压电粘弹性微梁的粘附分析

以处于粘附状态下的压电粘弹性微梁为研究对象，通过引入参数剥离数表示其粘附特征，分析了压电电压、粘弹性参数和几何参数对处于粘附状态下压电粘弹性微梁剥离数的影响.结果表明，压电电压能有效提高微梁的剥离数，这给通过压电电压修复已处于粘附状态的压电微梁提供了理论依据和参考.同时，微梁的几何参数对微梁的剥离数也有着重要影响，这对微梁的设计造成了一定的限制.     

压电智能传感器力学模型的建立及数值模拟

以单片压电陶瓷（如锆钛酸铅,简称PZT）晶体、粘贴式和埋入式压电传感器为研究对象,从压电本构方程和结构动力学的振动原理出发,采用集总质量法推导出PZT传感器正压电效应的电荷表达式及等效刚度表达式,建立粘贴式和埋入式PZT传感器的简化力学模型,得到考虑多参数影响的电荷表达式。考虑黏结胶层阻尼吸收能量的作用,建立了胶层阻尼效应影响的传感模型,并求得压电传感器的电压表达式。数值模拟结果表明：在PZT传感模型中,利用压电方程和振动方程联合求解可以快速得到PZT的传感信号,而且PZT片的电压输出特性与作用力的大小及黏结胶层有关。通过测量和分析PZT传感器输出电信号峰值与频率的变化,并与数值分析结果进行对比,证明了运用所建立的传感模型能够有效地模拟检测PZT的正压电规律。     

Giant piezoelectricity on Si for hyperactive MEMS

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) incorporating active piezoelectric layers offer integrated actuation, sensing, and transduction. The broad implementation of such active MEMS has long been constrained by the inability to integrate materials with giant piezoelectric response, such as Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT). We synthesized high-quality PMN-PT epitaxial thin films on vicinal (001) Si wafers with the use of an epitaxial (001) SrTiO(3) template layer with superior piezoelectric coefficients (e(31,f) = -27 ± 3 coulombs per square meter) and figures of merit for piezoelectric energy-harvesting systems. We have incorporated these heterostructures into microcantilevers that are actuated with extremely low drive voltage due to thin-film piezoelectric properties that rival bulk PMN-PT single crystals. These epitaxial heterostructures exhibit very large electromechanical coupling for ultrasound medical imaging, microfluidic control, mechanical sensing, and energy harvesting.     

Fuel-powered artificial muscles

Artificial muscles and electric motors found in autonomous robots and prosthetic limbs are typically battery-powered, which severely restricts the duration of their performance and can necessitate long inactivity during battery recharge. To help solve these problems, we demonstrated two types of artificial muscles that convert the chemical energy of high-energy-density fuels to mechanical energy. The first type stores electrical charge and uses changes in stored charge for mechanical actuation. In contrast with electrically powered electrochemical muscles, only half of the actuator cycle is electrochemical. The second type of fuel-powered muscle provides a demonstrated actuator stroke and power density comparable to those of natural skeletal muscle and generated stresses that are over a hundred times higher.     

Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays

We have converted nanoscale mechanical energy into electrical energy by means of piezoelectric zinc oxide nanowire (NW) arrays. The aligned NWs are deflected with a conductive atomic force microscope tip in contact mode. The coupling of piezoelectric and semiconducting properties in zinc oxide creates a strain field and charge separation across the NW as a result of its bending. The rectifying characteristic of the Schottky barrier formed between the metal tip and the NW leads to electrical current generation. The efficiency of the NW-based piezoelectric power generator is estimated to be 17 to 30%. This approach has the potential of converting mechanical, vibrational, and/or hydraulic energy into electricity for powering nanodevices.     

压电振动发电机理论建模与发电性能研究

为了促进农业生产的现代化和智能化,研究环境信息采集设备—无线传感器网络新的供能方式。以压电方程为基础,结合比能特性,建立了悬臂压电梁发电能力数学模型,分析对比了单晶、双晶串联和双晶并联压电梁输出电压、电荷与电能,最后通过有限元仿真验证,分析结果表明:外力激励环境中,应尽量增加悬臂压电梁长度,减少宽度,同时为了获得较大的输出电压及电能,应优先选用双晶串联压电梁。     

Bond order and charge localization in nucleoside phosphorothioates

In the recent literature on nucleoside phosphorothioate anions the structural formulas show a double bond between phosphorus and sulfur and a single bond between phosphorus and oxygen with a negative charge localized on oxygen. However, a review of physical data on these compounds shows the reverse to be the case; that is, in phosphorothioate anions the P-S bond is a single bond with a negative charge localized on sulfur, while the P-O bond order for exocyclic and nonbridging oxygens is greater than 1, approaching 2 in O-alkyl phosphorothioate monoanions and O,O-dialkyl phosphorothioates. The P-O bond orders in phosphorothioate dianions and trianions approach 1 1/2 and 1 1/3, respectively, owing to delocalization of negative charge among two or three oxygens. These conclusions are based on bond lengths obtained from x-ray crystallographic data and electron diffraction, the magnitudes of the effects of 18O on the 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of phosphorus in nucleoside [18O]phosphorothioates, the pH-dependence of 17O-NMR chemical shifts in [17O]phosphate and [17O]thiophosphate, the vibrational spectra of thiophosphate di- and trianions, and the pKa (dissociation constant) values for phosphoric and thiophosphoric acids.     

Torsional carbon nanotube artificial muscles

Rotary motors of conventional design can be rather complex and are therefore difficult to miniaturize; previous carbon nanotube artificial muscles provide contraction and bending, but not rotation. We show that an electrolyte-filled twist-spun carbon nanotube yarn, much thinner than a human hair, functions as a torsional artificial muscle in a simple three-electrode electrochemical system, providing a reversible 15,000° rotation and 590 revolutions per minute. A hydrostatic actuation mechanism, as seen in muscular hydrostats in nature, explains the simultaneous occurrence of lengthwise contraction and torsional rotation during the yarn volume increase caused by electrochemical double-layer charge injection. The use of a torsional yarn muscle as a mixer for a fluidic chip is demonstrated.     

64通道压电超声管道腐蚀检测原型机研制及试验

基于压电超声管道腐蚀检测技术,研制了一套适用于油、水等液体长输高压管道的64通道压电超声腐蚀检测原型机,并开展原型机整机静态和动态测试工作。验证结果表明:由电子系统、机械载体、传感器支撑结构、里程信息采集单元、超低频发射及接收单元组成的跟踪定位系统能够满足设计指标和性能需求,可以获得高质量的检测数据。64通道压电超声管道腐蚀检测原型机的研制与测试,对于提高中国压电超声管道腐蚀检测技术水平,促进管道检测技术手段的多样化具有重要的推动作用。     

考虑横向剪切和转动惯量效应的多层压电层合壳中波的传播

研究了考虑横向剪切及转动惯量效应影响的正交各向异性压电层合壳中的波传播规律。利用Cooper-Naghdi壳体理论建立了波在压电层合壳中传播方程，通过求解特征值得到并讨论了波在压电层合壳中传播特征曲线，分析丁不同的压电层数和厚度比对特征曲线的影响。该方法可用于不同层数、不同厚度、不同母体材料层的壳体中波传播的研究。     

单板干燥机的异径丫型管的设计

本文对单板干燥机的异径丫型管设计、进行四种方案分析比较,从中选出最佳方案,并对制作工艺、放样、板厚处理进行了讨论。     

压电晶体化学传感器研究进展

本文综述了压电晶体化学传感器在气相、液相物质和生物学上的应用，介绍了压电晶体化学传感器的新型装置（如传感器阵列）、新型敏感材料.     

Reversible switching of hydrogel-actuated nanostructures into complex micropatterns

Responsive behavior, which is intrinsic to natural systems, is becoming a key requirement for advanced artificial materials and devices, presenting a substantial scientific and engineering challenge. We designed dynamic actuation systems by integrating high-aspect-ratio silicon nanocolumns, either free-standing or substrate-attached, with a hydrogel layer. The nanocolumns were put in motion by the "muscle" of the hydrogel, which swells or contracts depending on the humidity level. This actuation resulted in a fast reversible reorientation of the nanocolumns from tilted to perpendicular to the surface. By further controlling the stress field in the hydrogel, the formation of a variety of elaborate reversibly actuated micropatterns was demonstrated. The mechanics of the actuation process have been assessed. Dynamic control over the movement and orientation of surface nanofeatures at the micron and submicron scales may have exciting applications in actuators, microfluidics, or responsive materials.     

多刚体动力学的STEP描述及其映射研究

基于STEP(产品数据表达和交换)国际标准，提出了一种具有构件、约束、力和运动激励等多个要素的多刚体动力学模型，以应用协议AP105为基础制定了关于多刚体中力和约束等方面的应用协议，并对EXPRESS向C 的映射规则进行了分析，从而为STEP模型的实现提供了一种有效的解决方法．     

Physical limits and design principles for plant and fungal movements

The typical scales for plant and fungal movements vary over many orders of magnitude in time and length, but they are ultimately based on hydraulics and mechanics. We show that quantification of the length and time scales involved in plant and fungal motions leads to a natural classification, whose physical basis can be understood through an analysis of the mechanics of water transport through an elastic tissue. Our study also suggests a design principle for nonmuscular hydraulically actuated structures: Rapid actuation requires either small size or the enhancement of motion on large scales via elastic instabilities.     

The contribution of single synapses to sensory representation in vivo

The extent to which synaptic activity can signal a sensory stimulus limits the information available to a neuron. We determined the contribution of individual synapses to sensory representation by recording excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in cerebellar granule cells during a time-varying, quantifiable vestibular stimulus. Vestibular-sensitive synapses faithfully reported direction and velocity, rather than position or acceleration of whole-body motion, via bidirectional modulation of EPSC frequency. The lack of short-term synaptic dynamics ensured a highly linear relationship between velocity and charge transfer, and as few as 100 synapses provided resolution approaching psychophysical limits. This indicates that highly accurate stimulus representation can be achieved by small networks and even within single neurons.     

Field-scale validation of an automated soil nitrate extraction and measurement system

One of the many gaps that needs to be solved by precision agriculture technologies is the availability of an economic, automated, on-the-go mapping system that can be used to obtain intensive and accurate ‘real-time’ data on the levels of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) in the soil. A soil nitrate mapping system (SNMS) has been developed to provide a way to collect such data. This study was done to provide extensive field-scale validation testing of the system’s nitrate extraction and measurement sub-unit (NEMS) in two crop (wheat and carrot) production systems. Field conditions included conventional tillage (CT) versus no tillage (NT), inorganic versus organic fertilizer application, four soil groups and three points in time throughout the season. Detailed data analysis showed that: (i) the level of agreement, as measured by root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of efficiency (CE), between NEMS soil NO₃–N and standard laboratory soil NO₃–N measurements was excellent; (ii) at the field-scale, there was little practical difference when using either integer or real number data processing; (iii) regression equations can be used to enable field measurements of soil NO₃–N using the NEMS to be obtained with laboratory accuracy; (iv) future designs of the SNMS’s control system can continue to use cheaper integer chip technology for processing the nitrate ion-selective electrode (NO₃ ⁻–ISE) readings; and (v) future designs of the SNMS would not need a soil moisture sensor, ultimately saving on manufacturing costs of a more simple system.     

Hydrogen storage materials: properties and possibilities

The physics, chemistry, and possible applications of the storage of hydrogen in intermetallic reservoirs are discussed. Storage in the form of intermetallic hydrides can be safe and, where hydrogen has some special value as a fuel, economical. New pumps and refrigerators based on the heat of sorption of the hydrogen into the intermetallic are approaching commercial viability.     

湖北省分地区水灾损失等级划分初探

建立了湖北省分地区水灾损失灾度等级的划分标准。基于模糊模式识别理论，按最大隶属原则和择近原则对灾度等级进行了模糊综合评判。     

Phase-coherent transport in graphene quantum billiards

As an emergent electronic material and model system for condensed-matter physics, graphene and its electrical transport properties have become a subject of intense focus. By performing low-temperature transport spectroscopy on single-layer and bilayer graphene, we observe ballistic propagation and quantum interference of multiply reflected waves of charges from normal electrodes and multiple Andreev reflections from superconducting electrodes, thereby realizing quantum billiards in which scattering only occurs at the boundaries. In contrast to the conductivity of conventional two-dimensional materials, graphene's conductivity at the Dirac point is geometry-dependent because of conduction via evanescent modes, approaching the theoretical value 4e(2)/pih (where e is the electron charge and h is Planck's constant) only for short and wide devices. These distinctive transport properties have important implications for understanding chaotic quantum systems and implementing nanoelectronic devices, such as ballistic transistors.