低温对弱光影响甜椒光合作用的胁迫效应

以弱光耐受性不同的甜椒(Capsicumannuum L.)幼苗为材料,研究弱光低温逆境下及其恢复过程中叶片光合特性、PSⅡ光化学活性和吸收光能分配的变化。结果表明,弱光低温及弱光适温处理均导致甜椒净光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)明显下降,PSⅡ光化学反应中心能量(P)显著减少,天线耗散(D),尤其是反应中心能量耗散(Ex)显著增加。弱光低温或弱光适温处理下Pn的下降是非气孔限制的结果,低温降低了植株的弱光耐受性。光温逆境解除后,甜椒光合碳同化的恢复滞后于PSⅡ光化学效率的恢复,并且弱光下不同试材对低温的耐受性有所不同。     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对亚适温弱光下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

为了探讨外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对亚适温弱光(18/12℃,光照80μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))下黄瓜幼苗生长的调节作用,以优博1-5为试材,以常温喷施清水为对照,采用叶面喷施EBR的方法,研究其对叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、碳同化关键酶活性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,亚适温弱光下黄瓜幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)分别比对照显著降低53.61%和21.73%,丙二醛(MDA)含量增加78.90%,进而导致干物质积累减少。亚适温弱光下喷施0.1μmol·L~(-1)EBR后,比叶重、Pn、SPAD值、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)显著增加,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)减小,同时核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)、景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酯酶(SBPase)、转酮醇酶(TK)和果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(FBA)活性明显升高,抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性显著增加,膜脂过氧化程度减轻。由此可见,外源EBR可以通过提高叶绿素含量、光化学效率和碳同化关键酶活性改善亚适温弱光下黄瓜幼苗的光合性能,并通过提高抗氧化酶活性以降低膜脂过氧化伤害,从而有效缓解亚适温弱光对黄瓜幼苗的伤害。本研究结果为阐明EBR缓解黄瓜幼苗亚适温弱光胁迫的调控机制提供了一定理论依据。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

紧实是温室土壤的疲劳症状之一,它对作物的生长、产量及养分吸收均有影响。本试验以容重为指标,用盆栽试验模拟温室土壤的物理疲劳症,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,探讨温室土壤物理疲劳对黄瓜叶片光合作用产生影响的机理。结果表明,土壤紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)下降,而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）却增大,最终导致叶片干物质的累积量减少,第一雌花节位降低,果实发育提早。叶片的叶绿素含量减少,光合活性（Fv）、光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）反应中心的电子传递活性（Fm/Fo）、光能的最大转化效率（Fv/Fm）及PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）降低以及PSⅡ的光能利用率下降是紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜叶片光合作用减弱的原因。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过水培试验, 研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明, 外源NO提高了盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片的最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)和光化学速率(Prate), 降低了初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(qN)、天线热耗散速率(Drate)和PSⅡ激发能压力(1-qP), 同时降低了激发能在两个光系统间的分配不平衡性.表明外源NO通过减少过剩激发能的耗散, 提高光合电子传递效率, 可有效缓解盐胁迫对番茄PSⅡ系统的伤害, 进而在缓解盐胁迫中发挥重要作用.     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过水培试验, 研究了外源NO供体硝普钠（SNP）处理对100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶绿 素荧光特性的影响。结果表明, 外源NO提高了盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片的最大荧光（Fm）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学荧光猝灭系数（qP）和光化学速率（Prate）, 降低了初始荧光（Fo）、非光化学荧光猝灭系数（qN）、天线热耗散速率（Drate）和PSⅡ激发能压力（1-qP）, 同时降低了激发能在两个光系统间的分配不平衡性。表明外源NO通过减少过剩激发能的耗散, 提高光合电子传递效率, 可有效缓解盐胁迫对番茄PSⅡ系统的伤害, 进而在缓解盐胁迫中发挥重要作用。     

大豆幼苗光合特性对锰营养的响应

采用溶液培养方法,设Mn2+浓度为0、0.05、0.50、5、30、50.mg/L,探讨了2种大豆品种(浙春2号、东北大豆854-11)的幼苗光合特性对不同锰浓度的响应。结果表明,低锰浓度提高了大豆叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),高锰降低了Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、qP。随着锰营养的增加,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)增大。适量的锰浓度显著提高了大豆的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs),降低了气孔阻力(Rs)和细胞间CO2浓度(Ci),随着锰浓度的逐渐增大,降低了Pn、Tr、Gs,提高了Rs、Ci。0.50.mg/L下的锰浓度有最大的Fo,5.mg/L下的锰浓度有最大的Fm、qP、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo,表明0.505～mg/L的锰浓度有利于大豆的光合作用。在50.mg/L的锰浓度下,两个大豆品种有最大的qN、Rs、Ci和最小的Tr、Pn,此时两个品种大豆耗散了过剩的激发能,降低了大豆叶片的光合速率,对大豆已产生了一定的伤害。两个品种大豆光合特性对锰的响应存在着基因型差异,浙春2号较东北大豆耐锰胁迫。     

黄瓜地上部水浸液对番茄的化感抑制效应

采用培养试验研究了黄瓜地上部水浸液对番茄的化感作用及其生理生化机理,并用试管法对其水浸液的主要化学成分进行定性分析.结果表明,黄瓜地上部水浸液含有生物碱、酚类、有机酸、皂甙、甾体、多糖、蛋白质和油脂,不含鞣质.黄瓜地上部水浸液处理显著抑制番茄种子萌发过程中的呼吸速率和α-淀粉酶活性,使种子萌发率和萌发指数降低,其抑制作用随处理浓度提高而增强.在番茄幼苗生长过程中浇灌黄瓜地上部水浸液提高了番茄叶片中超氧阴离子(O2)、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)的含量及质膜透性;降低了过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(ASA)含量提高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性随处理浓度增加先升后降;叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci升高,幼苗干重下降.叶绿素荧光动力学资料显示,番茄叶片的初始荧光(Fo)随着处理浓度提高而增大,最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学速率(PCR)下降,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)先升后降,表明叶片光合机构受到伤害.     

高温胁迫对大白菜叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在光照培养箱中,耐热性不同的大白菜幼苗在18℃/22℃、29℃/36℃和29℃/40℃(夜/昼)下分别处理8d,研究大白菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明,在高温胁迫处理下,不同程度的提高了大白菜幼苗叶片的Fo(初始荧光)和qN(非光化学猝灭系数),使Fm(最大荧光)、Fv/Fo(PSⅡ的潜在活性)、Fv/Fm(最大光化学量子产量)、qP(光化学猝灭系数)、ETR(表观光合电子传递速率)、Yield(PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量)和ΦPSⅡ(实际光化学效率)总体上呈现先下降、后又上升的趋势,相同温度不同品种间的变化相似,其中耐热品种热抗7号与对照相比表现稳定,在高温下表现出的耐热性较强。     

缺磷胁迫加重柑橘叶片光合作用的光抑制及叶黄素循环的作用

用营养液培养的方法 ,研究了不同光强和磷水平对温州蜜柑叶片光合作用光抑制的影响。结果表明 ,在缺磷强光条件下 ,叶片的初始荧光Fo、最大荧光Fm、PSⅡ光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)及表观电子传递速率 (ETR)下降 ,叶片非光化学猝灭的慢相 (qNs)和叶温升高。用叶黄素循环的抑制剂DTT处理叶片后 ,Fo升高。这些结果说明 ,缺磷胁迫加重了温州蜜柑叶片光合作用的光抑制 ,叶黄素循环的非辐射能量耗散在保护光合机构免受强光破坏方面起着重要作用。     

水分胁迫对茶树叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以"铁观音"和"福鼎大白茶"两个茶树品种为试验材料,研究水分胁迫对茶树叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:水分胁迫下,茶树叶片的基础荧光(Fo)显著升高,最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)显著下降,表明水分胁迫使茶树叶片PSⅡ反应中心受到伤害;水分胁迫还可降低茶树的光化学反应速率(Prate),缩短荧光上升时间(T1/2),抑制PSⅡ反应中心电子的传递(ETR降低),导致天线色素热耗散速率(Drate)、非光化学猝灭(qN)和光合功能相对限制值(LPFD)升高,光化学猝灭(qP)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Yield)显著下降.比较水分胁迫下"铁观音"和"福鼎大白茶"叶片叶绿素荧光变化发现,"铁观音"PSⅡ反应中心的胁迫耐性较强,叶片光化学效率较高.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.