Essential oils from dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis l.): variations among individuals, plant parts, seasons, and sites.

The factors affecting oil yield and quality of essential oils from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) are analyzed. Distillations of oils from individual plants and GC analyses revealed the presence of three chemotypes with different proportions of alpha- and beta-thujone (alpha/beta 10:1, 1.5:1, and 1:10). Different accessions could also be classified as having high (39-44%), medium (22-28%), or low (9%) total thujone contents. Flowering parts of S. officinalis had higher oil contents (1.6 versus 1.1%) and beta-pinene levels (27 versus 10%) than leaves and lower thujone levels (16 versus 31%). Major seasonal changes were found in the composition of oil distilled from a flowering type of Dalmatian sage, but oil yields from healthy, established plants did not vary greatly. Total thujone levels were lowest (25%) around flowering in spring and summer, so autumn or winter was the best harvest time to obtain oils with high thujone levels.     

鸭跖草(Commelina communis L.): 发现于中国安徽省的铜的超积累植物

Commelina communis L. growing over some new copper mining wastelands at Bijiashan, Tongling City of Anhui Province, China, was found to be a copper hyperaccumulator. Its copper concentrations were 2707~6159 (4439±2434) mg kg^-1, 369~831 (731±142) mg kg^-1, and 429~587 (547±57) mg kg^-1, respectively, in the roots, stems, and leaves. The soils supporting the growth of the species had a copper concentration ranging from 4620 to 5020 mg kg^-1 and averaging 4835±262 mg kg^-1, suggesting that the species could not only grow on heavily copper-contaminated soils but also accumulate extraordinarily high concentration of copper. Thus, it shows great potential in the phytoremediation of copper-contaminated soils, the restoration of mined land, geochemical prospecting, and the study of environmental pollution changes.     

锰对板栗实生苗生长及生理效应的影响

采用短期培养模拟研究法,在5个Mn2+浓度（0、 0.905、 1.810、 2.715、 3.620 mg/L）处理下,通过测定板栗实生苗木的光合特性、 叶绿素含量、 苗高、 根颚直径、 根系、 生物量与叶片矿质元素等指标,研究了Mn 2+对其生长及生理效应的影响。结果表明, 1）在Mn 2+浓度为0~3.620 mg/L范围内,随Mn2+浓度增大,板栗实生苗净光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率、 叶绿素含量、 苗高、 根颚直径、 根重和生物量呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中以Mn 2+浓度1.810和2.715 mg/L处理的效果最好,且两处理间差异不显著（P0.05）; 2）与CK相比,Mn2+增加了苗木对锰的吸收,但抑制了对钙、 铁、 铜的吸收,随Mn2+浓度增大,叶片磷、 硼含量呈先升高后降低趋势,钾含量变化趋势相反; 3）相关分析显示,叶片锰含量与钙、 铁、 铜含量呈显著性负相关（P0.05）,与磷、 钾、 硼含量的相关性均不显著（P0.05）。综上,当Mn2+浓度为1.810和2.715 mg/L时均能显著促进板栗苗木的光合及生长; 但Mn2+浓度不宜过高,大于2.715 mg/L则抑制其生长,不利于矿质元素的均衡吸收。     

Simultaneous differential pulse polarographic determination of cadmium, lead, and copper in milk and dairy products

The contents of potentially toxic elements lead and cadmium and the essential element copper in various milk and dairy products consumed in Turkey were determined by differential pulse polarography (DPP), primarily to assess whether the intakes comply with recommended desired concentrations for essential and permissible levels for toxic elements. A simple and rapid DPP method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead, and copper in samples. Using the differential pulse mode, half-wave peak potentials as E(1/2) were -0.58, -0.40, and -0.07 V for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu), respectively. Marketed formulations of dairy products have been analyzed by calibration and standard addition methods. Recovery experiments were found to be quantitative. The linear domain ranges were 0.00-674.28 microg/L for Cd (R2 = 0.9999), 0.19-2.94 mg/L (p < 0.01) for Pb (R2 = 0.9997), and 0.41-133.46 microg/L for Cu (p < 0.01) (R2 = 0.9999). The studies have shown that the method is a rapid, reproducible, and accurate determination of these elements in milk and dairy products and can be used in the analysis of marketed formulations in the milk and dairy industry.     

Evolution of 3-mercaptohexanol, hydrogen sulfide, and methyl mercaptan during bottle storage of Sauvignon blanc wines. Effect of glutathione, copper, oxygen exposure, and closure-derived oxygen

The effects of wine composition and postbottling oxygen exposure on 3-mercaptohexanol (3-MH), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methyl mercaptan (MeSH) were investigated. A Sauvignon blanc wine with initial copper concentration of 0.1 mg/L was treated with copper sulfate and/or glutathione (GSH) prior to bottling to give final concentrations of 0.3 and 20 mg/L, respectively. The wines were bottled with a synthetic closure previously stored in either ambient air or nitrogen to study the effect of the oxygen normally present in the closure. Bottled wines were stored for 6 months in either air or nitrogen to study the effect of oxygen ingress through the closure. Copper addition resulted in a rapid initial decrease in 3-MH. During storage, a further decrease of 3-MH was observed, which was lower with GSH addition and lowered oxygen exposure. H2S accumulated largely during the second 3 months of bottle storage, with the highest concentrations attained in the wines treated with GSH and copper. Lower oxygen from and through the closure promoted H2S accumulation. The concentration of MeSH was virtually not affected by the experimental variables at 6 months, although differences were observed after 3 months of storage. The implications for wine quality are discussed.     

Multivariate curve resolution of spectrophotometric data for the determination of artificial food colors

In the analysis of food additives, past emphasis was put on the development of chromatographic techniques to separate target components from a complex matrix. Especially in the case of artificial food colors, direct spectrophotometric measurement was seen to lack in specificity due to a high spectral overlap between different components. Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) may be used to overcome this limitation. MCR is able to (i) extract from a complex spectral feature the number of involved components, (ii) attribute the resulting spectra to chemical compounds, and (iii) quantify the individual spectral contributions with or without a priori knowledge. We have evaluated MCR for the routine analysis of yellow and blue food colors in absinthe spirits. Using calibration standards, we were able to show that MCR equally performs as compared to partial least-squares regression but with much improved chemical information contained in the predicted spectra. MCR was then applied to an authentic collective of different absinthes. As confirmed by reference analytics, the food colors were correctly assigned with a sensitivity of 0.93 and a specificity of 0.85. Besides the artificial colors, the algorithm detected a further component in some samples that could be assigned to natural coloring from chlorophyll.     

Influence of components of infant formulas on in vitro iron, zinc, and calcium availability

The effect of casein content and Ca concentration on Fe, Zn, and Ca dialyzability was assessed using a response surface design. Tested casein levels were 5.31-13.75 g/L (34.8-90.2% of total protein). Whey protein was added to complete 15.25 g/L total protein. Calcium levels were adjusted with calcium citrate within a range between 417.4 and 804.9 mg/L. Through the experimental design utilized, we found that of both assessed factors, only the casein content significantly influenced Fe and Zn dialyzability. Protein composition did not influence calcium dialyzability, and calcium concentration did not affect either Fe or Zn dialyzability. No effect of casein-Ca on iron, zinc, and calcium dialyzability was found. According to these results, whey-dominant formulas are less prone to hamper mineral availability, and are therefore suitable in order to improve iron and zinc availability.     

Chemical composition, seasonal variability, and antifungal activity of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas essential oils from stem/leaves and flowers

Essential oils from the stems/leaves (L) and flowers (F) of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas growing wild in southern Sardinia (Italy) were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector and ion trap mass spectrometry. The major compound was fenchone, accounting for, on average, 52.60% in L and 66.20% in F, followed by camphor (13.13% versus 27.08%, in L and F, respectively). F essential oil yields (volume per dry weight) decreased from the beginning to the end of the flowering stage, whereas L yields remained constant during the year. The nine main compounds derived from two different subpathways, A and B. The compounds that belong to the same subpathway showed a similar behavior during the year. The essential oils were tested for their antifungal activity using the paper disk diffusion method. The essential oils tested were effective on the inactivation of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum and less effective against Aspergillus flavus. Among the single compounds tested, fenchone, limonene, and myrtenal appeared to be the more effective on the inhibition of R. solani growth.     

富铝性湿润富铁土中锑对小白菜的生理响应特性以及土壤酶活性的影响

High concentrations of antimony(Sb) in soils and vegetables can cause potential health risk. However, the effect of Sb on the growth and response of crops are not well known and to date, there is still no Sb limit standard for Allitic Udic Ferrisols in China. In this study, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of antimony(Sb) on biomass, physiological performances,and macro- and micronutrient element concentrations of green Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis L.), as well as enzyme activities,in Allitic Udic Ferrisols from Hunan Province, China. Antimony was supplied at rates of 0(control), 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg kg-1and thus with the background value of 1.0 mg kg-1, the Sb concentrations in the treated soil samples were 1, 3, 6, 11 21, and 51 mg kg-1, respectively. The results showed the leaf biomass and ascorbic acid content of cabbage significantly(P < 0.05) decreased by 30.6% and 48.3%, respectively, and soil urease and dehydrogenase activities also significantly(P < 0.05) decreased by 33.6%and 32.5%, respectively, when soil Sb concentration was 21 mg kg-1as compared with the control. The uptake of essential nutrient elements such as Mg, Cu, and Zn by cabbage was obviously affected, while the leaf soluble sugar content slightly changed when the soil Sb concentration exceeded 21 mg kg-1. Based on cabbage physiological responses and soil enzyme activities, the permissible concentration of 21 mg kg-1for Sb in Allitic Udic Ferrisols should be recommended.     

Deposition Rate and Chemical Composition of the Aeolian Dust from a Bare Saline Playa, Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, China

A study to understand the biological effects of samples prepared with lead and the effects of lead were conducted on Lemna minor L. and Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. This study was intended to test the hypothesis that nutrient enrichment (P, NO(3) (-)-N and SO(4) (2-)) enhances the metal tolerance of floating macrophytes. The plants were exposed to Pb concentrations 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50?mg?l(-1) for a period of 1, 3, 5, and 7?days. L. minor accumulated 561?mg?g(-1) dry weight (dw) Pb, and S. polyrhiza accumulated 330?mg?g(-1) dw Pb after 7?days, whereas in the groups enriched with nutrients, L. minor accumulated 128.7?mg?g(-1) Pb and S. polyrhiza accumulated 68.7?mg?g(-1) dw Pb after 7?days. Relative growth rates and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid) were measured in L. minor and S. polyrhiza exposed to different Pb concentrations under laboratory conditions. Relative growth rates were negatively correlated with metal exposure, but nutrient addition was found to suppress this effect. Photosynthetic pigment levels were found negatively correlated with metal exposure, and nutrient addition attenuated chlorophyll decrease in response to metal exposure. Metal and nutrient concentration in water decreased throughout the experiments. The study concluded that nutrient enrichment increases the tolerance of L. minor and S. polyrhiza to metals, that L. minor and S. polyrhiza are suitable candidates for the phytoremediation of low-level lead pollution, and that L. minor was more effective in extracting lead than was S. polyrhiza.     

海水中总有机碳(TOC)对牙鲆铜、铅、镉吸收的影响

该文研究了海水中Cu、Pb、Cd浓度分别为0.5 mg/L时，总有机碳(TOC)浓度、种类对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)内脏、肌肉、鳃组织Cu、Pb、Cd蓄积的影响。结果表明：当海水TOC种类相同时，随TOC浓度升高，牙鲆内脏、肌肉、鳃组织Cu、Pb、Cd蓄积量均明显下降；当海水TOC浓度相同时，孔石莼分泌物比牙鲆分泌物更能降低牙鲆各组织Cu、Pb、Cd蓄积量。研究表明：孔石莼、牙鲆分泌物均能降低Cu、Pb、Cd的生物有效性；TOC浓度、种类变化对牙鲆各组织Cu、Pb、Cd蓄积分配均无影响，重金属含量大小顺序均为：内脏＞鳃＞肌肉。内脏团、肌肉中3种重金属蓄积量大小顺序为Cu＞Pb＞Cd；鳃中3种重金属蓄积量顺序为Pb＞Cu＞Cd。     

Assessing Copper Adsorption,Internalization, and Desorption Following Algaecide Application to Control <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lyngbya wollei</Emphasis> from Lake Gaston,NC/VA,USA

Application of copper-based algaecide formulations is commonly conducted to control nuisance cyanobacterial blooms. Most field application scenarios have a rapid decline in external aqueous copper concentrations. Copper partitioned to algae can remain bound in external state, transition into the cell, or desorb back into solution. Understanding short-term fate of applied copper-based algaecides is critical in risk assessment for non-target species as well as achieving desired efficacy of target nuisance algae. This research assessed the ability of copper from different algaecide formulations to partition to Lyngbya wollei and the subsequent internalization and desorption of copper following cessation of the aqueous exposure. Following a 6-h exposure, there were no significant differences in total partitioned copper between copper sulfate and an ethanolamine chelated copper formulation (Captain® XTR). Four days after cessation of the aqueous copper exposure, all chelated copper and copper sulfate (except 2 mg Cu/L) exposures had significantly decreased adsorbed copper to L. wollei. However, chelated copper had significantly more internalized copper (P?<?0.05) at the 0.5, 1, and 2 mg Cu/L treatments compared with the 6-h measurements and higher internalized copper than copper sulfate at the 2 and 4 mg Cu/L treatments. Average desorbed copper was lower in most chelated copper treatments compared with copper sulfate, although no statistically significant differences were measured between formulations. This information will allow water resource managers to select the most efficient algaecide formulation for desired algal control, with a better understanding of depuration potential, offsite movement, and risks to non-target organisms.     

Levels of flavan-3-ols in French wines.

French wines are abundant sources of phenolic compounds. The content of several catechins, i.e., (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, dimers B1, B2, B3, and B4, trimers C1, and trimer 2 (T2), of 160 French wines was determined by HPLC with UV detection. Red wines (n = 95) were found to have high levels of catechins, ranging from 32.8 to 209.8 mg/L (mean concentration 114.5 mg/L) for (+)-catechin, from 22.1 to 130.7 mg/L (mean concentration 75.7 mg/L) for (-)-epicatechin, from 7.8 to 39.1 mg/L (mean concentration 25.4 mg/L) for B1, from 18.3 to 93 mg/L (mean concentration 47.4 mg/L) for B2, from 21.4 to 215.6 mg/L (mean concentration 119.6 mg/L) for B3, from 20.2 to 107.2 mg/L (mean concentration 81.9 mg/l) for B4, from 8.6 to 36.9 mg/L (mean concentration 26.3 mg/L) for C1, and from 26.7 to 79.3 mg/L (mean concentration 67.1 mg/L) for T2. White and rosé wines (n = 57 and n = 8) were found to have low levels of (+)-catechin (mean concentrations 9.8 and 10.6 mg/L, respectively) and (-)-epicatechin (mean concentrations 5.3 and 6.5 mg/L, respectively). These data provide a basis for the epidemiological evaluation of catechin intake by the consumption of French wine.     

Cu污染条件下封闭循环水养虾系统的效能

为获得Cu2+污染对封闭循环水养虾系统的影响,选用0.3 mg/L Cu2+浓度,研究其对系统中水质、对虾生长、存活及生物滤器水处理效能的影响。结果表明,经过84 d的试验,养殖水体中Cu2+质量浓度在系统水处理单元作用下降为(0.089±0.012)mg/L,对虾能正常生长和存活,0.3 mg/L Cu2+处理质量浓度对生物滤器的化学需要量（COD）、NH4-N和NO2-N去除率及滤器中异养细菌、氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量不造成显著影响。处理系统对虾体内Cu质量分数为(42.91±6.10)mg/kg,与对照中质量分数(29.36±4.06)mg/kg相比,具有显著差异,但均在国家无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准（Cu≤50 mg/kg）范围内。在0.3 mg/L Cu2+质量浓度污染下,封闭循环水养虾系统仍能提供较好的水质条件,获得较高的产量和较低的饵料转化率,所养对虾符合无公害水产品要求。     

土壤重金属铜、镉胁迫对冬小麦碳氮运转的影响

在盆栽试验条件下，选用铜、镉两种金属元素各设置3个浓度水平，即Cu，（100mg／kg），Cu2（200mg／kg），Cu3（300mg／kg）和Cd1（10mg／kg），Cd2（50mg／kg），Cd3（100mg／kg）共6个处理，以不施金属元素处理为对照．研究了Cu。Cd胁迫对冬小麦碳氨运转的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，铜、镉处理降低了小麦叶片、茎鞘、颖壳等营养器官花前贮藏物质再运转量和再运转率以及花前营养器官总运转量和运转率。降低了粒重。其中以Cu2，Cd2处理对叶片影响最大，Cu3，Cd2处理对茎鞘、颖壳穗轴和总运转量影响最大。小麦叶片、茎鞘、颖壳等营养器官花前贮藏氮索再运转量和总运转量随铜、镉施用浓度的增加而降低，籽粒氨素积累量也随之降低，而各营养器官花前贮藏氮素再运转率和总运转率的变化较为复杂。Cu。Cd对籽粒产量、淀粉和蛋白质含量的影响均表现为随施用浓度增加而降低的趋势。     

重金属铜和锌胁迫下的小麦冠层反射光谱特征

目前关于土壤重金属污染对作物的光谱影响仍然处于探索阶段,受植物种类和环境等因素的影响,植物重金属胁迫机理的诊断仍存在不明确的问题,作物不同生长阶段对不同重金属的耐受程度存在差异。为了探究快速监测作物受重金属污染胁迫状况,采用田间小区试验,利用光谱分析方法研究了土壤重金属不同质量分数铜(0、100、300、600、900 mg/kg)和锌(0、250、500、750、1 000 mg/kg)处理下小麦分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期冠层光谱特征。结果表明,小麦在分蘖期和拔节期冠层光谱在可见光(350~760 nm)波段内反射率总体随着铜、锌污染浓度的增加而升高,而在近红外(760~900 nm)波段内反射率随铜、锌处理浓度的增加而降低;分蘖期不同浓度铜、锌处理下,小麦冠层光谱出现红边蓝移和红谷蓝移现象;分蘖期铜处理在600、900 mg/kg和拔节期铜处理在900 mg/kg下小麦红边归一化指数值(NDVI705)均低于0.2;分蘖期锌处理在750和1 000 mg/kg下小麦红边归一化指数值(NDVI705)均低于0.2;该试验中引起小麦受到胁迫作用冠层光谱响应的铜临界浓度介于300与600 mg/kg之间,而锌临界浓度介于500与700 mg/kg之间。     

Inhibitory Effects of Copper on Nitrifying Bacteria in Suspended and Attached Growth Reactors

Municipal wastewaters with industrial discharges typically contain heavy metals which may inhibit the biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, copper inhibition on strict nitrifiers in a suspended growth (SG) reactor and a combined attached and suspended growth (A&SG) reactor was compared. Both reactors were subjected to a continuous copper input of 5 mg/L. When the accumulated total copper concentration in the reactor were approximately 25 mg/L (due to sorption to the biomass), a sharp decrease in nitrification (increase in inhibition) were observed in the SG reactor while nitrification remained the same for the A&SG reactor indicating that attached growth systems were more robust against copper toxicity than suspended growth systems. Using MINTEQA2, the concentrations of various chemical species were estimated and, of the different species present, adsorbed copper in the biomass and aqueous Cu(NH₃)₄ ⁺² were found to positively correlate with percent inhibition of nitrification. Based on the changes in the concentrations of the two species, Cu(NH₃)₄ ⁺² was probably the main chemical species responsible for inhibition of nitrification. This study has implications for wastewater treatment plants treating wastewaters with high ammonia and copper present.     

纳米氧化铜对小麦根系生理生化行为的影响

为阐明纳米金属材料暴露对植物生长的影响及其作用机制,采用模拟土壤的琼脂培养方法研究了纳米氧化铜(CuO NPs)对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)根伸长及相关生理生化行为的影响。结果表明:小麦根伸长与CuO NPs暴露浓度之间存在指数相关关系,在低浓度CuO NPs(10 mg/L)暴露下得到一定程度促进,而在高浓度(100 mg/L)下受到强烈抑制。小麦根内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随CuO NPs暴露浓度的变化趋势与小麦根伸长具有一致性。另外,在1~100 mg/L范围内,随着CuO NPs暴露浓度的升高,小麦根内丙二醛(MDA)含量不断增加,但植物蛋白含量急剧降低。以上结果说明CuO NPs对根伸长抑制主要是由于纳米材料暴露造成植物细胞膜氧化损伤,小麦能通过提高根系活力对CuO NPs暴露作出适应性应激响应以减少纳米材料毒性的伤害。     

Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of liver copper: collaborative study

Eleven collaborating laboratories conducted replicate analyses on 4 blind duplicate pairs of bovine liver samples that either had naturally acquired copper levels or were spiked with one of 3 copper levels. A National Bureau of Standards Bovine Liver sample (SRM 1577, 193 +/- 10 mg copper/kg) and a 1000 mg copper/L standard were also submitted to the collaborators. The method requires the tissue to be digested with concentrated HNO3 at 60 degrees C, diluted to volume with water, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The intralaboratory coefficients of variation (CVo) ranged from 5.6 to 19%; the interlaboratory CVx values ranged from 7.1 to 21%. The lower limit of detection was estimated to be 1 mg copper/kg tissue. The method has been adopted official first action.     

铜对伴矿景天生长及锌镉吸收性的影响

利用植物生长室水培试验和温室土培盆栽试验相结合,研究了Cu对Zn、Cd超积累植物伴矿景天生长及Zn、Cd吸收性的影响。水培试验结果显示,0.31～50μmol/L Cu处理14天对伴矿景天生长及对Zn、Cd吸收性没有显著影响;但100μmol/L Cu处理显著抑制植物生长,降低地上部Zn、Cd及根中Cd浓度,对根中Zn浓度变化没有显著影响。盆栽试验结果发现,在土壤Cu仅为3.61 mg/kg时伴矿景天生长不良,外加Cu显著促进其生长并随Cu浓度升高效应增加;但施用3 mmol/kgEDDS和再次外加250 mg/kg Cu处理使伴矿景天因体内Cu积累量过高而导致明显毒害,地上部Cu最高达1 068 mg/kg。可见低量Cu处理可促进伴矿景天生长,利于植物对土壤Zn、Cd的吸取修复,但土壤中Cu浓度过高将抑制Zn、Cd超积累植物的生长,降低其Zn、Cd吸收能力,在利用该Zn、Cd超积累植物修复高Cu的Zn和Cd污染土壤时应采取适当措施降低Cu毒害效应。