Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries

Climate reconstructions reveal unprecedented warming in the past century; however, little is known about trends in aspects such as the monsoon. We reconstructed the monsoon winds for the past 1000 years using fossil Globigerina bulloides abundance in box cores from the Arabian Sea and found that monsoon wind strength increased during the past four centuries as the Northern Hemisphere warmed. We infer that the observed link between Eurasian snow cover and the southwest monsoon persists on a centennial scale. Alternatively, the forcing implicated in the warming trend (volcanic aerosols, solar output, and greenhouse gases) may directly affect the monsoon. Either interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that the southwest monsoon strength will increase during the coming century as greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise and northern latitudes continue to warm.     

Radiative absorption enhancements due to the mixing state of atmospheric black carbon

Atmospheric black carbon (BC) warms Earth's climate, and its reduction has been targeted for near-term climate change mitigation. Models that include forcing by BC assume internal mixing with non-BC aerosol components that enhance BC absorption, often by a factor of ~2; such model estimates have yet to be clearly validated through atmospheric observations. Here, direct in situ measurements of BC absorption enhancements (E(abs)) and mixing state are reported for two California regions. The observed E(abs) is small-6% on average at 532 nm-and increases weakly with photochemical aging. The E(abs) is less than predicted from observationally constrained theoretical calculations, suggesting that many climate models may overestimate warming by BC. These ambient observations stand in contrast to laboratory measurements that show substantial E(abs) for BC are possible.     

Arctic air pollution: origins and impacts

Notable warming trends have been observed in the Arctic. Although increased human-induced emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases are certainly the main driving factor, air pollutants, such as aerosols and ozone, are also important. Air pollutants are transported to the Arctic, primarily from Eurasia, leading to high concentrations in winter and spring (Arctic haze). Local ship emissions and summertime boreal forest fires may also be important pollution sources. Aerosols and ozone could be perturbing the radiative budget of the Arctic through processes specific to the region: Absorption of solar radiation by aerosols is enhanced by highly reflective snow and ice surfaces; deposition of light-absorbing aerosols on snow or ice can decrease surface albedo; and tropospheric ozone forcing may also be contributing to warming in this region. Future increases in pollutant emissions locally or in mid-latitudes could further accelerate global warming in the Arctic.     

气溶胶间接气候效应研究进展

由于工业和人类活动的影响,大气中气溶胶含量明显增加。它们通过直接吸收和散射太阳辐射以及改变其他辐射强迫因子（云和臭氧等）的大小间接影响地－气系统的能量收支。在对大气气溶胶概述的基础上,就近年来国内外在气溶胶对气候系统的间接辐射强迫效应研究状况做了简要总结。     

The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming

We report measurements and analysis of a boreal forest fire, integrating the effects of greenhouse gases, aerosols, black carbon deposition on snow and sea ice, and postfire changes in surface albedo. The net effect of all agents was to increase radiative forcing during the first year (34 +/- 31 Watts per square meter of burned area), but to decrease radiative forcing when averaged over an 80-year fire cycle (-2.3 +/- 2.2 Watts per square meter) because multidecadal increases in surface albedo had a larger impact than fire-emitted greenhouse gases. This result implies that future increases in boreal fire may not accelerate climate warming.     

阿勒泰地区冬季积雪变化及其与气温、降水的关系

本文对阿勒泰地区2004年—2018年冬季的积雪变化及其与气温、降水之间的关系进行了分析、探讨,结果表明：(1)阿勒泰地区11月份开始形成积雪稳定期,12月积雪覆盖率迅速发展,主要表现为积雪面积的扩张,12月到2月发展到鼎盛阶段,1 月达到最高峰,随着暖季的到来,气温逐渐回升,积雪也逐渐的消融。(2)14年来,大于20cm的积雪面积年际变化趋势是较大的,总体呈明显的下降趋势。(3)积雪变化与降水几乎没有相关关系,但积雪面积与气温有很高的负相关性,受气温的影响较大,说明气温是影响积雪变化的主导因素。     

Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: results from the Earth radiation budget experiment

The study of climate and climate change is hindered by a lack of information on the effect of clouds on the radiation balance of the earth, referred to as the cloud-radiative forcing. Quantitative estimates of the global distributions of cloud-radiative forcing have been obtained from the spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) launched in 1984. For the April 1985 period, the global shortwave cloud forcing [-44.5 watts per square meter (W/m(2))] due to the enhancement of planetary albedo, exceeded in magnitude the longwave cloud forcing (31.3 W/m(2)) resulting from the greenhouse effect of clouds. Thus, clouds had a net cooling effect on the earth. This cooling effect is large over the mid-and high-latitude oceans, with values reaching -100 W/m(2). The monthly averaged longwave cloud forcing reached maximum values of 50 to 100 W/m(2) over the convectively disturbed regions of the tropics. However, this heating effect is nearly canceled by a correspondingly large negative shortwave cloud forcing, which indicates the delicately balanced state of the tropics. The size of the observed net cloud forcing is about four times as large as the expected value of radiative forcing from a doubling of CO(2). The shortwave and longwave components of cloud forcing are about ten times as large as those for a CO(2) doubling. Hence, small changes in the cloud-radiative forcing fields can play a significant role as a climate feedback mechanism. For example, during past glaciations a migration toward the equator of the field of strong, negative cloud-radiative forcing, in response to a similar migration of cooler waters, could have significantly amplified oceanic cooling and continental glaciation.     

A potent greenhouse gas identified in the atmosphere: SF(5)CF(3)

We detected a compound previously unreported in the atmosphere, trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride (SF(5)CF(3)). Measurements of its infrared absorption cross section show SF(5)CF(3) to have a radiative forcing of 0.57 watt per square meter per parts per billion. This is the largest radiative forcing, on a per molecule basis, of any gas found in the atmosphere to date. Antarctic firn measurements show it to have grown from near zero in the late 1960s to about 0.12 part per trillion in 1999. It is presently growing by about 0.008 part per trillion per year, or 6% per year. Stratospheric profiles of SF(5)CF(3) suggest that it is long-lived in the atmosphere (on the order of 1000 years).     

论白梅的花色美

白梅的洁白花色是一种很引人注目的色彩,历朝历代有无数诗人骚客用珠光玉色、雪白霜洁等赞美颜色的词汇从色彩角度赞美梅花。自梅色泽如白雪,凋落如飘雪,繁密如覆雪,而且白梅与自雪经常同时出现,就会发生疑真梅为雪树、雪中难辨梅之情形,许多人从梅雪的辨识中发掘出很深刻的哲理。与群芳相比,白梅洁白而早发,常常伴随着几无尘埃的冰天雪地,因此,人们从白梅色泽本身、白梅的开花环境以及世俗对红紫偏爱等方面立意,将白梅花色之洁白人格化,一是人化为纯洁的玉面雪脸的美女意象,二是仙化为高洁的冰肌雪肤的仙女意象;三是将白梅的洁白人格化为道德上的纯洁、品质上的贞洁、精神上的高洁。     

Air-snow interactions and atmospheric chemistry

The presence of snow greatly perturbs the composition of near-surface polar air, and the higher concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) observed result in a greater oxidative capacity of the lower atmosphere. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid, light aldehydes, acetone, and molecular halogens have also been detected. Photolysis of nitrate ions contained in the snow appears to play an important role in creating these perturbations. OH formed in the snowpack can oxidize organic matter and halide ions in the snow, producing carbonyl compounds and halogens that are released to the atmosphere or incorporated into snow crystals. These reactions modify the composition of the snow, of the interstitial air, and of the overlying atmosphere. Reconstructing the composition of past atmospheres from ice-core analyses may therefore require complex corrections and modeling for reactive species.     

The persistently variable "background" stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change

Recent measurements demonstrate that the "background" stratospheric aerosol layer is persistently variable rather than constant, even in the absence of major volcanic eruptions. Several independent data sets show that stratospheric aerosols have increased in abundance since 2000. Near-global satellite aerosol data imply a negative radiative forcing due to stratospheric aerosol changes over this period of about -0.1 watt per square meter, reducing the recent global warming that would otherwise have occurred. Observations from earlier periods are limited but suggest an additional negative radiative forcing of about -0.1 watt per square meter from 1960 to 1990. Climate model projections neglecting these changes would continue to overestimate the radiative forcing and global warming in coming decades if these aerosols remain present at current values or increase.     

2008年安徽雪深全国之最的成因探讨

基于大气探测资料和雪灾评估报告,分析2008年雪情分布状况,得出安徽雪深为全国最大的事实,并从天气学、数值模式模拟方面探讨安徽雪深之最的原因。结果表明:①2008年安徽雪深较大的区域集中在大别山和江淮之间,该区域为全国积雪深度之最。②西南暖湿气流北上,北方阻塞系统稳定存在,冷暖空气在长江中下游不断交汇,水汽凝结易形成雨雪天气。水汽输送和相对湿度很大,非常有利于在安徽形成较大降雪天气。③雪、冻雨的天气学分析说明,长江以北地区易形成降雪,江南地区则易形成冻雨。④短波槽长期稳定维持在安徽附近地区,成为安徽省积雪深度最大的理由之一。⑤MM5模式模拟结果验证淮河以南地区降水较大,江南地区的降水表现为冻雨,江北地区则表现为降雪。     

基于COUPMODEL的松嫩平原黑土区土壤水热过程模拟

为探究松嫩平原黑土区不同积雪覆盖条件下冻融土壤水热耦合过程。文章基于物理过程COUPMODEL模型,运用普适似然不确定方法(GLUE)估计积雪、土壤水热运移有关参数,模拟裸地、自然积雪、压实积雪、加厚积雪状态下各层土壤温度与土壤液态含水率变化情况。结果表明,模型对自然、压实、加厚积雪覆盖条件下雪深模拟较理想;模型可较好模拟裸地、自然积雪、加厚积雪覆盖条件下20～140 cm土层土壤温度,其中裸地最佳,自然次之,自然略优于加厚,模型对压实积雪状态下20～100 cm土层土壤温度模拟效果仍较好,但对140 cm土层模拟效果略差;此外,模型可模拟各状态下20～60 cm土层土壤液态含水率,模拟效果优劣排序依次为自然、裸地、加厚、压实。结合GLUE方法 COUPMODEL模型可用于不同积雪覆盖条件下土壤水热变化规律研究。     

Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models

Global warming caused by an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, is the direct result of greenhouse gas-induced radiative forcing. When a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide is considered, this forcing differed substantially among 15 atmospheric general circulation models. Although there are several potential causes, the largest contributor was the carbon dioxide radiation parameterizations of the models.     

雪盖与径流的相关性分析——以玛纳斯河为例

选用2000年11月～2009年4月玛纳斯河上游流域所涉及的MOD10A2数据作为遥感数据源和同一时期的玛纳斯河径流数据,研究了雪盖与径流相关性。结果表明,3月的积雪覆盖率与当年4月径流相关系数为-0.817 5,并通过了显著水平0.005的检验;冬春季里最大月份的积雪覆盖率与次年6月径流的相关系数为-0.649 6,并通过了显著水平0.05的检验;12月份的平均积雪覆盖率与次年5月份径流的相关系数约为0.577 5,并通过了显著水平0.1的检验。     

小兴安岭主要森林类型对降雪、积雪和融雪过程的影响

选择小兴安岭林区5种主要森林类型,对其降雪、积雪和融雪等雪水文过程进行系统研究。结果表明:1）森林对降雪的截留作用主要受郁闭度和树种组成的影响,云冷杉红松林对降雪的截留作用最大,降雪截留率为39.7%,约为次生白桦林的5倍,人工落叶松的25倍。2）不同森林类型之间的截雪量大小与降雪强度有关,且在同一种森林类型的不同降雪强度中,其截留率差异也不同。3）云冷杉红松林内积雪厚度最小,3月中旬达最大值32 cm,较次生白桦林和落叶松人工林内的积雪厚度减少了约12 cm。4）不同林型内积雪融化速度有较大差异,各红松林内积雪厚度从4月中旬后平均每天减少约0.5 cm,而次生白桦林和落叶松人工林内积雪厚度平均每天减少约1.3 cm,融雪速率相对较快,易产生融雪性洪峰。因此,在东北地区实行栽针保阔,逐步改造天然次生林,使之过渡到针阔混交林,能有效地延长林内融雪时间,从而发挥森林融雪的水文效益。      

近50年宿州积雪日数的气候变化特征及其影响因子分析

[目的]研究近50年宿州积雪日数的气候变化特征及其影响因子。[方法]根据1961～2010年宿州年积雪日数及相关资料,运用线性趋势法、累积距平及完全相关系数法等数理统计方法,对宿州积雪日数的气候变化特征及其影响因子进行分析。[结果]50年来宿州积雪期呈现出缩短趋势。除≥20 cm厚度的积雪日数外,各级厚度积雪的年积雪日数呈现出不同程度的减少趋势;年积雪日数呈波动下降趋势,下降幅度为0.84 d/10a;年积雪日数20世纪60年代～70年代前期呈现由少到多的态势,70年代中后期～80年代中期步入少积雪的时期,80年代后期～90年代初逐渐增加,90年代中期～2003年又进入少雪期,2004年至今呈现出多雪、少雪交替的振荡。影响宿州年积雪日数变化的主要气候因子为平均气温,其次为平均地表温度。[结论]该研究为全球气候变暖背景下宿州的气候变化分析提供理论依据。     

Interpretation of snow-climate feedback as produced by 17 general circulation models

Snow feedback is expected to amplify global warming caused by increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. The conventional explanation is that a warmer Earth will have less snow cover, resulting in a darker planet that absorbs more solar radiation. An intercomparison of 17 general circulation models, for which perturbations of sea surface temperature were used as a surrogate climate change, suggests that this explanation is overly simplistic. The results instead indicate that additional amplification or moderation may be caused both by cloud interactions and longwave radiation. One measure of this net effect of snow feedback was found to differ markedly among the 17 climate models, ranging from weak negative feedback in some models to strong positive feedback in others.     

新型温室除雪机在农业温室中的应用研究

冬季北方地区温室屋面除雪是农业部门研究的热点问题之一,为解决屋面积雪压塌温室这一问题,设计了一种新型温室除雪机,并对其除雪机构、输送机构及功率消耗进行了理论计算和试验验证。研究表明:采用硬质毛刷和螺旋机构制成的除雪机,适合清扫屋面的较厚积雪,减小了除雪过程中的阻力,降低了农民的劳动强度。理论分析和样机试验较吻合。试验表明,整机结构合理,具有很好的除雪效果,达到了预期设计目标。     

葡萄越冬期间积雪厚度与地温变化的研究

[目的]为葡萄的安全越冬提供参考。[方法]运用MicroLite-U盘型温度记录仪和直尺记录空气温度、地温和积雪厚度,研究不同覆盖方式和不同的积雪厚度下地温的变化规律。[结果]葡萄在不同覆盖条件下地温变化均呈先降低后升高的曲线。在正常情况下,埋土越冬期间地表极端最冷温度稍微低于覆被,两者相差0.45℃左右;而在4月份温度上升时覆被温度明显高于埋土,两者相差4.56℃左右。在该试验条件下,10 cm的积雪厚度可增加地表温度4～6℃。[结论]葡萄越冬期间埋土与覆被相比,地温变化的总体趋势是一致的,而覆被地温比较稳定,温度明显高于埋土。另外,积雪厚度的增加明显延缓了地温的降低,保护了葡萄根系不受冻害。