,经试验条件的优化,建立了检测CPV的PCR方法和CCV的RT-PCR方法,扩增目的片段大小分别为337 bp和852 bp.在此基础上建立了检测CPV和CCV双重PCR方法.该双重PCR方法能特异的扩增CPV和CCV,且分别扩增出1...     

犬细小病毒上海分离株全基因的克隆及进化树分析

为研究上海地区犬感染细小病毒（Canine parvovirus,Cpv）的基因特点和基因型,参考GenBank上细小病毒3个基因型的全基因设计6对扩增引物进行PCR,分段扩增出目标片段,克隆于T载体上,测定序列并拼接,用MEGA软件、NJ法构建进化树。结果显示,犬细小病毒全基因为4758bp,命名为CPV-SH．提交到GenBank上的序列号为FJ792845,与GenBank中4神基因型爽细小病毒的VP2基因核苷酸序列同源性比较发现,CPV-SH克隆与2a亚型犬细小病毒核苷酸同源性为最高99．7％,与2型、2b亚型。2e亚型的同源性分别为98．8％、99．5％．99．5％。CPV-SH属于2a亚型犬细小病毒,与国内北京分离株CPV／BJ082亲缘关系最近,同源性为99．9％。     

Molecular diagnosis of avian nephritis: preliminary report

Kidney samples from chickens diagnosed with acute nephritis and gout were subjected to histological and electron microscopic examination. The investigations revealed cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the tubular epithelial cells containing round virions of about 30 nm in diameter. Since avian nephritis virus (ANV) is known as a potential causative agent of the so-called baby chick nephropathy, an RT-PCR assay was developed for the molecular detection of ANV-specific nucleic acid in the specimen. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by direct sequencing of the amplicon obtained in the reaction. The nucleotide sequence of the PCR product showed 92% identity with the reference ANV sequence deposited in the GenBank database. After having been validated on some other suspicious cases of avian nephritis, the PCR method described in this study can be a potential tool for routine diagnostic examination of samples submitted from cases of gout and nephropathy in chickens.     

番鸭细小病毒NS2基因的克隆和序列分析

本研究参考GenBank发表的MDPVFM株全基因序列,设计并合成一对引物,通过PCR技术扩增出MDPVS1株NS2基因,目的片段长约1.3 kb,将目的片段克隆到pMD18-T载体后进行序列测定和分析,结果表明,MDPVS1株NS2基因全长1357 bp,编码451个氨基酸,与国外已发表的MDPVFM株相比核苷酸序列同源性为99.26%,推导氨基酸序列同源性为98.23%。