Visualization of dislocation dynamics in colloidal crystals

The dominant mechanism for creating large irreversible strain in atomic crystals is the motion of dislocations, a class of line defects in the crystalline lattice. Here we show that the motion of dislocations can also be observed in strained colloidal crystals, allowing detailed investigation of their topology and propagation. We describe a laser diffraction microscopy setup used to study the growth and structure of misfit dislocations in colloidal crystalline films. Complementary microscopic information at the single-particle level is obtained with a laser scanning confocal microscope. The combination of these two techniques enables us to study dislocations over a range of length scales, allowing us to determine important parameters of misfit dislocations such as critical film thickness, dislocation density, Burgers vector, and lattice resistance to dislocation motion. We identify the observed dislocations as Shockley partials that bound stacking faults of vanishing energy. Remarkably, we find that even on the scale of a few lattice vectors, the dislocation behavior is well described by the continuum approach commonly used to describe dislocations in atomic crystals.     

Time-resolved holography with photoelectrons

Ionization is the dominant response of atoms and molecules to intense laser fields and is at the basis of several important techniques, such as the generation of attosecond pulses that allow the measurement of electron motion in real time. We present experiments in which metastable xenon atoms were ionized with intense 7-micrometer laser pulses from a free-electron laser. Holographic structures were observed that record underlying electron dynamics on a sublaser-cycle time scale, enabling photoelectron spectroscopy with a time resolution of almost two orders of magnitude higher than the duration of the ionizing pulse.     

Quantitative immunochemistry and the evolution of primate albumins: micro-complement fixation

Quantitative micro-complement fixation was used to compare human serum albumin with the serum albumins of apes, monkeys, and prosimians. The results are consistent with those obtained by other immunological techniques, and they are consistent with the accepted phylogenetic position of these groups. The method requires much less antigen and antibody is more sensitive to small differences in albumin structure. A large scale survey of species differences in protein structure is possible with less than a milliliter of antiserum.     

县域尺度上基于GF-1PMS影像的冬小麦种植面积遥感监测

为探究县域尺度上基于高分一号卫星(GF-1)PMS影像进行冬小麦遥感监测的可行性及精准性,以河南省滑县为研究区,遴选2015年2月上旬GF-1 PMS影像6景,对影像进行辐射定标、FLAASH大气校正、NNDiffuse融合、几何精校正、地图投影转换等预处理后,在外业调查和样本分析的基础上构建一种新的冬小麦决策树分类模型,模型第1层决策方案中NDVI0.311的像元为冬小麦,得到冬小麦的粗分类结果;在此基础上进行第2层决策分类,以进一步提高冬小麦的分类精度,分类方案为第1波段地表反射率0.146、第2波段地表反射率0.148、第3波段地表反射率0.135、第4波段地表反射率0.250的像元为冬小麦。对分类结果进行形态学滤波处理,以消除或减少分类结果中孤立的像元。分别基于决策树分类模型与ENVI软件自带的IsoData非监督分类模型,对比分析GF-1PMS影像和同时期Landsat-8OLI影像在冬小麦面积提取上的精度。结果表明:基于新构建的决策树分类模型,2015年滑县冬小麦种植面积为115 715.81hm2,混淆矩阵检验总体精度为99.62%,Kappa系数为0.99;PMS影像提取冬小麦的混淆矩阵总体精度比OLI影像高出9个百分点。说明县域尺度上基于单时相GF-1PMS影像在冬小麦收获前提取冬小麦种植面积是可行的,提取精度较高。     

中国棉花良种繁育技术的沿革

为了探讨与国际接轨的棉花良种繁育的科学方法,通过比较分析中国棉花良种繁育技术发展经历的引种技术、基于群体混合选择的块选和片选技术、基于单株选择的“三年三圃制”及其衍生技术和基于重复繁殖为理论基础的四级种子生产技术,总结了中国棉花良种繁育规模化的3个发展阶段,从人工投入、资金投入和推广规模3个方面阐述了不同良种繁育体制的综合效益,提出了中国棉花良种繁育技术存在问题和发展趋势,认为四级种子生产程序是适合中国国情的科学的良种繁育技术。     

安徽省种植大户效率分析

种植大户作为重要的现代农业经营主体,可持续性发展意义重大。但长期以来,农业成本增速快于收入增速,种植大户的利润空间变窄。农产品成本中土地租金费、机械费、化肥费、雇工费增速明显且占比较大,不同品种的农产品成本和收益率存在很大差别。采用数据包络分析法发现,在现有条件下,安徽省种植大户最优种植规模为4～6.67公顷,规模经营并没有显著提高种植大户的效率;土地和人工费用投入明显冗余,需要适当调整投入量。大户的经营风险不容忽视。建议种植大户充分考虑成本和收益,适度规模经营。     

结合多尺度纹理特征的高光谱影像面向对象树种分类

目的基于机载高光谱影像的分类研究中，利用不同尺度纹理特征与面向对象分类相结合的方法在树种分类的研究中应用较少，并且相关研究主要针对单一树种识别而不考虑多种树种，因此对于复杂林分中的树种识别能力有待进一步研究。本研究拟探究不同尺度纹理特征结合面向对象的分类技术在树种精细分类中的应用效果。方法利用机载高光谱数据进行面向对象的树种精细分类。根据研究区内地表类型情况，采用分层分类的方法区分非林地、其他林地与有林地，对有林地进行树种的精细分类。从机载高光谱图像中提取特征变量，包括独立主成分分析ICA变换光谱特征以及空间纹理特征，分析各树种的光谱反射率及所适合的纹理尺度，依据不同尺度纹理特征进行分层分类，比较不同特征利用支持向量机SVM分类的树种分类结果。结果结合单一尺度纹理特征的分类结果总体精度为87.11%，Kappa系数为0.846；结合不同尺度纹理特征的分类总体精度为89.13%，Kappa系数为0.87，相比于仅利用光谱特征的分类精度分别提升了4.03%和6.05%。说明在面向对象的分类中，纹理特征的加入对于提升树种分类的精度具有显著效果。结合不同尺度纹理特征的树种分类精度要高于单一尺度纹理特征的分类精度，尤其在其他阔叶树种和马尾松树种的分类中，制图精度较单一纹理尺度分别提高了5.48%和6.12%。结论利用不同尺度的纹理特征分类比单一尺度纹理特征分类更具优势，提高了纹理特征在树种分类中的贡献率；综合利用机载高光谱影像的光谱特征和不同尺度纹理特征的面向对象分类方法，使得树种识别更为精细和准确。该方法对于复杂林分树种的分类是有效的，能够满足机载高光谱影像树种精细识别的应用需求。      

Fluorescence-force spectroscopy maps two-dimensional reaction landscape of the holliday junction

Despite the recent advances in single-molecule manipulation techniques, purely mechanical approaches cannot detect subtle conformational changes in the biologically important regime of weak forces. We developed a hybrid scheme combining force and fluorescence that allowed us to examine the effect of subpiconewton forces on the nanometer scale motion of the Holliday junction (HJ) at 100-hertz bandwidth. The HJ is an exquisitely sensitive force sensor whose force response is amplified with an increase in its arm lengths, demonstrating a lever-arm effect at the nanometer-length scale. Mechanical interrogation of the HJ in three different directions helped elucidate the structures of the transient species populated during its conformational changes. This method of mapping two-dimensional reaction landscapes at low forces is readily applicable to other nucleic acid systems and their interactions with proteins and enzymes.     

Stabilizing Lead-Salt Diode Lasers: Understanding and Controlling Chaotic Frequency Emission

Lead-salt tunable diode lasers (TDLs) are the only devices currently available that can generate tunable monochromatic radiation at arbitrary wavelengths between 3 and 30 micrometers and are particularly useful for high-resolution spectroscopy over a wide range of spectral regimes. Detailed observations of TDLs show that the observed instrumental linewidth is actually a temporal average of many narrow (less than 0.5 megahertz) emission "modes." The time scale characteristic of these "modes," which appear to be of relatively constant intensity, is of the order of a microsecond. The laser's behavior is highly suggestive of a chaotic process, that is, seemingly random excursions of a dynamic variable (frequency) within a bounded range. This report shows experimentally that TDL emissions are indeed chaotic. Furthermore, in a simple and robust fashion, this chaotic behavior has been successfully controlled with the use of recent techniques that take advantage of chaos to produce a narrow band laser output.     

基于高速摄影的冬枣果实振动脱落规律分析

为研究冬枣振动采收过程中果实的运动规律和脱落轨迹,采用改装的电动往复锯连接自制振动采摘头对树枝进行高速振动,用高速相机记录不同振动频率(15、20、25 Hz)下冬枣果实的运动轨迹,对高速视频进行分析,计算在振动过程中的枣果脱落类型、脱落时间和运动轨迹,以及果实脱落时的速度、加速度和惯性力。结果表明:1)冬枣果实的主要脱落类型是旋倾型,15、20和25Hz时,旋倾型脱落的果实个数比例分别为81%、66%和78%,参考已有研究经验,冬枣机械收获宜选用连续式振动设备;2)随着振动频率的增大,果实的平均脱落时间减小,3个频率的果实脱落时间分别为1.71、0.54和0.43s,15Hz时果实脱落时间与20和25Hz时的果实脱落时间存在显著性差异,而20与25Hz时的果实脱落时间无显著性差异;3)果实的速度和加速度随着振动频率的增大而增大,但不同频率的果实平均脱落惯性力不存在显著性差异,3个频率下分别为0.48、0.43和0.49N。本研究结果可为机械收获装备的设计选型与研发提供理论依据。     

白银市夏季降水特征及其大气环流异常分析

利用白银市1957～2009年夏季降水观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、最大熵谱、小波分析等统计诊断方法,分析了白银市夏季降水的变化特征,并利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对比分析了白银多、少雨年夏季大气环流的平均距平场特征。结果表明：白银市夏季降水量空间分布极为不均,降水量南多北少,中部降水变率高于南部和北部。近53年来,降水量总体呈下降趋势,近10年下降最为明显,降幅由北向南依次递增。降水变化存在3和8年左右的周期,且周期性不很稳定,目前无论在大、小尺度仍处在降水偏少的周期。白银市夏季多、少雨年,欧亚范围内200、500、700 hPa平均位势高度距平场存在明显的差异。多雨年在对流层高层辐散、中低层辐合加强;少雨年在对流层上层辐合增强,中下层辐散加强。在多雨年对流层中上层为强的上升运动,且对流层整层大气均为上升运动,有利于降水形成;而少雨年对流层上层上升运动偏弱,且在中层为下沉运动,不利于降水形成。     

Domain structures in langmuir-blodgett films investigated by atomic force microscopy

Investigations of phase-separated Langmuir-Blodgett films by atomic force microscopy reveal that on a scale of 30 to 200 micrometers, these images resemble those observed by fluorescence microscopy. Fine structures (less than 1 micrometer) within the stearic acid domains were observed, which cannot be seen by conventional optical microscopic techniques. By applying the force modulation technique, it was found that the elastic properties of the domains in the liquid condensed phase and grains observed within the liquid expanded phase were comparable. Small soft residues in the domains could also be detected. The influence of trace amounts of a fluorescence dye on the micromorphology of monolayers could be detected on transferred films.     

Polar motion measurements: subdecimeter accuracy verified by intercomparison

An important bound on the accuracy of modern techniques for monitoring polar motion is established by intercomparison of measurement series from two different observing techniques, very long baseline interferometry and satellite laser ranging. The root-mean-square differences between the estimates of the pole position from both techniques are shown to be only 2 milliseconds of arc (about 6 centimeters at one Earth radius). In the absence of common systematic errors, these differences bound the total errors in both sets of estimates. An initial investigation did not reveal any clear signature in the pole position that seems to be associated with major earthquakes. Continued measurements at this level of accuracy hold promise for resolving long-standing arguments over such questions as the nature of the excitation mechanism required to maintain the motion of the pole.     

Magnetization precession by hot spin injection

As electrons are injected at various energies into ferromagnetic material with their spin polarization vector perpendicular to the axis of the magnetization, we observe precessional motion of the spin polarization on the femtosecond time scale. Because of angular momentum conservation, the magnetization vector must precess as well. We show that spin injection will generate the precessional magnetization reversal in nanosized ferromagnetic bits. At reasonable injected current densities this occurs on the picosecond time scale.     

硫酸钡锶阻垢剂在输油管道上的应用

在对乌马营地区输油管道结垢为型研究的基础上，研制了新型硫酸钡、锶、钙垢阻垢剂ZBS－2，室内试验评价结果表明，该阻垢剂具有成本低，加量小，阻垢率高等特点，同时现场使用效果明显，解决了乌马营地区输油管道结垢严重的问题，为油田生产创造了良好的经济效益     

中小比例尺航片森林蓄积量的遥感判读研究

研究了中小比例尺航片在森林蓄积量判读上的应用,结果表明：可以根据航片上影像灰度的平均值来进行树种的判别;利用灰度标准偏差进行林分蓄积量的估测,其拟合误差不足5%,满足林业生产实践的精度要求。填补了中小比例尺森林蓄积量判读的空白,是建立森林蓄积量判读的不同比例尺、不同遥感来源立体判读体系的重要补充,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

西藏传统园林历史沿革探讨

笔者依据造园规模、造园要素、造园手法等园林处理方式和西藏特殊的历史进程,尝试将西藏传统园林归纳为萌芽期、形成期、成熟期3个主要发展阶段,笔者详细介绍了西藏传统园林各阶段的发展情况,认为西藏园林最终形成了以罗布林卡为典型代表的园林体系,并将西藏传统园林的特色归纳为：①园林选址及布局通常依附主体建筑周围的地势平坦之地,布局疏朗,规整大方,不作故意的曲折变化,林地、建筑、道路关系明确,密度很低,区别于汉地园林迂回曲折、欲扬先抑、曲径通幽的造园手法;②造园要素以种植各类植物为主,形成注重绿化的造园特点,与汉地园林注重＂理水＂的手法相反,淡于＂理水＂;③主要具备休闲娱乐、宗教仪式、政治职能3项园林功能,特别注重宗教仪式功能。     

Negative absolute temperatures: "hot" spins in spontaneous magnetic order

Depending on the sign of the spin temperature in the picokelvin range, antiferromagnetic nuclear and ferromagnetic nuclear orders in silver are caused by the same interactions. In rhodium, the antiferromagnetic state is preferred both at temperatures greater than and temperatures less than zero. The lowest and "highest" temperatures ever produced on this scale and measured, 280 and -750 picokelvin, respectively, have been reached in the course of these experiments. The results on silver, in particular, show that negative temperatures are real, not fictitious, quantities.     

广东清远市一次局地暴雨过程分析

利用探空观测资料以及FY-2D气象卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达回波等非常规气象观测资料,采取天气学诊断分析方法,对2009年7月26日出现在广东清远市一次局地突发性暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,副热带高压边缘的不稳定气流及南支槽前的上升运动是此次局地暴雨过程的天气尺度系统和大尺度环流背景;暴雨发生前大气不稳定能量不断积累,为中尺度系统形成创造了有利的环境条件;地形与降水有着密切的关系,中小尺度地形使近地面上升气流增强,造成了对流云团在该地不断生成和发展。     

小型联合收割机风筛式清选装置的理论研究

对采用离心风扇与单层鱼鳞筛的清选装置进行研究,分析了风筛配合作用下清选物料的受力情况,建立了物料运动的特征界限值公式和运动方程,为设计、使用小型谷物联合收割机上的简易清选装置提供了参考依据．